UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☑	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number 001-35761

American Coastal Insurance Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 
Delaware

75-3241967

 
(State or Other Jurisdiction of 
Incorporation or Organization)

(IRS Employer Identification Number)

727-633-0851

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share	ACIC	Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑	Emerging growth company	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

As of November 3, 2025, 48,765,302 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1. Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
	Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35
	Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	49
	Item 4. Controls and Procedures	50
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1. Legal Proceedings	51
	Item 1A. Risk Factors	51
	Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	51
	Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	52
	Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	52
	Item 5. Other Information	52
	Item 6. Exhibits	52
Signatures		54

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Form 10-Q), the Company presents amounts in all tables in thousands, except for share amounts, per share amounts, policy counts or where more specific language or context indicates a different presentation. In the narrative sections of this Form 10-Q, the Company shows full values rounded to the nearest thousand.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements about anticipated growth in revenues, gross written premium, earnings per share, estimated unpaid losses on insurance policies, investment returns, and diversification and expectations about our liquidity, our ability to meet our investment objectives, our ability to manage and mitigate market risk with respect to our investments and our ability to continue as a going concern. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “endeavor,” “project,” “believe,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and market in which we operate, and management's beliefs and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:

•

our exposure to catastrophic events and severe weather conditions;

•

the regulatory, economic and weather conditions present in Florida the state in which we write business;

•

our ability to cultivate and maintain agent relationships, particularly our relationship with AmRisc, LLC (AmRisc);

•

the possibility that actual claims incurred may exceed our loss reserves for claims;

•

assessments charged by various governmental agencies;

•

our ability to implement and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting;

•

our ability to maintain information technology and data security systems, and to outsource relationships;

•

our reliance on key vendor relationships, and the ability of our vendors to protect the personally identifiable information of our customers, claimants or employees;

•

our ability to attract and retain the services of senior management;

•

risks and uncertainties relating to our mergers, dispositions and other strategic transactions;

•

risks associated with investments in which we share ownership or management with third parties;

•

our ability to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and comply with covenants and other requirements related to our indebtedness;

•

our ability to maintain our market share;

•

changes in the regulatory environment present in the states in which we operate;

•

the impact of new federal or state regulations that affect the insurance industry;

•

the cost, viability and availability of reinsurance;

•

our ability to collect from our reinsurers or others on our reinsurance claims;

•

our ability to accurately price risks we underwrite and apply loss limitation methods;

•

our ability to pay claims accurately and timely;

•

dependence on investment income and the composition of our investment portfolio and related market risks;

•

the possibility of the pricing and terms for our products to decline due to the historically cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry;

•

the outcome of litigation pending against us, including the terms of any settlements;

•

downgrades in our financial strength or stability ratings;

•

the impact of future transactions of substantial amounts of our common stock by us or our significant stockholders on our stock price;

•

our ability to pay dividends in the future, which may be constrained by our holding company structure;

•

the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in the future, which may affect our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations;

•

the ability of R. Daniel Peed and his affiliates to exert significant control over us due to substantial ownership of our common stock, subject to certain restrictive covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue certain opportunities;

•

the impact of transactions by R. Daniel Peed and his affiliates on the price of our common stock;

•

provisions in our charter documents that may make it harder for others to obtain control of us; and

•

other risks and uncertainties described in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.

We caution you not to rely on these forward-looking statements, which are valid only as of the date they were made. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, the occurrence of unanticipated events or otherwise.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
ASSETS
Investments, at fair value:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (amortized cost of $256,026 and $295,547, respectively)	$	246,499		$	281,001
Equity securities		52,585			36,794
Other investments (amortized cost of $36,167 and $22,969, respectively)		36,827			23,623
Total investments	$	335,911		$	341,418
Cash and cash equivalents		267,872			137,036
Restricted cash		91,264			62,357
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	359,136		$	199,393
Accrued investment income		3,226			2,964
Property and equipment, net		2,807			5,736
Premiums receivable, net (credit allowance of $0 and $26, respectively)		30,335			46,564
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net (credit allowance of $39 and $75, respectively)		144,261			263,419
Ceded unearned premiums		184,366			160,893
Goodwill		59,476			59,476
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		44,214			40,282
Intangible assets, net		4,080			5,908
Other assets		11,042			16,816
Assets held for sale		—			73,243
Total Assets	$	1,178,854		$	1,216,112
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	188,703		$	322,087
Unearned premiums		293,047			285,354
Reinsurance payable on premiums		143,058			83,130
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		64,936			86,140
Operating lease liability		3,193			3,323
Notes payable, net		149,270			149,020
Other liabilities		9,426			1,456
Liabilities held for sale		—			49,942
Total Liabilities	$	851,633		$	980,452
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders' Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding	$	—		$	—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 48,977,385 and 48,417,045 issued, respectively; 48,765,302 and 48,204,962 outstanding, respectively		5			5
Additional paid-in capital		440,549			436,524
Treasury shares, at cost: 212,083 shares		(431	)		(431	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(8,403	)		(15,666	)
Retained earnings (deficit)		(104,499	)		(184,772	)
Total Stockholders' Equity	$	327,221		$	235,660
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	1,178,854		$	1,216,112

