UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File Number: 001-37824

IMPINJ, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		91-2041398
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
400 Fairview Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, Washington		98109
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (206) 517-5300

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	PI	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of April 11, 2025, 28,978,803 shares of common stock were outstanding.

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IMPINJ, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

Table of Contents


		Page
	Risk Factor Summary	3

	PART I. — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	24
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	25
	PART II. — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	44
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	44
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	44
Item 5.	Other Information	44
Item 6.	Exhibits	45
	Signatures	46

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Risk Factor Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section of this report captioned “Risk

Factors.” These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

we operate in a very competitive market;

•

RAIN adoption is concentrated in key markets and the extent and pace of RAIN market adoption beyond those markets is uncertain;

•

a large portion of our products are applied to, or used in, other products manufactured overseas and imported into the U.S., and any decline in demand for those manufactured products due to tariffs could affect our business;

•

our ability to deliver enterprise solutions at scale is nascent;

•

poor product quality could result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our products;

•

end users and partners must design our products into their products and business processes;

•

an inability or limited ability of end user systems to exploit RAIN information may adversely affect the market for our products;

•

alternative technologies may enable products and services that compete with ours;

•

we obtain the products we sell through a limited number of third parties with whom we do not have long-term supply contracts;

•

shortages of silicon wafers, integrated-circuit, or IC, post-processing capacity or components used in our readers and gateways may adversely affect our ability to meet demand for our products and adversely affect our revenue and/or gross margins;

•

changes in global trade policies could have a material adverse effect on us;

•

we rely on a small number of customers for a large share of our revenue;

•

our ability to affect or determine end-user demand is limited in part because we sell and fulfill primarily through partners and rarely directly to end users;

•

our growth strategy depends in part on the success of strategic relationships with third parties and their continued performance and alignment;

•

if we are unable to protect our intellectual property, then our business could be adversely affected;

•

we have been and may in the future be party to intellectual property disputes which could be time consuming and costly to prosecute, defend or settle, result in the loss of significant rights and adversely affect RAIN adoption or adoption of our products or platform;

•

we have a history of losses and have only achieved profitability periodically and we cannot be certain that we will attain or sustain profitability in the future;

•

we have a history of significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results;

•

our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders, together with their affiliates, beneficially owned approximately 55.9% of our outstanding common stock as of March 31, 2025, and as a result are able to exercise significant influence over matters subject to stockholder approval; and

•

we may not have sufficient cash flow or access to cash necessary to satisfy our obligations under the $287.5 million aggregate principal amount 1.125% convertible senior notes due 2027, also referred to as the 2021 Notes, and our current and future indebtedness may restrict our business.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited).

IMPINJ, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par value, unaudited)


	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
Assets:
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	61,317		$	46,053
Short-term investments		86,600			118,661
Accounts receivable, net		57,099			56,802
Inventory		98,483			99,346
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		5,069			5,536
Total current assets		308,568			326,398
Long-term investments		84,547			74,871
Property and equipment, net		49,646			50,610
Intangible assets, net		10,241			10,291
Operating lease right-of-use assets		6,507			7,142
Other non-current assets		939			1,045
Goodwill		19,377			18,723
Total assets	$	479,825		$	489,080
Liabilities and stockholders' equity:
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	10,830		$	17,254
Accrued compensation and employee related benefits		8,952			22,309
Accrued and other current liabilities		3,084			2,684
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		3,665			3,589
Current portion of long-term debt		—			283,493
Current portion of deferred revenue		1,634			1,848
Total current liabilities		28,165			331,177
Long-term debt		283,905			—
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		4,775			5,719
Deferred tax liabilities, net		2,194			2,200
Deferred revenue, net of current portion		222			120
Total liabilities		319,261			339,216
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value — 5,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value — 495,000 shares authorized, 28,927 and 28,504 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		29			29
Additional paid-in capital		558,672			541,090
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(373	)		(1,942	)
Accumulated deficit		(397,764	)		(389,313	)
Total stockholders' equity		160,564			149,864
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	479,825		$	489,080

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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IMPINJ, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data, unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Revenue	$	74,277		$	76,825
Cost of revenue		37,596			39,277
Gross profit		36,681			37,548
Operating expenses:
Research and development		25,314			22,519
Sales and marketing		8,055			10,176
General and administrative		12,396			13,365
Amortization of intangibles		485			1,409
Restructuring costs		—			1,812
Total operating expenses		46,250			49,281
Loss from operations		(9,569	)		(11,733	)
Other income, net		2,060			1,292
Income from settlement of litigation		—			45,000
Interest expense		(1,223	)		(1,216	)
Income (loss) before income taxes		(8,732	)		33,343
Income tax benefit		281			1
Net income (loss)	$	(8,451	)	$	33,344

Net income (loss) per share — basic	$	(0.30	)	$	1.22
Net income (loss) per share — diluted	$	(0.30	)	$	1.10
Weighted-average shares outstanding — basic		28,639			27,357
Weighted-average shares outstanding — diluted		28,639			31,425

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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IMPINJ, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands, unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Net income (loss)	$	(8,451	)	$	33,344
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized gain on investments		394			34
Foreign currency translation adjustment		1,175			(659	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		1,569			(625	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(6,882	)	$	32,719

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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IMPINJ, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands, unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(8,451	)	$	33,344
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,521			3,909
Stock-based compensation		12,522			11,790
Restructuring equity modification expense		—			366
Accretion of discount or amortization of premium on investments		(590	)		(67	)
Amortization of debt issuance costs		414			407
Deferred tax expense		(93	)		(278	)
Revaluation of acquisition-related contingent consideration liability		—			907
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired:
Accounts receivable		(220	)		(4,503	)
Inventory		896			9,400
Prepaid expenses and other assets		870			1,355
Accounts payable		(6,623	)		1,878
Accrued compensation and employee related benefits		(13,401	)		(292	)
Accrued and other liabilities		405			2,182
Operating lease right-of-use assets		653			614
Operating lease liabilities		(887	)		(820	)
Deferred revenue		(159	)		(52	)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(11,143	)		60,140
Investing activities:
Purchases of investments		(25,910	)		—
Proceeds from maturities of investments		49,000			11,248
Purchases of property and equipment		(1,863	)		(6,202	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		21,227			5,046
Financing activities:
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan		5,847			6,917
Payments of taxes on restricted stock units		(787	)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,060			6,917
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		120			(44	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		15,264			72,059
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period		46,053			94,793
End of period	$	61,317		$	166,852

Supplemental disclosure of cashflow information:
Purchases of property and equipment not yet paid		940			299
Acquisition-related contingent consideration liability		—			7,087

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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IMPINJ, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, unaudited)


											Accumulated
					Additional						Other			Total
	Common Stock				Paid-in			Accumulated			Comprehensive			Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Income (Loss)			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2024		28,504	$	29	$	541,090		$	(389,313	)	$	(1,942	)	$	149,864
Issuance of common stock		423		—		5,847			—			—			5,847
Stock-based compensation		—		—		12,522			—			—			12,522
RSU tax withholding		—		—		(787	)		—			—			(787	)
Net loss		—		—		—			(8,451	)		—			(8,451	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			1,569			1,569
Balance at March 31, 2025		28,927	$	29	$	558,672		$	(397,764	)	$	(373	)	$	160,564

											Accumulated
					Additional						Other			Total
	Common Stock				Paid-in			Accumulated			Comprehensive			Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Deficit			Income (Loss)			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023		27,166	$	27	$	463,900		$	(430,151	)	$	355		$	34,131
Issuance of common stock		494		1		6,916			—			—			6,917
Stock-based compensation		—		—		11,790			—			—			11,790
Restructuring equity modification expense		—		—		366			—			—			366
Net income		—		—		—			33,344			—			33,344
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			—			(625	)		(625	)
Balance at March 31, 2024		27,660	$	28	$	482,972		$	(396,807	)	$	(270	)	$	85,923

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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IMPINJ, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include Impinj, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated intercompany balances and transactions in consolidation. We have prepared these condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in Impinj, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on February 10, 2025.

The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, comprising normal recurring adjustments, necessary to state fairly our financial position, results of operations and our cash flows for the periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year or for any other future period.

Use of Estimates

Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosures as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue and expenses during the periods presented. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, sales incentives, percentage completion of development contracts, inventory excess and obsolescence, income taxes and fair value of stock awards. To the extent there are material differences between our estimates, judgments, or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected.

Licensing of Intellectual Property

On March 13, 2024, we and NXP Semiconductors N.V. ("NXP") entered into a Settlement and Patent Cross-License Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”). Under the Settlement Agreement, NXP made a one-time payment of $45 million and agreed to make annual license fee payments on April 1 of each year, starting on April 1, 2024, until the termination of the Settlement Agreement. The annual license fee payment for 2024 was $15 million and will increase each subsequent year by a fixed percentage. We allocated the consideration from the Settlement Agreement to the related components of the agreement. During first-quarter 2024, we recorded the $45 million payment in income from settlement of litigation in the condensed consolidated statements of operations upon receipt. We will recognize the license fee, which relates to annual usage of the license from April 1 to March 31 of each applicable year, as revenue in the second quarter of each year until the Settlement Agreement terminates. We recognized the license fee for the first annual usage period in second-quarter 2024.

We recognize revenue from licensing the right to use functional intellectual property, such as the Settlement Agreement discussed above, at the point in time the control of the license transfers to the customer, which is generally upon delivery, or as usage occurs. See Note 6 Commitments and Contingencies for additional details of the Settlement Agreement with NXP.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB released ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which amends reportable segment requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, including for public entities that have a single reportable segment. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2024. We adopted ASU 2023-07 on January 1, 2024 and have made the necessary reportable segment disclosures (See Note 9—Segment Information).

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB released ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which amends income tax disclosure requirements to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness for users of the financial statements. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2024. We are currently evaluating impact of this standard, if any, on our financial statement disclosures.

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In November 2024, the FASB released ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which amends disclosure requirements related to the disaggregation of income statement expenses in the notes to financial statements. In January 2025, the FASB released ASU 2025-01, clarifying that the standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating any impact of this standard on our financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB released ASU 2024-04, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20), which improves the relevance and consistency in application of the induced conversion guidance in Subtopic 470-20, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating any impact of this standard on our financial statement disclosures.

Note 2. Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards also establish a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

•

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2 — Assets and liabilities valued based on observable market data for similar instruments, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities.

•

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity; instruments valued based on the best available data, some of which is internally developed, and considers risk premiums that a market participant would require.

We did not have any financial assets or liabilities in Level 3 as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

We applied the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value measurements:

Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents comprise highly liquid investments, including money market funds with original maturities of less than three months at the acquisition date. We record the fair value measurement of these assets based on quoted market prices in active markets.

Investments — Our investments comprise fixed income securities, which include U.S. government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper and treasury bills. The fair value measurement of these assets is based on observable market-based inputs or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Long-term Debt — See Note 7 for the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Notes.

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The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by level within the fair value hierarchy, as of the dates presented (in thousands):


	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	21,524	$	—	$	21,524	$	1,097	$	—	$	1,097
Commercial paper		—		4,289		4,289		—		—		—
Total cash equivalents		21,524		4,289		25,813		1,097		—		1,097
Short-term investments:
U.S. Government agency securities		—		3,965		3,965		—		3,929		3,929
U.S. Treasury securities		—		24,393		24,393		—		63,634		63,634
Corporate notes and bonds		—		39,232		39,232		—		32,305		32,305
Commercial paper		—		19,010		19,010		—		18,793		18,793
Total short-term investments		—		86,600		86,600		—		118,661		118,661
Long-term investments:
U.S. Government agency securities		—		6,995		6,995		—		5,989		5,989
U.S. Treasury securities		—		—		—		—		2,492		2,492
Corporate notes and bonds		—		77,552		77,552		—		66,390		66,390
Total long-term investments		—		84,547		84,547		—		74,871		74,871
Total	$	21,524	$	175,436	$	196,960	$	1,097	$	193,532	$	194,629

We expect short-term investments to mature within 1 year and long-term investments within 1 to 3 years of the reporting date. See Note 7 for the carrying amount and estimated fair value of our convertible senior notes due 2027.

