months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $13,633,404 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decline of $1,077,218 or 7.9%. The automotive sector is the primary market for our fastener segment products, and sales to automotive customers were $3,849,079 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $4,842,415 for the three months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $993,336, or 20.5%. Sales to automotive customers were $7,647,737 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $9,471,706 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decline of $1,823,969 or 19.3% primarily due to a slowdown in North American vehicle production and continued volatility across the Midwest automotive manufacturing sector. Industry-wide production fell sharply in January 2025, leading to reduced order volumes from key original equipment manufacturers. In addition, elevated interest rates and ongoing economic uncertainty contributed to softer consumer demand, prompting inventory adjustments and cautious procurement behavior among our automotive customers. In contrast, fastener segment sales to non-automotive customers, including those in the construction and electronics industries, were $2,548,136 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $2,067,135 for the three months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $481,001 or 23.3%, and $4,908,449 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $4,161,698 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $746,751 or 17.9%, reflecting the successful execution of a strategic pivot by our sales team. In response to softening demand in the automotive sector, the sales team proactively expanded outreach to customers in industrial, construction, and consumer goods markets, which are segments that have historically demonstrated more stable demand profiles amid broader economic headwinds.
Assembly equipment segment sales were $900,862 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1,149,927 for the three months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $249,065, or 21.7%. Assembly equipment segment sales were $1,987,526 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $2,279,254 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $291,728 or 12.8%. Both automotive and non-automotive assembly equipment sales decreased in this segment. These declines reflect timing-related factors in customer purchasing cycles as well as project delays stemming from cautious capital investment trends across multiple industries. Although sales declined year-over-year, the assembly equipment gross margin increased by $263,381 during the year-to-date period. This margin expansion reflects the Company’s ongoing efforts to enhance operational efficiency and reduce its cost structure, with the consolidation of the Albia operations into the Tyrone manufacturing facility yielding meaningful cost savings through streamlined workflows, increased capacity utilization, and reduced overhead.
Selling and administrative expenses were $1,392,493 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1,307,887 for the three months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $84,606 or 6.5%. Selling and administrative expenses were $2,980,060 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $2,955,752 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $24,308, or 0.8%, primarily due to higher professional fees partially offset by reduced salaries, commissions and provision for contingencies. Selling and administrative expenses were 19.1% and 16.2% of sales in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 20.5% and 18.6% of sales in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company believes that it has made substantial progress in continuing to implement its plans to reduce costs and improve efficiency and will continue to do so for the remainder of the year.
Other income for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $2,383 compared to $45,955 for the three months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $43,572 or 94.8%. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower interest income earned on short-term investments, which declined due to a reduction in the average balance of such investments during the current period. Other income for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $353,590 compared to $74,424 for the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $279,166 primarily driven by the sale of the Albia manufacturing facility which resulted in the recording of a one-time gain of $339,520.
The Company’s effective tax rates were approximately 4.6% and 7.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See Note 5. Income taxes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included herein for additional information.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Working capital was $11,059,078 as of June 30, 2025, compared to $10,371,215 at the beginning of the year, an increase of $687,863, or 6.6%.
The Company has incurred significant recurring operating losses primarily driven by continuous decline in revenues, recurring negative cash flows from operations and continued reduction in liquidity. The Company reported operating losses of $417,431 and operating income of $107,559 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company reported operating losses of $347,257 and $795,744 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s liquid assets at June 30, 2025 consisted of cash and cash equivalents totaling $1,213,830. The Company’s declining revenues, recurring operating losses and negative cash flows, and continued reduction in