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	71,812		$	93,016		$	498,010		$	507,066
Change in gross unearned premiums		90,945			67,162			(7,692	)		(31,168	)
Gross premiums earned		162,757			160,178			490,318			475,898
Ceded premiums earned		(81,939	)		(85,692	)		(262,785	)		(275,400	)
Net premiums earned		80,818			74,486			227,533			200,498
Net investment income		6,416			6,110			16,720			15,474
Net realized investment gains (losses)		—			(3	)		1,382			(124	)
Net unrealized gains on equity securities		3,161			1,543			3,429			1,542
Total revenue		90,395			82,136			249,064			217,390
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		9,211			11,774			36,140			39,525
Policy acquisition costs		25,439			20,942			73,162			44,476
General and administrative expenses		11,321			10,289			28,605			33,479
Interest expense		2,719			3,067			8,155			9,212
Total expenses		48,690			46,072			146,062			126,692
Income before other income		41,705			36,064			103,002			90,698
Other income		665			453			3,114			2,074
Income before income taxes		42,370			36,517			106,116			92,772
Provision for income taxes		9,887			8,848			25,885			22,321
Income from continuing operations, net of tax	$	32,483		$	27,669		$	80,231		$	70,451
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		—			450			42			321
Net income	$	32,483		$	28,119		$	80,273		$	70,772
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME:
Change in net unrealized gains on investments		1,391			7,529			8,645			7,404
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment losses (gains)		—			3			(1,382	)		124
Total comprehensive income	$	33,874		$	35,651		$	87,536		$	78,300

Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic		48,664,597			48,066,358			48,413,364			47,742,744
Diluted		49,917,729			49,521,246			49,713,535			49,255,071

Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per share
Basic
Continuing operations	$	0.67		$	0.58		$	1.66		$	1.48
Discontinued operations		—			0.01			—			0.01
Total	$	0.67		$	0.59		$	1.66		$	1.49
Diluted
Continuing operations	$	0.65		$	0.56		$	1.61		$	1.43
Discontinued operations		—			0.01			—			0.01
Total	$	0.65		$	0.57		$	1.61		$	1.44

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock				Additional					Accumulated Other			Retained			Total
	Number				Paid-in		Treasury			Comprehensive			Earnings			Stockholders'
	of Shares		Dollars		Capital		Stock			Loss			(Deficit)			Equity
June 30, 2024		48,132,370	$	5	$	436,383	$	(431	)	$	(19,149	)	$	(193,735	)	$	223,073
Net income	—		—		—		—			—				28,119			28,119
Other comprehensive income, net	—		—		—		—				7,532		—				7,532
Stock compensation		12,592	—			694	—			—			—				694
Issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options		60,000	—			164	—			—			—				164
September 30, 2024		48,204,962	$	5	$	437,241	$	(431	)	$	(11,617	)	$	(165,616	)	$	259,582


	Common Stock				Additional					Accumulated Other			Retained			Total
	Number				Paid-in		Treasury			Comprehensive			Earnings			Stockholders'
	of Shares		Dollars		Capital		Stock			Loss			(Deficit)			Equity
June 30, 2025		48,746,722	$	5	$	439,502	$	(431	)	$	(9,794	)	$	(136,982	)	$	292,300
Net income	—		—		—		—			—				32,483			32,483
Other comprehensive income, net	—		—		—		—				1,391		—				1,391
Stock compensation		18,580	—			1,047	—			—			—				1,047
Issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options		—	—			—	—			—			—				—
September 30, 2025		48,765,302	$	5	$	440,549	$	(431	)	$	(8,403	)	$	(104,499	)	$	327,221