Investments

The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and total estimated fair value of our financial assets as of the dates presented (in thousands):


	March 31, 2025
	Cost or		Gross		Gross			Total Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Description:
Money market funds	$	21,524	$	—	$	—		$	21,524
U.S. Government agency securities		10,968		2		(10	)		10,960
U.S. Treasury securities		24,415		1		(23	)		24,393
Corporate notes and bonds		116,923		99		(238	)		116,784
Commercial paper		23,302		—		(3	)		23,299
Total	$	197,132	$	102	$	(274	)	$	196,960


	December 31, 2024
	Cost or		Gross		Gross			Total Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Description:
Money market funds	$	1,097	$	—	$	—		$	1,097
U.S. Government agency securities		9,933		1		(16	)		9,918
U.S. Treasury securities		66,146		17		(37	)		66,126
Corporate notes and bonds		99,215		—		(520	)		98,695
Commercial paper		18,805		—		(12	)		18,793
Total	$	195,196	$	18	$	(585	)	$	194,629

Marketable securities in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months had an estimated fair value of $134.5 million and $0.3 million in unrealized losses as of March 31, 2025, and an estimated fair value of $142.8 million and $0.6 million in unrealized losses as of December 31, 2024. There were no marketable securities in a continuous loss position for greater than 12 months as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

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Note 3. Inventory

The following table presents the detail of inventories as of the dates presented (in thousands):



	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Raw materials	$	11,698	$	14,040
Work-in-process		43,422		52,028
Finished goods		43,363		33,278
Total inventory	$	98,483	$	99,346

Note 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in business combinations accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. The following table presents goodwill as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	18,723	$	19,696
Foreign currency translation adjustment		654		(353	)
Total	$	19,377	$	19,343

As of March 31, 2025, intangible assets comprised the following (in thousands):


	Estimated Useful Life in Years	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Backlog	0.25	$	757	$	(757	)	$	—
Customer Relationships	1		3,623		(3,623	)		—
Developed Technology	7.25		12,761		(3,521	)		9,240
Patent	3		250		(142	)		108
Tradename	8		1,190		(297	)		893
Total definite-lived intangible assets (1)		$	18,581	$	(8,340	)	$	10,241
(1) Foreign intangible asset carrying amounts are affected by foreign currency translation

We amortize identifiable intangible assets with finite lives over their useful lives on a straight-line basis. The weighted average life of our intangible assets is approximately six years. Amortization of intangible assets was $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, the estimated intangible asset amortization expense for the next five years and thereafter is as follows:


	Estimated Amortization
	(in thousands)
2025		1,494
2026		1,954
2027		1,909
2028		1,909
2029		1,909
Thereafter		1,066
Total	$	10,241

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Note 5. Stock-Based Awards

Restricted Stock Units

We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") with a service condition, and RSUs with market and service conditions ("MSUs").

The following table summarizes activity for RSUs and MSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands):


	Number of Underlying Shares
	RSUs			MSUs
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		920			239
Granted		275			38
Vested		(172	)		(82	)
Forfeited		(34	)		(20	)
Outstanding at March 31, 2025		989			175

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table presents the detail of stock-based compensation expense amounts included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Cost of revenue	$	526	$	453
Research and development expense		7,019		5,262
Sales and marketing expense		270		2,409
General and administrative expense		4,707		3,666
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	12,522	$	11,790

Note 6. Commitments and Contingencies

For information on our commitments and contingencies, see Part II, Item 8 (Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no material changes to our commitments and contingencies as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, except for “Obligations with Third Parties” and “Litigation” as discussed below.

Obligations with Third Parties

We manufacture products with third-party manufacturers. We are committed to purchase $22.0 million of inventory as of March 31, 2025.

Litigation

From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings or claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when management believes that it is both probable that we have incurred a liability and we can reasonably estimate the amount of loss. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we did not have accrued contingency liabilities. The following is a description of our significant legal proceedings.

Patent Infringement Claims and Counterclaims

Impinj Patent Infringement Claims Against NXP

From 2019 to 2023, we engaged in active patent litigation against our primary endpoint IC competitor, NXP Semiconductors N.V., or NXP. During this time, we filed three patent infringement lawsuits against subsidiaries of NXP in federal courts in California and Texas. Our complaints alleged that certain NXP endpoint ICs infringed a number of our U.S. patents. In response, NXP filed a suit against us in federal court in Delaware, later transferred to Washington, countersued us in Texas, and filed three lawsuits against our subsidiary in China. NXP’s complaints alleged that certain of our endpoint ICs infringed a number of their own U.S. or Chinese patents or U.S. patents that they exclusively licensed from a third-party to assert against us.

Through 2023, we prevailed in these lawsuits. In three U.S. trials held in 2023, juries in California and Texas returned verdicts that NXP endpoint ICs infringed five of our patents that made it to trial, and juries in Washington and Texas ruled that we did not

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infringe any of the three patents NXP accused us in court of infringing. Also in 2023, NXP withdrew all three cases it filed against us in China.

On March 13, 2024, while additional trials were pending in China and Texas, and post-trial motions and appeals were pending in China and the U.S., we and NXP entered into the Settlement Agreement. Under the agreement we and NXP agreed to terminate and withdraw all pending proceedings and release one another for all patent infringement claims preceding March 31, 2024 and grant to each other non-exclusive, worldwide patent licenses to make, have made, import, use, offer for sale and sell their respective products and services, subject to the terms of the agreement. The Settlement Agreement will remain in force until all the valid claims of a specified set of Impinj patents, or the Indicator Patents, expire in about ten years. Either party can terminate the Settlement Agreement if the other party materially breaches the terms of the Agreement and NXP can terminate the Settlement Agreement if it successfully designs out all valid claims of the Indicator Patents.

Under the Settlement Agreement, NXP paid us a one-time amount of $45 million and agreed to make annual license fee payments, if the specified set of Indicator Patents are still in use, on April 1 of each year, effective April 1, 2024. The annual license fee will increase by a fixed percentage each year after 2024 for the remaining term of the Settlement Agreement. We have no obligation to pay NXP under the Settlement Agreement.

We allocated the consideration from the Settlement Agreement to the components of the Settlement Agreement. We recorded the $45 million payment in income from settlement of litigation in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in first-quarter 2024, upon receipt. Licensing of our intellectual property is part of our ongoing operations and therefore, we will recognize the license fee, which relates to annual usage of the license from April 1 to March 31 of each applicable year, as revenue in the second quarter of each year until the Settlement Agreement terminates. We recognized the first annual license fee of $15 million in revenue in second-quarter 2024.

Note 7. Long-term debt

Convertible Senior Notes

In November 2021, we issued $287.5 million aggregate principal amount of convertible promissory notes due May 15, 2027 (the “2021 Notes”).

The following table presents the outstanding principal amount and carrying value of the 2021 Notes as of the dates indicated (in thousands):


	March 31, 2025							December 31, 2024
	Principal Amount		Unamortized debt issuance costs			Net Carrying Amount		Principal Amount		Unamortized debt issuance costs			Net Carrying Amount
2021 Notes		287,498		(3,593	)		283,905		287,500		(4,007	)		283,493

Further details of the 2021 Notes are as follows:

Issuance

Maturity Date

Interest Rate

First Interest Payment Date

Effective Interest Rate

Semi-Annual Interest Payment Dates

Initial Conversion Rate per $1,000 Principal

Initial Conversion Price

Number of Shares (in millions)

2021 Notes

May 15, 2027

1.125%

May 15, 2022

1.72%

May 15; November 15

9.0061

111.04

2.6

The 2021 Notes are senior unsecured obligations, do not contain any financial covenants and are governed by indentures (the Indentures). The total net proceeds from the 2021 Notes, after deducting initial debt issuance costs, fees and expenses, was $278.4 million. We used approximately $183.6 million of the 2021 Notes net proceeds, excluding accrued interest, to repurchase approximately $76.4 million aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2026 (the “2019 Notes” and, together with the 2021 Notes, the “Notes”) through individual privately negotiated transactions concurrent with us offering the 2021 Notes. We used approximately $17.6 million, excluding accrued interest, to repurchase the remaining $9.9 million aggregate principal amount of the 2019 Notes in June 2022. We will use the remainder of the net proceeds from the 2021 Notes for general corporate purposes.

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Terms of the 2021 Notes

The holders of the 2021 Notes may convert their respective 2021 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the respective conversion dates under the following circumstances:

•

during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on March 31, 2022 (and only during such fiscal quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;

•

during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the 2021 Notes for each trading day was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;

•

prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date if we call the 2021 Notes for redemption; or

•

upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as described in the indenture.

None of the circumstances in the above paragraphs were met during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Regardless of the foregoing circumstances, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2021 Notes, in increments of $1,000 principal amount, on or after February 15, 2027, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date.

We may redeem all or a portion of the 2021 Notes for cash, at our option, on or after November 20, 2024, if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes being redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

Holders who convert their 2021 Notes in connection with certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the indenture) are, under certain circumstances, entitled to an increase in the conversion rate. Additionally in the event of a corporate event constituting a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture), holders of the 2021 Notes may require us to repurchase all or a portion of their 2021 Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes being repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date.

Interest expense related to the Notes was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
	2021 Notes		2021 Notes
Amortization of debt issuance costs		414		407
Cash interest expense		809		809
Total interest expense	$	1,223	$	1,216

Accrued interest related to the 2021 Notes as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $1.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. We record accrued interest in accrued liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet.

We estimate the fair value of the 2021 Notes to be $327.3 million and $408.7 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which we determined through consideration of quoted market prices. The fair value for the 2021 Notes is classified as Level 2, as defined in Note 2.

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Capped Calls

In connection with issuing the 2019 Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped-call transactions with certain financial counterparties. The capped call transactions are generally designed to reduce the potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion or settlement of the 2019 Notes, or to offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount upon conversion of the 2019 Notes, as the case may be, with the reduction or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. If, however, the market price per share of our common stock exceeds the cap price of the capped-call transactions, then our stock would experience some dilution and/or the capped call would not fully offset the potential cash payments, in each case, to the extent then-market price per share of our common stock exceeds the cap price. The capped call remains outstanding even though we have repurchased the 2019 Notes. The initial cap price of the capped call transactions is $54.20 per share, subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. The capped call transactions expire over 40 consecutive scheduled trading days ending on December 11, 2026. The capped call transactions meet the criteria for classification in equity, are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period.

Note 8. Net Earnings (Loss) Per Share

For the periods presented, the following table provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in computing basic and diluted net earnings (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	(8,451	)	$	33,344
Interest add back		—			1,216
Net income (loss) attributable to common stock holders	$	(8,451	)	$	34,560
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic		28,639			27,357
Dilutive effect of:
Stock plans		—			1,479
2021 Notes		—			2,589
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted		28,639			31,425

Net earnings (loss) per share — basic	$	(0.30	)	$	1.22
Net earnings (loss) per share — diluted	$	(0.30	)	$	1.10

Basic net earnings (loss) per share is calculated using our net income (loss) and our weighted average outstanding common shares.

Diluted net earnings (loss) per share is calculated using our net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders with interest charges applicable to our convertible debt added back under the if converted method, if dilutive, and our weighted average outstanding common shares including the dilutive effect of stock awards and employee stock purchase plan shares as determined under the treasury stock method and of our convertible notes using the if converted method, if dilutive. In periods when we recognize a net loss, we exclude the impact of outstanding stock awards and the potential share settlement impact related to our convertible notes from the diluted loss per share calculation as their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect.

The following table presents the outstanding shares of our common stock equivalents excluded from the computation of diluted net earnings (loss) per share as of the dates presented because their effect would have been antidilutive (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Stock options		632		—
RSUs, MSUs and PSUs		1,164		878
Employee stock purchase plan shares		18		18
2021 Notes		2,589		—

Note 9. Segment Information

We have one reportable and operating segment: Developing and selling our RAIN products and services. We identified our operating segment based on how our chief operating decision-maker manages our business, makes operating decisions and evaluates our operating performance. Our chief executive officer acts as the chief operating decision-maker and reviews financial and operational information on an entity-wide basis. Accordingly, we have determined we have a single reportable and operating segment.

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Our chief executive officer reviews information about our revenue categories: Endpoint ICs, including licensing revenue, and systems, defined as reader ICs, readers, gateways, test and measurement solutions and software and cloud services. The following table presents our revenue categories for the indicated periods (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Endpoint ICs	$	61,218	$	61,506
Systems		13,059		15,319
Total revenue	$	74,277	$	76,825

Significant Segment Expenses

We adopted ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures on January 1, 2024. As our CODM manages operations on a consolidated basis, consolidated net income as reported in our Statement of Operations is the US GAAP measure that is used to make operating decisions and evaluate operating performance. The significant expense categories which are used to manage operations are those reflected in our condensed consolidated Statement of Operations.

Note 10. Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue, comprising individually immaterial amounts for extended warranty, enhanced product maintenance and advance payments on nonrecurring engineering ("NRE") services contracts, represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized. We recognized $0.6 million of revenue related to amounts included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2024 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. We recognized $0.7 million of revenue related to amounts included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The following table presents the changes in deferred revenue for the indicated periods (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,968		$	1,985
Deferral of revenue		505			633
Recognition of deferred revenue		(617	)		(709	)
Balance at end of period	$	1,856		$	1,909

Note 11. Restructuring

On February 7, 2024, we initiated a strategic restructuring to align financial, business and research and development objectives for long-term growth, including a reduction-in-force affecting approximately 10% of our employees. We incurred restructuring charges of $1.8 million for employee terminations benefits, including equity modification expense in first-quarter 2024. Restructuring payments were complete in second-quarter 2024 and there were no accrued restructuring costs as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This report contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Statements containing words such as “may,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “projections,” “business outlook,” “estimate,” or similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. You should read these statements carefully because they discuss future expectations, contain projections of future results of operations or financial condition or state other “forward-looking” information. These statements relate to our future plans, objectives, expectations, intentions and financial performance and the assumptions that underlie these statements. They include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•

our market opportunity;

•

the adoption of RAIN technology and solutions;

•

our ability to compete effectively against competitors and competing technologies;

•

our market share and product leadership;

•

our business model, strategic plans and product-development plans;

•

the impact of tariffs, trade measures and other macroeconomic conditions;

•

our future financial performance, including our average selling prices, or ASPs, gross margins and the dependency of our future financial performance on macroeconomic conditions or industry trends, including tariffs;

•

the performance of third parties on which we rely for product development, manufacturing, assembly and testing; and our relationship with other third parties on which we rely for product distribution, sales, integration and deployment;

•

our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property;

•

the regulatory environment for our products and services; and

•

our leadership in industry and standards-setting bodies.

Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, including those factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A (Risk Factors).

Considering the significant uncertainties and risks inherent in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or anyone else that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all, or as predictions of future events. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Our Business

Our vision is a world in which every item that enterprises manufacture, transport and sell, and that people own, use and recycle, is wirelessly and ubiquitously connected to the cloud. And a world in which the ownership, history and linked information for every one of those items is seamlessly available to enterprises and people. We call our expansive vision a Boundless Internet of Things, or IoT. We design and sell a platform that enables that wireless item-to-cloud connectivity and with which we and our partners innovate IoT solutions.

Our mission is to connect every thing. We have enabled connectivity for more than 120 billion items to date, delivering item visibility and improving operational efficiencies for retailers, supply chain and logistics, or SC&L providers, restaurants and food-service providers, airlines, automobile manufacturers, healthcare companies and many more. We are today focused on extending item connectivity from tens of billions to trillions of items, and delivering item data not just to enterprises but to people, so they too can derive value from their connected items. We believe the Boundless IoT we are enabling will, in the not-too-distant future, give people ubiquitous access to cloud-based digital twins of every item, each storing the item’s history and linked information and helping people explore and learn about the item. We believe that that connectivity will transform the world.

We and our partner ecosystem build item-visibility solutions using products that we design and either sell or license, including silicon RAIN radios; manufacturing, test, encoding and reading systems; software and cloud services that encapsulate our solutions know-how; and intellectual property. We sell two types of silicon integrated circuit, or IC, radios. The first are endpoint ICs that store a serialized number to wirelessly identify an item. Our partners embed endpoint ICs into an item or its packaging. The ICs may also contain a cryptographic key to authenticate the item. The second are reader ICs that our partners use in finished readers to wirelessly discover, inventory and engage the endpoint ICs. Those readers may also protect an item or consumer, for example by authenticating

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the item as genuine or privatizing the item by rendering the endpoint IC unresponsive without the consumer first providing a password. Our manufacturing, test and encoding systems enable partner products and facilitate enterprise deployments. Our reading systems comprise high-performance finished readers and gateways for autonomous reading solutions. Our software and cloud services focus on solutions enablement.

We sell our products, individually or as a whole platform offering primarily with or through our partner ecosystem. That ecosystem comprises original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, tag service bureaus, original device manufacturers, or ODMs, systems integrators, or SIs, value-added resellers, or VARs, independent software vendors, or ISVs, and other solution partners.

Our radios follow the RAIN industry’s air-interface standard for their core reading functionality. We create partner and enterprise preference for our radios and solutions by adding differentiated features into them, supporting those features across our platform and licensing them where appropriate, to deliver solutions capabilities and performance that surpasses mix-and-match solutions built from competitor products. We have also introduced a set of compatible extensions to the RAIN industry’s air-interface standard, which we call Gen2X, that enhance the performance and protection of our solutions. The RAIN industry, on the reader and solutions side, has broadly embraced Gen2X.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Macroeconomic Factors

We are subject to impacts from the evolving macroeconomic environment, including uncertainty and volatility in trade measures and tariffs. Because most of our revenue derives from endpoint ICs that our partners embed into or onto items, to the extent that those items are impacted, positively or negatively, by trade measure and tariffs, we are impacted as well. While the impact that recent trade measures will have on our business and financial results is difficult to predict, they could negatively affect our business and financial results. We continue to monitor the broader impacts of these measures on our business, our supply chain and our results of operations. See risk factor "Changes in global trade policies could have a material adverse effect on us." in Part II, Item 1A. of this report for further information.

Inventory Supply

We sell most of our products, both endpoint ICs and systems, through partners and distributors, limiting our visibility to actual enterprise demand. We work closely with those partners and distributors to gain as accurate a view as possible, however, correctly forecasting demand for our products and identifying market shifts in a timely manner remains a challenge. As a result, we sometimes experience inventory overages or shortages. Inventory overages can increase expenses, expose us to product obsolescence and/or increased reserves and negatively affect our business. Inventory shortages can cause long lead times, missed opportunities, market-share losses and/or damaged customer relationships, also negatively affecting our business.

In 2021 and 2022, demand for our endpoint ICs increased while worldwide wafer demand also increased, leading to wafer shortfalls for many semiconductor companies, including us. These wafer shortfalls prevented us from fully meeting customer demand and, in some cases, caused customers to cancel orders, qualify alternative suppliers or purchase from our competitors. In 2023, macroeconomic conditions led to softness in demand and inventory overages.

Product Adoption and Unit Growth Rates

Enterprises have significantly adopted RAIN in retail apparel, our largest market, and SC&L, but the rate of adoption and unit growth rates have been uneven and unpredictable. From 2010 to 2024, our overall endpoint IC sales volumes increased at a 27% compounded annual growth rate; however, we have experienced declines in endpoint IC sales volumes during various periods.

Regardless of the uneven pace of retail, SC&L and other industry adoption and growth rates, we believe the long-term trend is continued RAIN adoption and growth and we intend to continue investing in developing new products and expanding our product offerings for the foreseeable future. However, we cannot predict whether historical annual growth rates are indicative of the pace of future growth.

Our systems business, at least for readers and gateways, depends significantly on large-scale deployments at discrete end users, and deployment timing causes large yearly variability in our systems revenue. For example, we generated 14% of total 2019 revenue from a gateway deployment at a large North American SC&L provider. We did not have comparable project-based revenue in 2020. Similarly, in second-quarter 2021, we generated 13% of our revenue from a project-based gateway deployment for RAIN-based self-checkout and loss prevention at a large Europe-based global retailer. While we continue generating project-based revenue, we have not seen it at a comparable scale in 2022 to 2024, or in first-quarter 2025.

Seasonality and Pricing

We typically negotiate pricing with most of our endpoint IC OEMs with an effective date of the first quarter of the calendar year. In the past, this negotiation typically resulted in reduced revenue and gross margins in the first quarter compared to prior periods,

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which then normalized in subsequent quarters as we reduced costs and adjust product mix by migrating those OEMs and end users to newer, lower-cost products.

Endpoint IC volumes tend to be lower in the fourth quarter than in the third quarter. System sales tend to be higher in the fourth quarter and lower in the first quarter, we believe due to the availability of residual funding for capital expenditures prior to the end of many end users’ fiscal years.

Quarter-to-quarter revenue variability due to macroeconomic conditions and program-launch timing may impact these seasonal trends in the future. In light of the 2025 macroeconomic environment, we are uncertain whether we will see these trends in 2025.

Results of Operations

The following table presents our results of operations for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			Change
Revenue	$	74,277		$	76,825		$	(2,548	)
Gross profit	$	36,681		$	37,548		$	(867	)
Gross margin		49.4	%		48.9	%		0.5	%
Loss from operations	$	(9,569	)	$	(11,733	)	$	2,164

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Revenue and gross profit decreased, due primarily to lower systems revenue on lower shipment volumes compared to the prior-year period. Gross margin increased, due primarily to lower indirect costs in the current-year period, partially offset by a decrease in direct product margin. Loss from operations decreased, due primarily to decreased operating expenses, partially offset by decreased gross profit. The operating expense decrease was due to lower sales and marketing costs, restructuring costs, general and administrative costs and amortization of intangibles, partially offset by increased research and development costs.

Revenue


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Endpoint ICs	$	61,218	$	61,506	$	(288	)
Systems		13,059		15,319		(2,260	)
Total revenue	$	74,277	$	76,825	$	(2,548	)

We currently derive substantially all our revenue from sales of endpoint ICs, reader ICs, readers, gateways, test and measurement solutions and licensing. We sell our endpoint ICs and test and measurement solutions primarily to inlay manufacturers; our reader ICs primarily to OEMs and ODMs through distributors; and our readers and gateways to solutions providers, VARs and SIs, also primarily through distributors. We expect endpoint IC sales to represent the majority of our revenue for the foreseeable future.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Endpoint IC revenue decreased $0.3 million, due to a $9.3 million decrease from lower ASP due to product mix and new customer pricing that went into effect at the beginning of the year, offset by a $9.0 million increase in shipment volumes.

Systems revenue decreased $2.3 million due primarily to a decrease in shipment volumes. Gateway revenue decreased $2.8 million and test and measurement solution revenue decreased by $1.0 million. These decreases were partially offset by increases of $1.1 million and $0.6 million in reader and reader IC revenue, respectively.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2025			2024			Change
Cost of revenue	$	37,596		$	39,277		$	(1,681	)
Gross profit	$	36,681		$	37,548		$	(867	)
Gross margin		49.4	%		48.9	%		0.5	%

Cost of revenue includes costs associated with manufacturing our endpoint ICs, reader ICs, readers, gateways and test and measurement solutions, including direct materials and outsourced manufacturing costs as well as associated overhead costs such as

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logistics, quality control, planning and procurement. Cost of revenue also includes charges for excess and obsolescence and warranty costs. Our gross margin varies from period to period based on the mix of endpoint IC and systems; underlying product margins driven by changes in mix, ASPs or costs; as well as from inventory excess and obsolescence charges.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Gross profit decreased, due primarily to decreased systems revenue. Gross margin increased, due primarily to lower indirect costs in the current-year period, partially offset by a decrease in direct product margin, due to mix of endpoint IC and systems as well as product mix within endpoint IC.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Research and development	$	25,314	$	22,519	$	2,795

Research and development expense comprises primarily personnel expenses (salaries, benefits and other employee related costs) and stock-based compensation expense for our product-development personnel; product development costs which include external consulting and service costs, prototype materials and other new-product development costs; and an allocated portion of infrastructure costs which include occupancy, depreciation and software costs. We expect research and development expense to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to focus on new product development and introductions.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Research and development expense increased $2.8 million, due primarily to increases of $1.8 million in stock-based compensation expense, primarily related to increased outstanding equity grants; $0.6 million in product development costs due to timing; and $0.5 million in infrastructure costs.

Sales and Marketing


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Sales and marketing	$	8,055	$	10,176	$	(2,121	)

Sales and marketing expense comprises primarily personnel expenses (salaries, incentive sales compensation, or commission, benefits and other employee-related costs) and stock-based compensation expense for our sales and marketing personnel; travel, advertising and promotional expenses; and an allocated portion of infrastructure costs which include occupancy, depreciation and software costs.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Sales and marketing expense decreased $2.1 million, due primarily to a decrease of $2.1 million in stock-based compensation expense. This decrease is due primarily to forfeitures related to the company's Chief Revenue Officer retiring in the period.

General and Administrative


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
General and administrative	$	12,396	$	13,365	$	(969	)

General and administrative expense comprises primarily personnel expenses (salaries, benefits and other employee related costs) and stock-based compensation expense for our executive, finance, human resources and information technology personnel; legal, accounting and other professional service fees; travel and insurance expense; and an allocated portion of infrastructure costs which include occupancy, depreciation and software costs.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

General and administrative expense decreased $1.0 million, due primarily to a decrease of $2.2 million in professional services related to legal fees. This decrease was partially offset by increases of $1.0 million in stock compensation expense related to increased outstanding equity grants.

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Amortization of Intangibles


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Amortization of intangibles	$	485	$	1,409	$	(924	)

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Amortization of intangibles decreased $0.9 million. The decrease relates to the intangibles acquired as part of our April 3, 2023 acquisition of Voyantic Oy. Certain intangible assets acquired had a useful life of less than 1 year, resulting in a higher amortization expense in the prior-year period.