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Nine Months Ended

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock				Additional					Accumulated Other			Retained			Total
	Number				Paid-in		Treasury			Comprehensive			Earnings			Stockholders'
	of Shares		Dollars		Capital		Stock			Loss			(Deficit)			Equity
December 31, 2023		46,777,006	$	5	$	423,717	$	(431	)	$	(17,137	)	$	(237,389	)	$	168,765
Net income	—		—		—		—			—				70,772			70,772
Other comprehensive income, net	—		—		—		—				7,528		—				7,528
Stock compensation		332,956	—			1,903	—			—			—				1,903
Issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options		1,095,000	—			11,621	—			—			—				11,621
Impact of deconsolidation of discontinued operations	—		—		—		—				(2,008	)		1,001			(1,007	)
September 30, 2024		48,204,962	$	5	$	437,241	$	(431	)	$	(11,617	)	$	(165,616	)	$	259,582


	Common Stock				Additional					Accumulated Other			Retained			Total
	Number				Paid-in		Treasury			Comprehensive			Earnings			Stockholders'
	of Shares		Dollars		Capital		Stock			Loss			(Deficit)			Equity
December 31, 2024		48,204,962	$	5	$	436,524	$	(431	)	$	(15,666	)	$	(184,772	)	$	235,660
Net income	—		—		—		—			—				80,273			80,273
Other comprehensive income, net	—		—		—		—				7,263		—				7,263
Stock compensation		319,894	—			3,251	—			—			—				3,251
Issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options		240,446	—			774	—			—			—				774
September 30, 2025		48,765,302	$	5	$	440,549	$	(431	)	$	(8,403	)	$	(104,499	)	$	327,221

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	80,273		$	70,772
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		5,042			6,614
Bond amortization and accretion		481			553
Net realized losses on investments		411			190
Net unrealized gains on equity securities		(3,429	)		(1,542	)
Provision for uncollectable premiums		(26	)		32
Provision for uncollectable reinsurance recoverables		(36	)		58
Deferred income taxes, net		11,741			(2,558	)
Stock based compensation		3,251			1,903
Fixed asset disposal		61			129
Loss on sale of subsidiary		328			—
Gain on disposition of former subsidiary		—			(1,007	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued investment income		(242	)		(1,579	)
Premiums receivable		14,687			26,425
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses		119,188			193,719
Ceded unearned premiums		(21,402	)		(45,792	)
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		(4,746	)		(22,067	)
Other assets		2,519			26,368
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses		(133,492	)		(175,543	)
Unearned premiums		11,029			35,857
Reinsurance payable on premiums		55,961			124,656
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(22,161	)		999
Operating lease liability		(134	)		(739	)
Other liabilities		(527	)		4,459
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	118,777		$	241,907
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales, maturities and repayments of:
Fixed maturities		112,781			12,687
Equity securities		9,982			—
Other investments		20,622			12,111
Purchases of:
Fixed maturities		(76,069	)		(140,667	)
Equity securities		(21,028	)		(23,995	)
Other investments		(33,392	)		(23,029	)
Cost of property, equipment and capitalized software acquired		(96	)		(11	)
Net proceeds from sale of former subsidiary		4,495			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	17,295		$	(162,904	)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, including exercise of stock options		774			11,621
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	774		$	11,621
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, including cash classified as assets held for sale		136,846			90,624
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		222,290			171,832
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted at end of period	$	359,136		$	262,456
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
Interest paid	$	5,438		$	5,438
Income taxes refunded	$	(1,039	)	$	(6,564	)

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

ORGANIZATION, CONSOLIDATION AND PRESENTATION

(a)

Business

American Coastal Insurance Corporation (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or ACIC) is a property and casualty insurance holding company that sources, writes and services residential commercial and casualty insurance policies using a network of agents and one wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, American Coastal Insurance Company (AmCoastal), acquired via merger on April 3, 2017. The Company also previously wrote insurance through Interboro Insurance Company (IIC); however, on April 1, 2025, the Company completed the sale of IIC. The details of this transaction are described below.