Restructuring Costs


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Restructuring costs	$	—	$	1,812	$	(1,812	)

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

The decrease in restructuring costs relates to the restructuring we initiated on February 7, 2024. There were no restructuring costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025. See note 11 Restructuring for further information.

Other Income, net


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Other income, net	$	2,060	$	1,292	$	768

Other income, net, comprises primarily interest income on our short-term investments.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Other income, net, increased from the prior period due to increased interest income given higher invested balances and higher interest rates.

Income From Settlement of Litigation


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Income from settlement of litigation	$	—	$	45,000	$	(45,000	)

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

The decrease in income from settlement of litigation is related to the litigation settlement we reached with NXP on March 13, 2024. There was no income from litigation for the three months ended March 31, 2025. See note 6 Commitments and Contingencies for further information.

Interest Expense


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		Change
Interest expense	$	1,223	$	1,216	$	7

Interest expense comprises primarily cash interest and amortization of debt issuance costs on our debt.

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared with three months ended March 31, 2024

Interest expense was comparable for the periods.

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Income Tax Expense


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025			2024			Change
Income tax benefit	$	(281	)	$	(1	)	$	(280	)

We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Income tax benefit increased $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the prior-year period due to changes in income (loss).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $147.9 million, comprising cash deposits held at major financial institutions and short-term investments in a variety of securities, including U.S. government securities, treasury bills, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper and money market funds. As of March 31, 2025, we had working capital of $280.4 million.

Historically, we have funded our operations primarily through cash generated from operations and by issuing equity securities, convertible-debt offerings and/or borrowing under our prior senior credit facility.

We believe, based on our current operating plan, that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Over the longer term, we plan to continue investing to enhance and extend our platform. If our available funds are insufficient to fund our future activities or execute our strategy, then we may raise additional capital through equity, equity-linked or debt financing, to the extent such funding sources are available. Alternatively, we may need to reduce expenses to manage liquidity; however, any such reductions could adversely impact our business and competitive position.

Sources of Funds

From time to time, we may explore additional financing sources and ways to reduce our cost of capital, including equity, equity-linked and debt financing. In addition, in connection with any future acquisitions, we may pursue additional financing which may be debt, equity or equity-linked financing or a combination thereof. We can provide no assurance that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms.

2021 Notes

In November 2021, we issued convertible notes due 2027 in an aggregate principal amount of $287.5 million which we refer to as the 2021 Notes. The 2021 Notes are our senior unsecured obligation, bearing interest at a fixed rate of 1.125% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, beginning on May 15, 2022. The 2021 Notes are convertible into cash, shares of our common stock or a combination thereof, at our election, and will mature on May 15, 2027 unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with the indenture terms.

The net proceeds from the 2021 Notes were approximately $278.4 million after initial debt issuance costs, fees and expenses. We used approximately $183.6 million of the net proceeds to repurchase approximately $76.4 million aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2026, or the 2019 Notes, through individual privately negotiated transactions concurrent with the 2021 Notes offering. We used $17.6 million to repurchase the remaining $9.85 million aggregate principal of the 2019 Notes through individual privately negotiated transactions in June 2022. We will use the rest of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.

For further information on the terms of this debt, please refer to Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Cash Flows

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2025			2024
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(11,143	)	$	60,140
Net cash provided by investing activities		21,227			5,046
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,060			6,917

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Operating Cash Flows

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we used $11.1 million of net cash in operating activities. This net cash usage was due primarily to $18.5 million in working capital due primarily to lower accrued compensation and accounts payable. The usage was partially offset by $7.3 million of net income adjusted for non-cash items.

Investing Cash Flows

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we generated $21.2 million of net cash proceeds from investing activities. These net cash proceeds were due to investment maturities of $49.0 million, partially offset by purchases of investments of $25.9 million and cash paid for equipment purchases of $1.9 million.

Financing Cash Flows

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we generated $5.1 million of net cash from financing activities. These net cash proceeds were due to stock-option exercises and our employee stock purchase plan, offset by $0.8 million taxes paid to cover RSU vesting.

Cash Requirements and Contractual Obligations

Our primary cash requirements are for operating expenses and capital expenditures. Our operating expenses have generally increased as we invest in developing products and technologies that we believe have the potential to drive long-term business growth.

Convertible Notes – As of March 31, 2025, the principal balance outstanding on the 2021 Notes is $287.5 million. Refer to Note 7 of our Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for maturity date, stated interest rate and additional information on our 2021 Notes.

Operating Lease Obligations – Our lease portfolio comprises primarily operating leases for our office space. For additional information regarding our operating leases, see Note 11 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Purchase Commitments – Purchase commitments as of March 31, 2025 total $31.3 million and comprise noncancelable commitments to purchase inventory.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

Since inception, we have not had any relationships with unconsolidated entities, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special-purpose entities, or financial partnerships that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or for another contractually narrow or limited purpose.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

We have prepared our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Our preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. For information on our critical accounting policies and estimates, see Part II, Item 7 (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business.

Interest Rate Risk

Under our current investment policy, we invest our excess cash in money market funds, U.S. government securities, corporate bonds and notes and commercial paper. Our current investment policy seeks first to preserve principal, second to provide liquidity for our operating and capital needs and third to maximize yield without putting our principal at risk. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

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We had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $147.9 million as of March 31, 2025. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to fluctuations in prevailing interest rates, which may reduce the yield on our investments or their fair value. Because most of our investment portfolio is short-term in nature, we do not believe an immediate 10% increase in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio, and therefore we do not expect our results of operations or cash flows to be materially affected by a sudden change in market interest rates.

Our convertible notes have fixed interest rates, thus a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would not impact interest expense.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. To date, we have been able to substantially offset higher product costs by increasing our product selling prices. If our product costs became subject to significant future inflationary pressures, then we may not be able to fully offset these higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We are subject to risks associated with transactions that are denominated in currencies other than our functional currency and the effects of translating amounts denominated in a foreign currency to the U.S. dollar as a normal part of our reporting process. The functional currency of the majority of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, gains and losses resulting from remeasuring transactions denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are included in other income, net, on the consolidated statements of operations. Our Voyantic subsidiary uses Euros as their functional currency, which results in a translation adjustment that we include as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. For any of the periods presented, we did not have material impact from exposure to foreign currency fluctuation. As we grow operations, our exposure to foreign currency risk will likely become more significant.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025. Disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Limitations on Controls

Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management recognizes that any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain judgments and assumptions and cannot provide absolute assurance that its objectives will be met. Similarly, an evaluation of controls cannot provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

In the normal course of business, we may be named as a party to various legal claims, actions and complaints. We cannot predict whether any resulting liability will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, market position or stock price.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this report, including the section of this report captioned “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors and the risks described elsewhere in this report occur, then our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially impacted. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements due to factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report.

Risks Relating to Our Platform, Products and Technologies

We operate in a very competitive market.

Our primary competitors are:

•

Endpoint ICs: NXP, EM Microelectronic, Kiloway, Quanray, Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics Group, Alibaba and Alien.

•

Reader ICs: Phychips Inc, Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics Group, MagicRF and NationRFID.

•

Readers and gateways: Most major reader and gateway suppliers leverage, or have a stated intent to leverage, our platform.

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Test and measurement systems: CISC.

These competitors include companies that have much greater financial, operating, research and development, marketing and other resources than us. To gain market share, they could discount their products and accept lower margins, or they could maintain margins by achieving cost savings through better, more efficient designs or production methods. They could devote more resources than we can to product development, promotion, sales and support. They could also bundle other technologies, including those we do not have in our product portfolio, with their RAIN products.

Our partners, including our OEMs, ODMs, distributors, SIs, VARs and solution partners, may choose to compete with us rather than purchase our products, which would not only reduce our customer base but also increase competition in the market. Companies in adjacent markets or newly formed companies may decide to enter our market, particularly as RAIN adoption grows. Further, the Chinese government has made development of the Chinese semiconductor industry a priority, potentially increasing competition for us globally while possibly restricting our ability to participate in the Chinese market.

RAIN adoption is concentrated in key markets and the extent and pace of RAIN market adoption beyond those markets is uncertain.

Our financial performance depends on the pace of end-user RAIN adoption in key markets, such as retail apparel (our largest market) retail general merchandise and SC&L. Although RAIN has been adopted to some degree by end users in those markets, those end users as well as the markets themselves are subject to business cycles and macroeconomic trends. Continued RAIN adoption by those end users and in those markets may be at risk if and when negative business or economic conditions arise.

The RAIN opportunity is still developing. RAIN adoption, as well as adoption of our platform and products, depends on many factors, including the extent to which end users understand and embrace the benefits that RAIN offers; whether the benefits of RAIN adoption outweigh the cost and time to replace or modify end users’ existing systems and processes; and whether RAIN products and applications meet end users’ current or anticipated needs.

We have, at times, anticipated and forecasted a pace of end-user adoption that exceeded the actual pace of adoption. We expect continued difficulty forecasting the pace of adoption. As a result, we may be unable to accurately forecast our future operating results including revenue, gross margins, cash flows and profitability, any or all of which could negatively impact our financial performance.

We must introduce new products, product enhancements and services to compete effectively.

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We introduce new products and services to advance our business, satisfy increasingly demanding end-user requirements and grow RAIN market adoption. We commit significant resources developing and introducing these new products and services, and to improving the performance and reliability of, and reducing the costs of, our existing products and services.

Whether our new or enhanced products and services will succeed is uncertain. Our success developing the technologies, processes or capabilities necessary or desired for new or enhanced products and services, or licensing or otherwise acquiring them from third parties, and our ability to introduce new or enhanced products and services before our competition, depends on many factors, including:

•

our ability to identify new product capabilities or services that end users will widely adopt;

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our timely and efficient completion of the design process;

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our timely and efficient implementation of manufacturing, assembly and testing procedures;

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our attainment of appropriate product or service performance levels and product certifications;

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partnering successfully with others to deliver complementary products or services;

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the quality, reliability and selling price of our product or service; and

•

the effectiveness of our marketing, sales and support.

When we introduce new products and services, our success in ramping adoption depends, in part, on us making those products and services easy for our partners and end users to deploy and use. For example, when we launched our M800-family endpoint ICs, we supported our inlay partners in producing high-performing, high-quality M800-based inlays. Without this support, M800 adoption would have been delayed and our operating results would have suffered. We cannot guarantee we will be able to provide sufficient support for future products, in which case our operating results could suffer.

Our ability to deliver enterprise solutions at scale are nascent.

We believe we are still at a very early stage in our ability to deliver enterprise solutions. If we do not succeed in identifying, developing, selling and deploying enterprise solutions with top-tier partners and end users across a range of markets and use cases, then our business prospects will suffer.

We have developed, and continue developing, solutions for retail self-checkout and loss prevention and SC&L package routing that have been, or that we expect to continue being, deployed by industry-leading enterprise end users. We have also launched features in Gen2X that we believe will improve RAIN’s ability to deliver cost-effective solutions to enterprises. However, to fully capitalize on our platform's potential, we must make our current offerings repeatable across multiple enterprises and in a variety of market segments. We must also develop relationships with top-tier solution partners to gain access to and address challenging new use cases.

We and our partners may be unable to successfully acquire customers for our enterprise solutions, or to successfully address our market opportunity. Delivering enterprise solutions requires a network of partner products and services that complement our own and that together address enterprise needs. Convincing enterprises to partner with us to solve their business problems—including evaluation, design, deployment, operations and services, as well as integrating RAIN data into the enterprise's information systems—requires tight coordination among our and our partners' sales, marketing, operations and engineering teams. If we do not build our enterprise solutions platform and our partner network to deliver these solutions effectively, our business prospects will suffer.

We rely on endpoint IC sales to generate most of our revenue.

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, most of our revenue from our endpoint ICs. If demand declines, or if we are unable to procure enough wafers to meet the demand we have, or if we are unable to raise prices to offset cost increases, then our business and operating results will suffer. In addition, the continued adoption of, and demand for, our endpoint ICs, derives in part from us demonstrating the benefits of using our systems. If we fail to establish those benefits then we may be unsuccessful in countering competitive endpoint IC price pressures and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

The average selling prices of our products could fluctuate substantially.

The average selling price, or ASP, of our products has historically decreased with time or to meet end-user demands, encourage adoption, address macroeconomic conditions or respond to competitive pressure. As demand for older products declines, or as competition from competitors with lower product costs or lower profitability expectations increases, or during times of oversupply, ASPs may decline quickly.

To compete profitably, we must continually improve our technology and processes, reduce unit costs in line with lower selling prices, and introduce new, higher margin products. If we are unable to offset ASP reductions with increased sales volumes or reduced

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product costs, or if we are unable to introduce new products that command higher prices and better gross margins, then our overall revenue and gross margins will suffer.

Though less common, we have also increased prices from time to time, especially during times of increasing wafer costs. For example, we raised prices in 2021, 2022 and 2023 to accommodate higher costs. We may be required to raise prices again if macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, create upward pressure on our product costs. Increased prices could dampen adoption and market growth.

Pricing commitments and other restrictive provisions in our customer agreements could adversely affect our operating results.

In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into agreements containing pricing terms that could, in some instances, adversely affect our operating results and gross margins. For example, some contracts specify future IC, reader or gateway pricing or contain most-favored-customer pricing for certain products. Other agreements may contain exclusivity terms that prevent us from pursuing certain business with other customers during the exclusivity period. Reducing prices or offering favorable terms to one customer could adversely affect our ability to negotiate favorable terms with other customers.

Changes in our product mix could adversely affect our overall gross margin.

Endpoint IC sales, which constitute and likely will continue to constitute the majority of our product revenue, have, for the most part, lower gross margins than our systems product sales. Our overall product gross margins are affected by product mix, which can fluctuate based on supply and demand, competitive pressures and end-user needs and demand. A shift in sales mix away from our higher margin products to lower margin products, either within our endpoint IC product portfolio or from our systems business to our endpoint ICs, could negatively affect our gross margins.

Poor product quality could result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our products.

Our products must meet increasingly demanding specifications for quality, reliability and performance. Our products are both highly technical and deployed in large, complex systems in which errors, defects or incompatibilities can be problematic for our partners and end users.

If we are unable to identify or correct errors, defects, incompatibilities or other problems in our products, we could experience:

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loss of customer orders or customers;

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lost or delayed market acceptance (either of our products and solutions or RAIN generally);

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lost or delayed sales;

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loss of market share;

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damage to our brand and reputation;

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impaired ability to attract new customers;

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diversion of development resources;

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increased service and warranty costs;

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replacement costs;

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legal actions by our partners or end users; and

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increased insurance costs.

Moreover, if we encounter product quality issues, then we may be required to incur significant time and costs to diagnose, test and fix the issues. There can be no assurance that such remediation efforts would be successful. Even if successful, these efforts could further constrain our ability to supply our partners and end users with new products until we have resolved the issues.

End users and partners must design our products into their products and business processes.

Persuading end users or partners to design our products into their business processes or products requires educating them about RAIN’s and our products’ value. They may use other technologies or products and may not be receptive to introducing RAIN into their business processes or products. Even when convinced, they often undertake long pilot programs and qualifications prior to placing orders. These pilot programs and qualifications can be time-consuming and expensive, and there is no assurance they will result in an order for our products. If we fail to develop new products that adequately or competitively address end users’ or our partners’ needs, then we may not receive product orders, which could adversely affect our business, prospects and operating results.

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Our visibility into the length of the sales and deployment cycles for our products is limited.

We have limited visibility into end user sales and deployment cycles, and these cycles are often longer than we anticipate. Many factors contribute to our limited visibility, including the time our partners and end users spend evaluating our products, the time educating them on RAIN’s benefits and the time integrating our products with end users’ systems. The length and uncertain timing of the sales and deployment cycles can lead to delayed product orders. In anticipation of those orders, we may incur substantial costs before the sales cycle is complete and before we receive any customer orders or payments, if we receive them at all.

An inability or limited ability of end user systems to exploit RAIN information may adversely affect the market for our products.

A successful end-user deployment requires not only tags and readers or gateways, but RAIN integration with information systems and applications that create business value from the RAIN data. Unless third parties continue developing and advancing business analytics tools, and end users enhance their information systems to use these tools, RAIN deployments could stall. Our efforts to foster third-party development and deployment of these tools could fail. In addition, our guidance to business-analytics providers for integrating our products with their tools could prove ineffective.

Solution providers and SIs are essential to the RAIN market. They provide deployment know-how to enable end users to successfully deploy RAIN solutions. Integrating our products with end-user information systems could prove more difficult or time-consuming than we or they anticipate, which could delay deployments.

Alternative technologies may enable products and services that compete with ours.

Technology developments may affect our business negatively. Breakthroughs in legacy RFID technologies or markets, including those using low frequency or high frequency RFID technology, or in other radio technologies, could adversely affect RAIN market growth and demand for our products. Likewise, new technologies may enable lower-cost ICs than our products. If we are unable to innovate using new or enhanced technologies or are slow to react to changes in existing technologies or in the market, or if we have difficulty competing with advances in new or legacy technologies, then our development of new or enhanced products could be impacted and result in product obsolescence, decreased revenue and reduced market share.

Significant changes in RAIN standards bodies, standards or qualification processes could impede our ability to sell our products and services.

We have historically taken a leadership position in developing RAIN industry standards, including with GS1 and ISO, and have designed our products to comply with those standards. For any number of reasons we could lose that leadership position or our influence in standards development, or we could choose not to participate in certain standards activities.

New or changed industry standards could affect us negatively. If industry standards were to diverge from our or the RAIN market’s needs, then our products could fail in the market or cause end users to delay their deployments. Moreover, the adoption or expected adoption of new or changed standards could slow sales of our existing products before we can introduce new products that meet the new or changed standards, and could also limit our ability to implement new features. The lost opportunities as well as time and expense to develop new products or change our existing products to comply with new or changed standards could be substantial, and we may not ultimately succeed in developing products that comply with the new or changed standards.

Certain organizations develop requirements for RAIN tags and test tags against those requirements. For example, the ARC Program at Auburn University develops tag performance and quality requirements for end users that engage them. Some participants in the RAIN market are ARC sponsors, but we are not among them. If ARC or a similar organization fails to certify or delays certifying tags incorporating our endpoint ICs, adoption and sales of our products could suffer.

Changes in government spectrum regulations or in their enforcement could adversely affect our ability to sell our products.

Our readers and gateways are collectively certified for use in more than 40 countries worldwide, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, China, Japan, South Korea and every country in the European Union, or the EU.

Our products operate in spectrum bands where they are certified to transmit. If the spectrum regulations were to change, or if our products were found to be noncompliant despite being certified to operate, then we would need to redesign our products, potentially resulting in significant costs, including costs associated with obsolete inventory. Regulatory changes may also cause us to forego opportunities, adversely affecting our business.

In April 2024, NextNav Inc. asked the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, to initiate a proceeding to reconfigure the 902–928 MHz ISM band, or Lower 900 MHz Band, in which we and other unlicensed services operate, to create a terrestrial backup to the U.S. Global Positioning System to provide positing, navigation and timing, or PNT, data. To pay for their proposed system, NextNav also asked to be able to license certain spectral bands, including parts of the Lower 900 MHz Band, to others to deliver 5G

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broadband services. If approved as proposed, this ISM band reconfiguration could interfere with our RAIN radio transmissions and negatively impact us and our industry.

We and other RAIN providers and end users, as well as other Lower 900 MHz Band users, have already registered opposition to NextNav’s petition and asked the FCC to reject it. In March 2025, the FCC launched a Notice of Inquiry to explore the ways in which the FCC could support alternative PNT technologies and solutions. The NOI process will delay consideration of NextNav's petition. The fate of NextNav’s petition is uncertain at this time, but if the FCC were to adopt NextNav's proposal and our end users were not able to use our RAIN products without harmful interference, then our business would be significantly and negatively affected.

Sales of some of our products could cannibalize revenue from other products.

Some of our partners develop products that compete with our products. For example, some of our OEM partners use our reader ICs to build and sell readers and gateways that compete with our readers and gateways. Similarly, some of our partners use our readers to build and sell gateways that compete with our gateways. If we fail to manage such conflicts successfully, then our business and operating results could be negatively affected.

Our licensing program is nascent.

While we believe we have valuable RAIN intellectual property and aspire to monetize that intellectual property by licensing it to third parties, including third parties who compete with us to some extent, our experience in doing so is nascent, and our ability to grow licensing revenue remains subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. To materially grow our licensing program and revenue, we will need to maintain and grow our intellectual property portfolio and continue to research and develop RAIN innovations that will generate and maintain demand for licenses to our technology and features. We must also develop and maintain an ability to monitor infringement of our intellectual property rights by others and possibly seek enforcement action against those who attempt to infringe our intellectual property rights. These enforcement actions could require significant investments in management time and attention as well as cash as we incur legal and other expenses. They could also compete with our objectives in other areas of our business such as wanting to maintain close, strategic relationships with important partners or end users of our products. These are just some of the risks and uncertainties we face with respect to our nascent licensing program.

We currently derive a substantial share of our licensing revenue from NXP, our primary endpoint IC competitor, based on our Settlement Agreement with them. For more information regarding the terms of our Settlement Agreement with NXP, please refer to Note 6 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. If NXP were to breach its license payment obligations, or if NXP were to design around our intellectual property rights and exercise its right to terminate our license before the end of the agreement's 10-year term, our licensing revenue would decline and our overall results of operations and cash flows would suffer.

Risks Relating to Our Personnel and Business Operations

We obtain the products we sell through a limited number of third parties with whom we do not have long-term supply contracts.

Our ability to secure cost-effective, quality products in a timely manner could be adversely affected by many factors, including:

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Third-party manufacturing capacity may not be available when we need it, particularly from our foundry partners from whom we procure silicon wafers.

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Efforts to diversify our supplier base may be unsuccessful or may not result in us obtaining the anticipated benefits of such diversification.

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Some products have long lead times, and we place orders for them many months before our anticipated delivery dates to our customers. If we inaccurately forecast customer demand, then we may be unable to meet our customers’ delivery requirements or we may accumulate excess inventory, increasing our costs.

•

Supply disruptions may affect our ability to meet partner or end-user demand, whether in a cost-effective manner or at all, potentially causing those partners or end users to cancel orders, qualify alternative suppliers or purchase from our competitors. Supply disruptions can also distort demand, making it even harder to meet true demand.

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If our suppliers fail to manufacture our products at reasonable prices or with satisfactory quality levels, then our ability to bring those products to market and our reputation could both suffer. If supplier capacity diminishes, whether from equipment failures, closures, bankruptcy, capacity allocation, in response to macroeconomic conditions or public health events (such as Covid-19), catastrophic loss of facilities or otherwise, then we could have difficulty fulfilling orders, our revenue could decline and our growth prospects could be impaired. Transitioning our product manufacturing to new providers would take many months and, in the case of ICs, could take years. Any transition would require a requalification by our customers or end users, which could also adversely affect our ability to sell our products as well as our operating results.

Shortages of silicon wafers, IC post-processing capacity or components used in our readers and gateways may adversely affect our ability to meet demand for our products and adversely affect our revenue and/or gross margins.

Wafer shortfalls limit sales and may cause market-share losses. We expect wafer capacity in at least some of the semiconductor nodes we use to be tight for the foreseeable future. We procure wafers on a purchase-order basis, so our wafer supply is not guaranteed, and we may not receive adequate supply from our foundry partners when shortages occur.

Wafer shortfalls may also artificially increase bookings as customers over-order our products, and then cause sales declines as those customers consume their accumulated inventory. Additionally, if our suppliers charge us more but we are unable to raise our prices to cover those higher costs, our gross margins and other financial results could suffer.

Shortfalls of our silicon products can also occur due to post-processing constraints. To convert the wafers we receive from our foundry partner into saleable ICs, we perform additional steps including testing, thinning, bumping and dicing. If our third-party suppliers are unable to efficiently perform these steps, and our production capacity is constrained as a result, we may be unable to satisfy demand for our products, and our financial results could suffer.

We may also experience shortfalls and price increases for components we use in our readers and gateways, as well as in packaging and test capacity for our reader ICs. Any such shortfalls or price increases will negatively impact our product availability and costs and our financial results will suffer.

We bear inventory risks because our products have relatively long lead times, demand for them is hard to accurately forecast, and we rely on partners to sell and distribute them.

We maintain inventory to meet customer demand. To guard against wafer shortages, and to allow for production risks given the relatively long lead times for our many of our products, we have in the past and may invest again in inventory to support anticipated business growth. When we introduce new products, we may also initially carry higher inventory or have slower inventory turns depending on market acceptance.

We typically order products from our suppliers based on partner forecasts before we receive purchase orders. However, many of our partners have difficulty accurately forecasting their demand and the timing of that demand, and sometimes cancel orders or reschedule product shipments, in some cases with little or no advance notice to us. Partners will also sometimes give us soft commitments for large orders that do not materialize. We have additional uncertainty arising from competition and from unanticipated external events, such as macroeconomic trends or events and changes in regulatory standards, all of which can adversely affect demand and consequently our inventory levels, sales and operating results.

High inventory levels can increase expenses or reserves and expose us to a higher risk of product obsolescence, especially when we introduce new products and technologies. If we are unable to sell the inventory we purchased, or if we must sell it at lower prices, then our business will be negatively impacted.

Acquisitions could result in operating difficulties, dilution and other harmful consequences.