The Company's other subsidiaries include Skyway Underwriters, LLC, a managing general agent that provides technological and distribution services to the Company's insurance company; AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo), which is a holding company subsidiary that consolidates its respective insurance company; BlueLine Cayman Holdings (BlueLine), which reinsures portfolios of excess and surplus policies; and Shoreline Re, which provides a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by the Company's insurance subsidiary where management deems prudent. The Company also has several subsidiaries in run-off including United Insurance Management, L.C. (UIM), a managing general agent; Skyway Claims Services, LLC (SCS), which previously provided claims adjusting services to the Company's insurance companies; Skyway Reinsurance Services, LLC, which previously provided reinsurance brokerage services for the Company's insurance companies; and Skyway Legal Services, LLC (SLS), which previously provided claims litigation services to the Company's insurance companies.

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Sale Agreement") with Forza Insurance Holdings, LLC (Forza) in which the Company agreed to sell and Forza agreed to acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. Forza’s application to acquire IIC was approved by the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) on February 13, 2025 and the sale closed on April 1, 2025. The aggregate purchase price for the shares was equal to IIC's shareholders' equity under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) on the closing date. IIC results of operations and assets and liabilities are captured within discontinued operations and are discussed in Note 4 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements below.

The Company's primary product is commercial residential property insurance in Florida. As a result of the Sale Agreement described above and the resulting classification of IIC as discontinued operations, the remaining activity captured within continuing operations supports only the Company's commercial residential insurance offerings. Given this fact pattern, the Company conducts operations under one reportable segment.

(b)

Consolidation and Presentation

The Company prepares its unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with GAAP. The Company has condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP. In management's opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, considered necessary for a fair presentation of interim periods. The Company includes all of its subsidiaries in its consolidated financial statements, eliminating intercompany balances and transactions during consolidation. As described in Note 4, the Company's former subsidiary, IIC, qualified as discontinued operations. The Company's unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and footnotes should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and footnotes in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

While preparing the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Reported amounts that require the Company to make extensive use of estimates include its reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, investments and goodwill. Except for the captions on the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, the Company generally uses the term loss(es) to collectively refer to both loss and loss adjustment expenses.

The Company's results of operations and cash flows as of the end of the interim periods reported herein do not necessarily indicate the Company's results for the remainder of the year or for any other future period.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

Operating segments are components of the Company's business about which separate financial information is available and evaluated by the Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) in decisions regarding resource allocations and financial performance assessments. Generally, financial information is required to be reported on the basis that is used internally for evaluating segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources to each segment. Segments are determined based on differences in products, internal reporting, and how operational decisions are made.

As described above, as a result of the sale of IIC, the Company discloses one reportable operating segment, which consists of its commercial lines business.

The Company's CODM is its President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The CODM uses net income that is also reported on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income to make decisions on how to allocate resources, for example deciding whether to reinvest profits for items such as product development or acquisitions, or whether to pay dividends. Net income is used to monitor budget versus actual results. Net income is also used in competitive analysis by benchmarking against the Company's peers. This analysis is used in assessing performance of the Company's operating segment and in establishing targets for management.

In addition, the Company's measure of segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as total assets. The accounting policies of the Company's operating segment are the same as those described in the Company's summary of significant accounting policies in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Revenue, profit or loss and significant segment expenses can be seen on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Additional reconciliation of certain expenses can be seen within Note 3, below.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Changes to Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no changes to the Company's significant accounting policies as reported in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(b) Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This update requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for entities. The ASU does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is assessing the impact of this new accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This update amends the Codification to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires additional disaggregation of the reconciliation between the statutory and effective tax rate for an entity and of income taxes paid, both of which are disclosures required by current GAAP. The amendments improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company has assessed the impact of this new accounting standard and intends to adopt the annual disclosure requirements in its 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company does not believe this will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On July 4, 2025, the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" ("OBBBA") was signed into law, which makes permanent many of the tax
provisions enacted in 2017 as part of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act that were set to expire at the end of 2025. The OBBBA also changes
certain U.S corporate tax provisions, with certain provisions being effective in 2025 and others implemented though 2027. The Company does not expect this legislation to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements, but we will evaluate the full impact of these legislative changes as additional guidance becomes available.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