We regularly evaluate potential strategic transactions, and we may pursue them if complementary to our business. For example, in April 2023 we completed our acquisition of Voyantic Oy, a global provider of RFID (primarily RAIN and NFC) inlay and label design, manufacturing and test systems. Strategic transactions could be material to our financial condition and operating results. We have limited experience executing acquisitions. Integrating an acquired company, business or technology may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Acquisition-related risks include:

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difficulties integrating acquired products or lines of business into our strategy and product plans;

•

customers switching from us to new suppliers because of the acquisition;

•

inability to retain employees from the business we acquire;

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challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;

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difficulties integrating accounting, management information, human resource, legal and other administrative systems to permit effective management of the business we acquire;

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potential requirements for remediating controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a public company in the acquired business that, prior to the acquisition, lacked these controls, procedures and policies;

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potential liability for past or present environmental, hazardous substance or contamination concerns associated with the acquired business or its predecessors;

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possible write-offs or impairment charges resulting from the acquisition; and

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unanticipated or unknown liabilities relating to the acquired business.

Foreign acquisitions involve additional risks beyond those above, including those related to integrating operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the economic, political and regulatory risks associated with other countries. Also, the anticipated benefit of any acquisition, domestic or foreign, may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, debt incurrence, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or goodwill write-offs, any of which could harm our financial condition. Future acquisitions may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.

Changes in global trade policies could have a material adverse effect on us.

The state of tariffs and other trade measures worldwide remains very uncertain. Trade is a focus of the current U.S. administration, and the administration has been very active in this area. Overall, whether and when tariffs will be implemented and their amount, scope and nature, are unclear. Also unclear, is how other countries will respond to the United States’ trade proposals and actions.

As of now, high reciprocal tariffs are in effect between China and United States and the United States has announced, but paused, tariffs on goods imported from many other countries, including Mexico, Canada, Taiwan, Malaysia and the European Union. Significant trade partners such as Mexico, Canada and the European Union have announced retaliatory tariffs. Further, while the United States has exempted certain technology products such as semiconductors and electronics such that our products are not subject to the announced tariffs, it has also initiated Section 232 investigations on such products, possibly leading to the imposition of specific tariffs on these products or on products that incorporate them.

Given this dynamic environment, it is not possible to know with any degree of certainty what the negative direct and indirect consequences of tariffs could be on our business and financial results. We believe the direct impact of U.S. tariffs on our endpoint IC business is likely to be manageable because we import only a small portion of our wafers into the United States. However, the indirect effects of U.S. tariffs on products containing our endpoint ICs could be significant. China remains a key producer of the goods our endpoint ICs connect, and a key producer of readers using our reader ICs, so the imposition of high U.S. tariffs on imports from China could significantly and negatively affect our business and financial results.

We are subject to risks inherent in operating abroad and may not be able to successfully maintain or expand our international operations.

In 2024, we derived 77% of our total revenue from sales outside the United States. We anticipate growing our business, in part, by growing our international operations, which presents a variety of risks, including:

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changes, some unexpected or unanticipated, in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or other trade restrictions;

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lack of established, clear or fairly implemented standards or regulations with which our products must comply;

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greater difficulty in enforcing contracts, judgments and arbitration awards in international courts, and in collecting accounts receivable as well as longer payment and collection periods;

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limited or unfavorable intellectual property protection;

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misappropriation of our intellectual property;

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inflation and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates;

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restrictions, or changes thereof, on foreign trade or investment, including trade wars and currency-exchange controls, including as a result of sanctions against Russia;

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changes in a country’s or region’s political, regulatory, legal or economic conditions, including, for example, global and regional economic disruptions caused by any future public health outbreaks or pandemics;

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political, social and economic instability abroad; wars and other armed conflicts, such as those in Ukraine; geopolitical tensions, such as those between the United States, China and Taiwan; and terrorist attacks and security concerns in general;

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differing regulations with regard to maintaining operations, products and public information;

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inequities or difficulties obtaining or maintaining export and import licenses;

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differing labor regulations, including where labor laws may be more advantageous to employees outside the United States;

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restrictions on earnings repatriation;

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corrupt or unethical practices in foreign jurisdictions that may subject us to exposure under applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010; and

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regulations, and changes thereof, relating to data privacy, cybersecurity and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal information, particularly in Europe.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls, and trade and economic sanctions that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we fail to comply.

We must export and import our products and conduct our business activities in compliance with U.S. export controls and trade and economic sanctions, including the Commerce Department’s Export Administration Regulations and economic and trade sanctions established by the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, as well as similar controls established in the countries in which we do business. For example, the U.S. government has continued to expand controls restricting the ability to send certain products and technology related to semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing to and within China and additional destinations. These expanded controls include imposing additional licensing requirements on exports, re-exports, and transfers of certain ICs and products containing those ICs to and within China and additional destinations. In addition, the United States and other countries continue to expand the economic sanctions and export control restrictions imposed against Russia and Belarus and certain Russian nationals and entities after Russia invaded Ukraine. We must undertake additional diligence efforts to comply with these, and other, rules, which may be time-consuming and result in delayed or lost opportunities. We may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export or import licenses, and our failure to obtain required export or import approval for our products or limitations on our ability to export or sell our products may harm our domestic and international sales and negatively affect our revenue.

Tariffs could also have a material impact on our product costs and decrease our ability to sell our products to existing or potential customers as well as harm our ability to compete internationally. For more information, see ''Changes in global trade policies could have a material adverse effect on us." Any changes in our product or in export or import regulations or legislation; shifts or changes in enforcement; or changes in the countries, persons or technologies targeted by these regulations could delay us introducing new products in international markets, decrease use of our products by, or decrease our ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations, adversely affecting our business and results of operations.

Instability or deterioration in the political, legal, social, business or economic conditions in the U.S. or in key jurisdictions could harm our business.

Political, legal, social, business or economic instability in the United States could negatively affect our business. For example, more restrictive immigration laws or more restrictive enforcement of existing laws in the United States where we are headquartered could negatively affect our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel in vital roles.

Deterioration in the political, social, business or economic conditions in any jurisdictions in which we have significant suppliers, distributors or end users—including as a result of natural disasters, labor strikes, public health crises, geopolitical events or other developments—could slow or halt product shipments or disrupt our ability to manufacture, test or post-process our products, as well as our ability to effectively and timely execute on end-user deployments. We outsource our manufacturing and production to suppliers in a small number of Asian jurisdictions including Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan and China. These jurisdictions have also experienced significant changes in political, social, business or economic conditions in the past and may experience them in the future.

We could be forced to transfer our manufacturing, testing and post-processing activities to more stable, and potentially more costly, regions or find alternative suppliers.

We source a significant portion of our wafers from suppliers in Taiwan, and our supply of wafers and other critical components may be materially and adversely affected by diplomatic, geopolitical and other developments between China and Taiwan. Notably, China has refused to renounce the use of military force against Taiwan, and there can be no assurance that relations between China and Taiwan will not deteriorate further, particularly in light of ongoing tensions between the United States and China. Any such developments could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our business operations could be adversely affected by natural disasters or public health outbreaks and pandemics.

Natural disasters, whether natural or manmade, could decrease demand for our products, disable our facilities, disrupt operations or cause catastrophic losses. We have facilities in areas with known seismic activity, such as our headquarters in Seattle, Washington. We have facilities in areas with known flooding, such as our office in Shanghai, China. We have a wafer post-processing subcontractor in Thailand, a region with a known, and recent, history of flooding. A loss at any of these or other of our or our suppliers’ facilities could disrupt operations, delay production and shipments, reduce revenue and engender potentially large expenses. We do not carry insurance covering potential losses caused by pandemics, earthquakes, floods or other disasters.

Covid-19 created significant worldwide economic volatility, uncertainty and disruption, and presented our business with significant risks and challenges. The Covid-19 global health emergency officially ended in 2023. However, the Covid-19 experience highlights the significant negative impacts a public health outbreak or pandemic could impose on future market demand and our business results.

Risks Relating to Our Relationships with Partners and End Users

We rely on a small number of customers for a large share of our revenue.

We sell our endpoint ICs directly to inlay and tag OEMs and ODMs. We sell our reader ICs to OEMs and ODMs and our readers and gateways to solution providers, VARs and SIs, all primarily through distribution. If we fail to retain our endpoint IC, reader IC, reader or gateway partners or distributors or fail to establish relationships with new partners, then our business, financial condition or operating results could be harmed.

In 2024, sales to three major customers accounted for 60% of our total revenue. Sales concentration to a small number of OEMs decreases our bargaining power and increases the risk that our pricing or sales could decline based on actions taken by our competitors or our own failure to compete effectively.

Our competitors’ relationships with, or acquisitions of, these partners or distributors could interfere with our relationships with them. Any such interference could impair or delay our product sales or increase our cost of sales.

We engage directly with some end users. Their projects, often involving large purchases of our readers and gateways, are often discrete deployments that can result in significant sales for periods of time. They also increase the volatility of our revenue and operating results. If we are unable to replace project-based revenue with new revenue streams, or if end users with large projects change or delay those projects without providing us with adequate notice, then our sales could decline from period to period and harm our stock price.

Our ability to affect or determine end-user demand is limited in part because we sell and fulfill primarily through partners and rarely directly to end users.

End users drive demand for our products but because we sell our products primarily through partners, we are one step removed from those end users and are often unable to directly assess and affect their demand. Our partners may choose to prioritize selling our competitors’ products over ours, or they may offer products that compete with our products or limit sales of our products. If our partners do not sell enough of our products or if they choose to decrease their inventories of our products, then our sales to those partners and our revenue will decline.

Our partners may not properly forecast end users’ demand for our products.

Our reserve estimates for products stocked by our distributors are based primarily on reports provided to us by those distributors, typically monthly. If the inventory and resale information our partners and distributors provide is inaccurate, or if we do not receive it in a timely manner, then we may not have a reliable view of products expected to be sold to end users which could ultimately have a negative impact on our operating results. If our partners overestimate demand, they may invest in building too much capacity, which would put pricing pressure on the RAIN industry. In the short term, our partners might purchase more of our products than they need, increasing their inventory and reducing our future sales to them, and distributors may, subject to time and quality limitations, seek to return products in exchange for other products. If our partners underestimate demand, we may not be able to satisfy their needs and that of their customers, and adoption might suffer. In either case, our business and operating results could be negatively affected.

Our growth strategy depends in part on the success of strategic relationships with third parties and their continued performance and alignment.

We invest in relationships with solution providers, SIs, VARs and software providers whose product and/or solution offerings complement ours and through which we often fulfill our product sales. Our business will be harmed if we fail to develop and grow these partner relationships. For example, our operating results may suffer if our efforts developing partner relationships increase our costs but do not increase revenue. Partner relationships may also include exclusivity provisions, multiple levels of distribution,

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discounted pricing or investments in other companies. The cost of developing and maintaining these partner relationships may go unrecovered and our efforts may not generate a corresponding revenue increase.

Occasionally we also engage directly with end users, often at their request, to help them develop solutions for challenging use cases. Such direct engagements could cause, or could be perceived to cause, conflicts with partners that could harm our partner relationships and our business, results of operations or financial condition.

If we fail to maintain or enhance our brand recognition or reputation on which our business depends, then our business could be harmed.

We believe that building our brand and reputation is key to our relationships with partners and end users and our ability to attract new partners and end users. We also believe that our brand and reputation will be increasingly important as market competition increases. Our success depends on a range of factors, including:

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continuing to deliver high-quality, innovative and defect-free products;

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maintaining high partner and end-user satisfaction;

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successfully differentiating our products from those of our competitors; and

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managing both positive and negative publicity.

From time to time, product supply shortages have challenged our ability to meet market needs and we have increased prices in response to our suppliers increasing their prices to us. Our inability to supply partners and end users with products they need, and/or our need to increase our prices could result in long-lasting, negative consequences to our relationships with those partners and end users, to RAIN adoption and to our business overall.

Increasing attention to environmental, social and governance and regulatory matters may cause us to incur additional costs or expose us to additional risks.

Investors, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, partners and end users remain focused on environmental, social and governance, or ESG, practices. Our ESG practices may not meet their standards, and they as well as advocacy groups may campaign for us to change our business or practices to address their ESG-related concerns. Our failure, or perceived failure, to adequately respond to any such campaigns could harm our business and reputation and negatively impact the market price of our securities. Moreover, our costs related to those ESG practices and reporting and disclosure requirements could increase, which could negatively affect our operating results.

We are subject to disclosure and reporting requirements for companies that use “conflict” minerals mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries in their products, whether or not these products are manufactured by third parties. These requirements could affect the sourcing and availability of minerals used in manufacturing our products. Additionally, we may face reputational challenges with our customers and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins of all minerals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement. We may also face challenges with government regulators and our customers and suppliers if we are unable to sufficiently verify that the metals used in our products are conflict free.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect and enforce our intellectual property then our business could be adversely affected.

Our success depends in part upon our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce our patents, copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks and other intellectual property rights and prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or circumventing those rights. We have historically focused on filing U.S. patent applications, for many reasons, including the fact that a significant portion of RAIN products are sold for use in the United States. We have only a small number of foreign patents and applications. We also only have registered trademarks and domain names in select countries where we believe filing for such protection is appropriate. By focusing our intellectual property protection on the United States and a small number of foreign countries, we have a limited ability to assert intellectual property rights outside the United States, including in some significant foreign markets such as China or Europe. Moreover, the global manufacturing and distribution systems for tags or labels incorporating our endpoint IC products could complicate our efforts to enforce our U.S. patents.

As we increasingly work with third parties, possibly including parties that compete with us to an extent, to advance our technical innovations and features, we cannot guarantee that our efforts to protect our intellectual property will be completely effective.

We cannot guarantee that:

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any of the patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights we presently employ in our business will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged or abandoned;

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our intellectual property rights will provide competitive advantages to us;

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our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against potential competitors or to settle current or future disputes successfully;

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any of our pending or future patent applications will issue or have the coverage we originally sought;

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our intellectual property rights can or will be enforced, particularly in jurisdictions where competition may be intense or where legal protections may be weak;

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we will not lose the ability to assert our intellectual property rights against, or to license our technology to, others and collect royalties or other payments; or

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we will retain the right to ask for a royalty-bearing license to an industry standard if we fail to file an intellectual property declaration pursuant to the standards process.

Monitoring and addressing unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights is time consuming, distracting, expensive and uncertain. Our failure to identify unauthorized use of, or otherwise adequately protect, our intellectual property could adversely affect our business.

We have been and may in the future be party to intellectual property disputes which could be time consuming and costly to prosecute, defend or settle, result in the loss of significant rights, and adversely affect RAIN adoption or adoption of our products or platform.

Patent litigation is complex and uncertain. We may or may not prevail in patent-related proceedings and such proceedings may result in increased legal expenses, additional demands on our management's time and attention, and negative effects on our relationships with partners or end users. If any pending or future proceedings result in an adverse outcome, our intellectual property rights could be weakened and we could be required to:

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cease manufacturing, using or selling the infringing products, processes or technology;

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pay substantial damages for infringement;

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expend significant resources to develop noninfringing products, processes or technology;

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license technology from the party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all;

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cross-license our technology to a competitor to resolve an infringement claim, which could weaken our ability to compete with that competitor; or

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pay substantial damages to our partners or end users for them to discontinue using, or replace, infringing products with noninfringing products.

Even if we do prevail in patent-related proceedings, verdicts and judgments can be modified or even reversed by trial or appellate courts. License agreements entered in settlement of patent litigation, particularly any entered into with our competition, may not be as effective over the long term in providing us with all the benefits we bargained for when we entered into them.

Many companies in our industry, as well as nonpracticing entities, hold patents and other intellectual property rights and may pursue, protect and enforce those intellectual property rights. We receive invitations to license patent and other intellectual property rights to technologies that could be important to our business. We also receive assertions against us, our partners and end users claiming we or they infringe patent or other intellectual property rights. If we decline to accept an invitation to license or to refute an asserted claim, then the offering or claiming party may pursue litigation against us.

Intellectual property disputes have adversely affected RAIN adoption in the past and could disrupt growth prospects in the future. In 2011, Round Rock Research filed lawsuits against 11 end users, including Walmart and Macy’s, for RAIN-related patent infringement. Despite the subsequent availability of an industry-wide license, we believe those lawsuits adversely affected demand for our products from 2011 to 2019. Subsequent litigation, including our patent litigation against NXP between 2019 and early 2024, may not have had as pronounced effects on demand as the Round Rock litigation, but could have dampened RAIN growth particularly in categories beyond those where RAIN is already established such as retail apparel. We, our partners, suppliers or end users could continue to be involved in intellectual property disputes in the future which could adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.

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Many of our agreements require us to indemnify and defend partners and end users from third-party infringement claims and pay damages in the case of adverse rulings. These damages could be sizable and disproportionate to the business we derive from those partners or end users. Moreover, we may not know whether we are infringing a third party’s intellectual property rights due to the large number of RAIN-related patents or to other systemic factors. For example, patent applications in the United States are maintained in confidence for up to 18 months after filing or, in some instances, for the entire time prior to patent issuance. Consequently, we may not be able to account for such rights until after a patent issues.

Intellectual property policies of industry standards organizations in whose working groups we participate could require us to provide royalty-free licenses of some to our intellectual property.

When participating in GS1, ISO, RAIN and other industry-standards organizations, it is a general policy that those who participate in developing a protocol or standard must license, either royalty-free or under reasonable and nondiscriminatory, or RAND, terms, intellectual property that is necessary to implement all or part of the protocol or standard. The standards body may require that the license be granted to members, as in the case of GS1, or to all parties, as in the case of ISO, that implement the protocol or standard.

As a participant in developing GS1 EPCglobal UHF Gen2, UHF Gen2 V2, UHF Gen2 V3, tag data standards, low-level reader protocol and other GS1 EPCglobal protocols, we agreed to license to other GS1 EPCglobal members, on a royalty-free basis, those of our patents necessary to practice those protocols, subject to us receiving reciprocal royalty-free rights from the other GS1 EPCglobal member practicing the protocol. As a participant in developing ISO standards, we agreed to license on a RAND basis those of our patents necessary to practice those standards, subject to us receiving a reciprocal RAND license from the other entity practicing the standard.

Although the policies themselves seek to advance protocol or standards development, disputes can arise because it may not be clear whether certain intellectual property is necessary to practice a protocol or standard. Such uncertainty could complicate us asserting our not-necessary patents against others, or to use those patents in our own defense, thereby devaluing our intellectual property. Further, some GS1 EPCglobal members declined to license their intellectual property on royalty-free terms, instead retaining the right to license their technology on RAND terms. These members may choose to assert their intellectual property, in which case we will need to defend ourselves within the confines of the GS1 and ISO intellectual property policies.

We rely on third-party license agreements which, if impaired or terminated, could cause production or shipment delays that could harm our business.

We have license agreements with third parties for patents, software and technology we use in our operations and in our products. For example, we license tools from design-automation software vendors to design our silicon ICs. Third-party licenses for patents, software and other technology important to our business may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or may not be available at all. Loss of any such licenses could cause manufacturing interruptions or delays or reductions in product shipments until we can develop, license, integrate and deploy alternative technologies which, if even possible, could harm our business and operating results.

Our use of open-source software may expose us to additional risks and weaken our intellectual property rights.

Our products, processes and technology sometimes use or incorporate software that is subject to an open-source license. Certain open-source licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open-source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the user’s source code. In addition, certain open-source software licenses require the user of such software to make derivative works of the open-source software available to others at low or no cost. Open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of their code, opening us to business risks that could materially harm our operating results.

We cannot guarantee that we have incorporated open-source software in a manner that is consistent with our policies and procedures relative to such open-source software, or in a manner that will not subject us to liability.

Risks Relating to Privacy and Cybersecurity

Privacy and security concerns relating to RAIN could damage our reputation and deter current or potential customers from using our products.

Privacy advocates and others have raised, and may continue raising, concerns about RAIN compromising consumer privacy or facilitating theft. These concerns include unauthorized parties potentially collecting personal information or personal data, tracking consumers, stealing identities or causing other issues relating to privacy or data protection.

Any such incident could cause our or our partners’ or end users’ operations to be disrupted and subject any of us to regulatory investigations or proceedings and claims, demands or litigation. Consequently, we could face potential liability and significant costs

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and expenses to remediate or otherwise respond to the incident. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with any privacy- or security-related laws, regulations or contractual or other obligations to which we are or may be subject may result in regulatory actions, claims or litigation; legal and other costs; substantial time and resources; and fines, penalties or other liabilities. Any actions or concerns about security and privacy may be expensive to defend, cause us to expend substantial time and resources and damage our reputation and operating results and/or negatively impact overall RAIN industry development, even if unfounded.

We cannot be sure that any limitation-of-liability provisions in our agreements with customers, contracts with third-party vendors and service providers or other contracts will protect us from liabilities or damages against claims relating to a security breach or other privacy- or security-related issue.

Government regulations and guidelines and other standards relating to consumer privacy and cybersecurity may adversely impact adoption of our products, require us to make design changes or constrain our ability to implement new and desired product features, and actual or alleged violations of laws relating to privacy or cyber security may result in claims, proceedings and liability.

Our partners and end users are subject to laws and regulations related to collecting, storing, transmitting and using personal information and personal data, as well as to additional laws and regulations that address privacy and cybersecurity related to RFID in general. Because RAIN is a type of RFID, we believe these laws and regulations apply to RAIN.

The European Commission, or the EC, has issued guidance to address privacy concerns about RFID. In May 2009, the EC issued a recommendation that retailers in the EU inform their customers when RFID tags are either on or embedded within products. In April 2011, the EC signed a voluntary agreement with private and public entities to develop privacy guidelines for companies using RFID in the EU. Whereas compliance is voluntary, our partners and end users that do business in the EU prefer products that comply with the guidelines. If our products do not comply or enable compliance with the guidelines, then our business may suffer.

More generally, the data security and privacy legislative and regulatory landscape in the United States, EU and other jurisdictions continues evolving. Aspects of key privacy laws and regulations—including the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, the California Privacy Rights Act, similar privacy laws enacted in other states and the EU General Data Protection Regulation—remain unclear as of the date of this report and continue evolving, potentially with far-reaching implications. Laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and security; related industry standards and guidelines; and continued evolution of these laws, regulations, standards, guidelines and other actual and asserted obligations, as well as their interpretation and enforcement, may require us to modify our products, practices and policies, which we may not be able to do on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and otherwise could cause us to incur substantial costs and expenses. Any failure or perceived failure by us or any third parties with which we do business to comply with these laws and regulations or other actual or asserted obligations relating to privacy, data protection or security may result in claims or litigation; actions against us by governmental entities; legal and other costs; substantial time and resources and fines, penalties or other liabilities. Any such actions may be expensive to defend, may incur substantial legal and other costs and substantial time and resources and likely would damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, if we fail to develop products that meet end-user privacy requirements, then end users may choose not to use our products.

The RAIN radio protocol includes features addressing consumer privacy and authentication, and we have incorporated additional features in our products that further protect consumer privacy. Nevertheless, a third party could still breach these features and, if such breach occurs, our reputation could be damaged and our business and prospects could suffer.

A breach of security or other security incident impacting our systems or others used in our business could have an adverse effect on our business.

We face risks of security breaches and incidents from a variety of sources including viruses, ransomware, hacking, malicious code, supply-chain attacks as well as social engineering or other employee or contractor negligence, malfeasance or unintentional acts. Accidental or willful security breaches or incidents, or unauthorized access to our facilities or information systems, or to others used in our business, could compromise the security of those facilities or information systems and the confidentiality, integrity and availability of confidential, personal or proprietary information. These risks may be heightened in connection with geopolitical tensions and events.

The consequences of loss, unavailability, misuse, corruption or other unauthorized processing of confidential, personal or proprietary information could include, among other things, unfavorable publicity, reputational damage, difficulty marketing or selling our products, customer allegations of breach of contract, loss or theft of intellectual property, claims and litigation, governmental and regulatory investigations and other proceedings and fines, penalties and other damages and liabilities. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and business relationships.

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We rely on third-party services to store and process data on our behalf, and on third-party security systems in a variety of applications. Our platform operates in conjunction with, and depends on, third-party products, services and components for security. The cybersecurity threat environment continues evolving, especially with heightened activity by state-sponsored actors. If we, our platform, or any of the third parties on which we rely suffers or is believed to have suffered a security breach or incident, vulnerability, error, ransomware or malicious event, then we could face increased costs, claims, liability, reduced revenue and harm to our reputation.

We devote resources to detect and prevent security breaches and other security-related incidents. In the event of an actual or perceived security breach or incident we may need to expend significant resources to mitigate, notify third parties of, and otherwise address the breach or incident, its root cause and take steps to prevent further breaches or incidents. Our insurance may not adequately cover claims relating to an actual or perceived security breach or incident and any breach or incident may increase our insurance costs as well as reduce or eliminate the future availability of such insurance, harming our business and reputation.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs

We have a history of losses and have only achieved profitability periodically. We cannot be certain that we will attain or sustain profitability in the future.