DISAGGREGATION OF RELEVANT EXPENSE CAPTIONS

The Company presents its expenses in four major captions: loss and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs, general and administrative expenses and interest expense. The Company has presented the disaggregation of its general and administrative expenses below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 to enhance disclosure regarding its recast general and administrative expenses.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
General and Administrative Expenses
Employee compensation(1)	$	4,821		$	3,579		$	9,579		$	11,083
Depreciation and amortization		1,020			1,300			3,213			3,993
Association fees		920			812			2,937			2,649
Software & equipment costs		735			1,030			2,567			2,996
Professional services		1,066			876			2,725			3,113
Intangible asset amortization		609			610			1,828			2,030
Audit fees		446			(52	)		1,108			1,460
Liability insurance		412			483			1,158			1,515
Legal fees		147			284			523			1,771
Operating lease expense		107			58			332			103
Provision for (reversal of) expected credit losses		(5	)		(44	)		(62	)		(90	)
Other general and administrative(2)		1,043			1,353			2,697			2,856
Total general and administrative expenses	$	11,321		$	10,289		$	28,605		$	33,479

(1) For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, employee compensation includes $4.5 million, in one-time employee retention tax credit refunds.

(2) For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, other general and administrative expenses were comprised primarily of regulatory fees, franchise fees, and overhead such as office utilities.

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into the Sale Agreement with Forza in which ACIC agreed to sell and Forza agreed to acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. Forza’s application to acquire IIC was approved by the NYDFS on February 13, 2025 and the sale closed on April 1, 2025. The Company received cash proceeds totaling $25,679,000 from the sale resulting in a loss on disposal of $247,000, net of tax impact. The Company also recognized a $1,348,000 loss, net of tax impact, on IIC's fixed maturity portfolio, which was included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets prior to the sale. The total tax benefit related to the sale and realized loss on fixed maturity portfolio was $528,000.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The results from IIC's discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented below.

IIC Results from Discontinued Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025 (2)		2024			2025			2024
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	—	$	12,402		$	13,120		$	31,261
Change in gross unearned premiums		—		(3,140	)		(3,336	)		(4,689	)
Gross premiums earned		—		9,262			9,784			26,572
Ceded premiums earned		—		(2,256	)		(2,528	)		(7,025	)
Net premiums earned		—		7,006			7,256			19,547
Net investment income		—		539			538			1,563
Net realized investment losses		—		(13	)		(2	)		(66	)
Other revenue		—		18			16			49
Total revenue		—		7,550			7,808			21,093
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		—		4,448			3,179			13,767
Policy acquisition costs		—		2,052			1,906			6,234
General and administrative expenses		—		454			546			2,009
Total expenses		—		6,954			5,631			22,010
Income (loss) before income taxes		—		596			2,177			(917	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes(1)		—		146			540			(1,238	)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	—	$	450		$	1,637		$	321

(1) Includes $1,007,000 in tax benefit related to discontinued operations outside of IIC stand-alone results for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

(2) Excludes loss on sale and realization of unrealized losses on fixed maturity portfolio, the details of which are described above and are not operational results related to IIC.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The major classes of IIC assets and liabilities transferred as a result of the sale as of the date of sale and December 31, 2024 are presented below.

IIC Major Classes of Assets and Liabilities Sold and Disposed


	April 1, 2025		December 31, 2024
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	40,925	$	38,523
Other investments		988		978
Cash and cash equivalents		21,206		22,897
Accrued investment income		297		317
Premiums receivable, net		3,174		1,606
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net		265		259
Ceded unearned premiums		2,004		4,075
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		4,462		3,647
Intangible assets, net		775		775
Other assets		488		166
Total assets	$	74,584	$	73,243

LIABILITIES
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	21,391	$	21,499
Unearned premiums		23,574		20,238
Reinsurance payable on premiums		—		3,966
Payments outstanding		2,223		3,091
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		101		1,058
Operating lease liability		65		69
Other liabilities		1,402		21
Total liabilities	$	48,756	$	49,942