Until 2024, we have incurred losses each year since our inception in 2000. Our ability to attain or sustain profitability depends on numerous factors, many of which are out of our control, including continued RAIN industry adoption and us maintaining or growing our market share. Our costs to support operations, product development and business and personnel expansion in sales, engineering and marketing are significant and are likely to increase as we invest to grow the market and our share of it, reduce our costs and improve our operations. If we fail to increase our revenue or manage our expenses, or if our investments in growing the market or our share of it fail, then we may not attain or sustain profitability.

We have a history of significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results.

Our history shows significant sales volatility and a limited ability to forecast sales. We anticipate that, for the foreseeable future, our visibility to future sales, including volumes and prices, will continue to be limited. That limited visibility may cause fluctuations in our operating results and differences between actual and expected quarterly or annual operating results.

Many factors, some outside our control, may cause or contribute to fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results. These fluctuations make financial planning and forecasting difficult. These fluctuations may also cause unanticipated decreases in our available cash, which could negatively affect our business and prospects. Material factors that contribute to fluctuations in our operating results include:

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macroeconomic conditions, including tariffs and trade wars, inflation, recession or economic slowdown, and their impact on our business and that of our suppliers, partners and end users;

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fluctuations or delays in RAIN adoption and deployment by end users;

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changes in the pace or direction of major deployments, whether due to macroeconomic conditions or enterprise-specific events or circumstances, and our, or our partners', ability to win business from these deployments;

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fluctuations in demand for our products or platform, including by tag OEMs and other significant partners and end users on whom we rely for a substantial portion of our revenue;

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fluctuations in the pricing and availability or supply of our products or key elements or components of those products, especially semiconductor wafers;

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degradations in product quality, whether due to us or our suppliers, including quality claims or product returns;

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delays in new-product introductions and in the maturity of our new-product technologies;

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decreases in selling prices for our products;

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delays in our product-shipment timing, customer or end-user sales or deployment cycles, or work performed under development contracts;

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intellectual property disputes involving us, our partners, end users or other participants in our industry, or the timing of license payments for our intellectual property;

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adverse outcomes of litigation or governmental proceedings;

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timing variability in product introductions, enhancements, services and technologies by us and our competitors as well as market acceptance of new or enhanced products, services and technologies;

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unanticipated excess or obsolete inventory as a result of significant demand fluctuations, supply-chain mismanagement, new-product introduction, quality issues or otherwise;

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changes in the amount and timing of our operating costs, including those related to expanding our business, operations and infrastructure;

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changes in business cycles or seasonal fluctuations that affect the markets in which we sell;

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changes in industry standards or specifications, or changes in government regulations, relating to our products or our platform;

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late, delayed or cancelled payments from our partners or end users; and

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unanticipated impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill.

A substantial portion of our operating expenses are fixed in the short term, and as a result, fluctuations in revenue or unanticipated expenses can have a material and immediate impact on our profitability and negatively affect our operating results, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We may need to raise additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.

In the future, we may need to raise additional capital, including pursuant to shelf registration statements we may file from time to time with the SEC, potentially diluting our stockholders, restricting our operations or otherwise adversely affecting our business.

Debt financing, if available, may include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions such as incurring additional debt, expending capital or declaring dividends, or may impose financial covenants that limit our ability to achieve our business objectives.

Our management has broad discretion in how to invest and spend our cash and cash equivalents and the proceeds from financings, including on capital expenditures, product development, working capital and other general corporate purposes. We may spend our cash and cash equivalents in ways that our stockholders may not agree with or that do not yield favorable returns.

If we need additional capital but cannot raise it on acceptable terms, if at all, then we may not be able to meet our business objectives, financial obligations or both. If we raise additional capital but do not deploy it effectively then our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed and the market price of our common stock could suffer.

Risks Relating to U.S. Federal Income Tax

Our ability to use net operating losses and research and development credits to offset future taxable income and income taxes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2024, we had federal U.S. net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of $190.3 million and U.S. federal research and development credit carryforwards of $38.7 million, which we may use to reduce future taxable income or income taxes. We have established a valuation allowance against the carrying value of these deferred tax assets. The U.S. federal NOLs and U.S. federal research and development credit carryforwards began expiring in 2020.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, or the Code, a corporation that experiences a more-than 50% ownership change by one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a company's stock over a three-year testing period is limited in its ability to use its pre-change NOLs and other tax assets to offset future taxable income or income taxes. If we undergo a future ownership change then our ability to use our NOLs and credit carryforwards could be limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Our NOLs may also be limited under state law. As a result of these limitations, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of, or possibly any of, our NOLs and/or credit carryforwards to reduce future taxable income or income taxes.

We could be subject to additional income tax liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. During the ordinary course of business, we use significant judgment in evaluating our worldwide income tax obligations and we conduct many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe our tax determinations are proper, the final determination of any tax audits and any possible litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made.

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Changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial conditions.

We are subject to tax laws, regulations and policies of several taxing jurisdictions. Changes in tax laws, as well as other factors, could cause us to experience fluctuations in our tax obligations and effective tax rates and otherwise adversely affect our tax positions and results of our operations. For example, in August 2022, as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the United States enacted a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks and a 15% alternative minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income. Additionally, beginning in 2022, the Code eliminated the right to deduct research and development expenditures and instead requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize U.S. and foreign research and development expenditures over five and 15 tax years, respectively. We have accounted for these changes in accordance with our understanding of the guidance available as of the date of this filing and as described in more detail in our financial statements.

The CHIPS and Science Act, enacted August 9, 2022, provides tax credits for semiconductor manufacturing activities within the United States, but because we outsource our semiconductor manufacturing we do not expect to be entitled to these tax credits.

Many countries, as well as organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have implemented or proposed changes to existing tax laws, including a 15% global minimum tax. Any of these developments or changes in U.S. federal, state or international tax laws or tax rulings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our operating results. There can be no assurance that our effective tax rates, tax payments or tax credits and incentives will not be adversely affected by these or other developments or changes in law.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value-added or similar taxes.

We do not collect sales and use, value-added or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales, based on our belief that such taxes are either not applicable or an exemption from such taxes applies. Certain jurisdictions may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future, including as a result of a change in law. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may negatively affect our operating results.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Reporting and Disclosure

Any failure to maintain an effective system of disclosure and internal controls over financial reporting, or our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements, could adversely affect investor confidence in us.

As a public company, we must maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud.

Any failure to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, including identifying material weaknesses, could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements and reports, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. We could also be subject to sanctions or investigations by The Nasdaq Stock Market, the SEC and other regulatory authorities.

Risks Relating to Owning or Trading Our Securities

The market price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline significantly.

The trading price of our common stock has fluctuated and is likely to continue to fluctuate substantially. The following factors, in addition to general risks and other risks described in this report, may have a material effect on the trading price of our common stock:

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price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market;

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changes in operating performance, stock market valuations and volatility in the market prices of other technology companies generally, and of those in our industry in particular;

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actual or anticipated quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors;

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actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

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delays in end-user deployments of RAIN solutions;

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announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

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supply interruptions, including semiconductor wafer or other product or component shortfalls;

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developments relating to intellectual property rights or in disputes relating to those rights;

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our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

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commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation;

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changes in our board of directors or management;

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changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals;

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unstable political and economic conditions, including instability resulting from tariffs and trade wars, wars and other armed conflicts, such as those in Ukraine and the Gaza Strip, or geopolitical tensions, such as those between the United States, China and Taiwan;

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the trading volume of our stock;

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actual or perceived security breaches or incidents;

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limited public float;

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any future sales of our common stock or other securities;

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financial analysts dropping or reducing their coverage of us; changes in financial estimates by analysts who do cover us; or our failure to meet analyst estimates or investor expectations;

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fluctuations in the values of companies that investors perceive to be comparable to us;

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the financial projections we may provide to the public, as well as any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections; and

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general economic conditions and slow or negative growth in the markets in which we operate.

Technology stocks like ours have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, often unrelated or disproportionate to the company’s underlying operating performance. Stock price volatility can cause stockholders to institute securities class-action litigation or stockholder derivative litigation, as occurred to us between 2018 and 2020. If any of our stockholders were to sue us, the defense and disposition of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management, harm our operating results and negatively impact the trading price of our common stock.

Transactions relating to the 2021 Notes may affect our stock’s value.

If the 2021 Notes are converted by holders, then we are entitled to deliver cash, stock or any combination of cash or stock, at our election. If we elect to deliver stock, the ownership interests of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and public market sales of stock issued upon a conversion could decrease our stock price. Anticipated future conversions of the 2021 Notes into stock could also decrease our stock price, as could short selling by holders of the 2021 Notes to hedge their positions.

In December 2019, we issued the 2019 Notes. When we did so, we entered into privately negotiated capped-call transactions with financial counterparties to mitigate the dilutive impact on the Company above a given stock price. We left those capped-call transactions intact after we acquired the remainder of the outstanding 2019 Notes in June 2022. From time to time, the financial counterparties to the capped calls may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions involving our stock or by purchasing or selling our stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the capped calls. This activity could cause a decrease in our stock price.

For more information on the 2019 Notes, the 2021 Notes and the capped-call transactions, see Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and are able to exercise significant influence over matters subject to stockholder approval.

As of March 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders, together with their respective affiliates, beneficially owned approximately 55.9% of our stock. As a result, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may be able to significantly influence, in their capacity as stockholders, matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including electing directors and approving mergers, acquisitions or other transactions. They may have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This ownership concentration could have the effect of

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delaying or preventing a change in our control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our stock price. This ownership concentration could also prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors or management.

We may not have sufficient cash flow or access to cash necessary to satisfy our obligations under the 2021 Notes, and our current and future indebtedness may restrict our business.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance any current or future indebtedness, including the 2021 Notes, or to make cash payments in connection with any conversion of the 2021 Notes or upon any fundamental change if holders require us to repurchase their 2021 Notes for cash, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate sufficient future cash from operations to service our indebtedness and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow, then we may be required to pursue other alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring indebtedness or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance any of our indebtedness, including the 2021 Notes, will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at that time. We may not be able to pursue these alternatives on favorable terms or at all, which could result in us defaulting on our debt obligations.

Our existing and future indebtedness could have important consequences to our stockholders and significant effects on our business. For example, it could:

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make it more difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations, including the 2021 Notes;

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increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

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require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the cash available to run our business;

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limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or in our industry;

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restrict us from exploiting business opportunities;

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place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness; and

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limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, executing our business strategy or for other purposes.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware or Washington law could prevent, delay or impede an acquisition of us and constrain our stock price.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our control or in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. These provisions could, therefore, adversely affect our stock price. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:

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permit our board of directors to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate;

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provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors;

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provide that all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum;

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restrict the forum for certain litigation against us to Delaware;

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require that any action taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not by written consent;

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provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide notice in writing in a timely manner, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice;

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do not provide for cumulative voting rights (therefore allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any uncontested election of directors to elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose); and

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provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chair of the board, our chief executive officer or the board of directors.

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In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder. Likewise, because our principal executive offices are located in Washington, the anti-takeover provisions of the Washington Business Corporation Act may apply to us under certain circumstances now or in the future. These provisions prohibit a “target corporation” from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any stockholder constituting an “acquiring person” for a period of five years following the date on which the stockholder became an “acquiring person.”

Our bylaws include provisions that could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we otherwise consent in writing, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers

During our last fiscal quarter, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, except as follows:


Name and Title	Character of Trading Arrangement (1)	Date Adopted	Date Terminated	Duration (2)	Aggregate Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Purchased or Sold Pursuant to Trading Arrangement
Jeff Dossett, Chief Revenue Officer (former)	Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement	November 19, 2024	February 7, 2025	August 28, 2025	Up to 15,000

(1) Except as indicated by footnote, each trading arrangement marked as a “Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement” is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), as amended (the “Rule”).

(2) Except as indicated by footnote, each trading arrangement permits transactions through and including the earlier of (a) the execution or expiration of all trades specified under the trading arrangement or (b) the date listed in the table. Each trading arrangement marked as a “Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement” only permits transactions upon expiration of the applicable mandatory cooling-off period under the Rule.

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Item 6. Exhibits


		Incorporation by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	Date	Number	Filed Herewith
3.1(a)	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Impinj, Inc., as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 10, 2020	8-K	6/12/2020	3.1

3.1(b)	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Impinj, Inc., as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 6, 2024	8-K	6/7/2024	3.1

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Impinj, Inc. adopted as of February 23, 2023	8-K	2/23/2023	3.1

10.1+	Separation and Release of Claims Agreement, dated February 24, 2025, between the registrant and Jeff Dossett				X

31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended				X

31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended				X

32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350				X

32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350				X

101	Inline XBRL Document Set for the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.				X

104	Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set.				X

* The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Impinj, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	Impinj, Inc.

Date: April 23, 2025	By:	/s/ Cary Baker
		Cary Baker Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and duly authorized signatory)

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