During the first quarter of 2024, due to a change in circumstances, the Company evaluated its capitalized software, previously classified as held for disposal at December 31, 2023. As a result of this evaluation, it was determined that the use case of the software by the Company shifted. The Company reclassified this asset and the associated amortization expense in 2024 in accordance with GAAP guidance, resulting in amortization expense for the capitalized software being captured in continuing operations prospectively. The value of this capitalized software at the time of reclassification was $8,095,000. There were no other non-cash transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

INVESTMENTS

The following table details fixed-maturity available-for-sale securities, by major investment category, at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


	Cost or Adjusted/ Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2025
U.S. government and agency securities	$	95,530	$	557	$	—	$	96,087
Corporate securities		79,647		146		4,072		75,721
Mortgage-backed securities		35,273		35		4,203		31,105
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		23,203		74		1,246		22,031
Asset-backed securities		13,404		47		704		12,747
Public utilities		8,376		36		202		8,210
Foreign government		593		5		—		598
Total fixed maturities	$	256,026	$	900	$	10,427	$	246,499

December 31, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	154,096	$	589	$	25	$	154,660
Corporate securities		68,024		6		6,495		61,535
Mortgage-backed securities		35,895		—		5,433		30,462
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		19,104		—		1,907		17,197
Asset-backed securities		12,341		1		906		11,436
Public utilities		5,651		—		367		5,284
Foreign government		436		—		9		427
Total fixed maturities	$	295,547	$	596	$	15,142	$	281,001

Equity securities are summarized as follows:


	September 30, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total			Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total
Mutual funds	$	47,538		90.4	%	$	31,818		86.5	%
Other common stocks		5,047		9.6			4,976		13.5
Total equity securities	$	52,585		100.0	%	$	36,794		100.0	%

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

When the Company sells investments, the Company calculates the gain or loss realized on the sale by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold. The Company determines the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold using the specific-identification method. The following table details the Company's realized gains (losses) by major investment category for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:


	2025					2024
	Gains (Losses)			Fair Value at Sale(1)		Gains (Losses)			Fair Value at Sale(1)
Three Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	3		$	56,327	$	—		$	2,516
Short-term investments		—			—		—			5,000
Total realized gains		3			56,327		—			7,516
Fixed maturities		(3	)		581		(3	)		62
Total realized losses		(3	)		581		(3	)		62
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	—		$	56,908	$	(3	)	$	7,578
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Fixed maturities	$	5		$	108,007	$	—		$	5,593
Equity securities		1,383			9,998		—			—
Short-term investments		—			20,499		—			5,000
Other investments		—			—		—			2,000
Total realized gains		1,388			138,504		—			12,593
Fixed maturities		(6	)		1,581		(124	)		443
Short-term investments		—			—		—			4,999
Total realized losses		(6	)		1,581		(124	)		5,442
Net realized investment gains (losses)	$	1,382		$	140,085	$	(124	)	$	18,035

(1) Fair value at sale includes maturities and paydowns executed at par value.

The table below summarizes the Company's fixed maturities at September 30, 2025 by contractual maturity period. Actual results may differ, as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturities of those obligations.


	September 30, 2025
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Percent of Total			Fair Value		Percent of Total
Due in one year or less	$	50,586		19.8	%	$	50,675		20.6	%
Due after one year through five years		132,416		51.7			130,453		52.9
Due after five years through ten years		21,086		8.2			18,722		7.6
Due after ten years		3,261		1.3			2,797		1.1
Asset and mortgage-backed securities		48,677		19.0			43,852		17.8
Total	$	256,026		100.0	%	$	246,499		100.0	%

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The following table summarizes net investment income by major investment category:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Fixed maturities	$	2,402		$	2,513		$	7,719		$	4,499
Equity securities		250			120			585			185
Other investments		505			353			1,241			648
Cash and cash equivalents		3,328			3,236			7,413			10,332
Investment income		6,485			6,222			16,958			15,664
Investment expenses		(69	)		(112	)		(238	)		(190	)
Net investment income	$	6,416		$	6,110		$	16,720		$	15,474

Portfolio Monitoring

The Company has a quarterly portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed-income security whose carrying value may be impaired as a result of a credit loss. For each fixed-income security in an unrealized loss position, if the Company determines that it intends to sell the security or that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of the cost or amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity needs, contractual or regulatory requirements, the security's entire decline in fair value is recorded in earnings.

If management decides not to sell the fixed-income security and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the fixed-income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. This is typically indicated by a change in the rating of the security assigned by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security or industry, among other factors. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss may exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in earnings. Credit loss is limited to the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and its fair value. Any additional impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company determined that none of its fixed-income securities shown in the table below that are in an unrealized loss position have declines in fair value that are reflected as a result of credit losses. Therefore, no credit loss allowance was recorded at September 30, 2025. The issuers of the Company's debt security investments continue to make interest payments on a timely basis. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it likely that it would be required to sell the debt securities before it recovers the amortized cost basis. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the valuation of equity investments.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The following table presents an aging of the Company's unrealized investment losses by investment class:


	Less Than Twelve Months						Twelve Months or More
	Number of Securities(1)		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Number of Securities(1)		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
September 30, 2025
U.S. government and agency securities		—	$	—	$	—		—	$	—	$	—
Corporate securities		21		37		7,856		81		4,035		46,733
Mortgage-backed securities		3		7		715		56		4,196		26,683
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		2		1		514		24		1,245		14,912
Asset-backed securities		3		2		591		21		702		6,788
Public utilities		2		—		750		7		202		3,718
Foreign governments		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total fixed maturities		31	$	47	$	10,426		189	$	10,380	$	98,834

December 31, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities		2	$	25	$	5,878		—	$	—	$	—
Corporate securities		42		300		14,559		80		6,195		45,702
Mortgage-backed securities		4		26		1,244		61		5,407		29,218
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		4		25		1,330		27		1,882		15,868
Asset-backed securities		6		21		2,104		22		885		7,977
Public utilities		6		37		1,937		6		330		3,347
Foreign governments		1		9		427		—		—		—
Total fixed maturities		65	$	443	$	27,479		196	$	14,699	$	102,112

(1) This amount represents the actual number of discrete securities, not the number of shares or units of those securities. The numbers are not presented in thousands.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.

Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

(a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

(b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or

(c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The Company estimates the fair value of our investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE, Nasdaq and NYSE American. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, the Company uses a third-party pricing service that utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs to estimate the fair value of those securities for which quoted prices are unavailable. The Company's estimates of fair value reflect the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Changes in interest rates subsequent to September 30, 2025 may affect the fair value of the Company's investments.

The fair value of the Company's fixed maturities is initially calculated by a third-party pricing service. Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual fixed-income and other securities for which a fair value has been requested. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, liquidity spreads, currency rates and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial information. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date, as described above, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector and, where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience.

Any change in the estimated fair value of the Company's fixed-income securities would impact the amount of unrealized gain or loss the Company has recorded, which could change the amount the Company has recorded for its investments and other comprehensive income (loss) on its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The following table presents the fair value of the Company's financial instruments measured on a recurring basis by level at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively:


	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
September 30, 2025
U.S. government and agency securities	$	96,087	$	—	$	96,087	$	—
Corporate securities		75,721		—		75,721		—
Mortgage-backed securities		31,105		—		31,105		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		22,031		—		22,031		—
Asset-backed securities		12,747		—		12,747		—
Public utilities		8,210		—		8,210		—
Foreign government		598		—		598		—
Total fixed maturities		246,499		—		246,499		—
Mutual funds		47,538		47,538		—		—
Other common stocks (1)		—		—		—		—
Total equity securities		47,538		47,538		—		—
Other investments (2)		20,570		—		20,570		—
Total investments	$	314,607	$	47,538	$	267,069	$	—

December 31, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	154,660	$	—	$	154,660	$	—
Corporate securities		61,535		—		61,535		—
Mortgage-backed securities		30,462		—		30,462		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		17,197		—		17,197		—
Asset-backed securities		11,436		—		11,436		—
Public utilities		5,284		—		5,284		—
Foreign government		427		—		427		—
Total fixed maturities		281,001		—		281,001		—
Mutual Funds		31,818		31,818		—		—
Other common stocks (1)		—		—		—		—
Total equity securities		31,818		31,818		—		—
Other investments (2)		20,494		—		20,494		—
Total investments	$	333,313	$	31,818	$	301,495	$	—

(1) Other common stocks in the fair value hierarchy exclude common stock interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient.

(2) Other investments included in the fair value hierarchy exclude limited partnership investments that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and investments carried at amortized cost.

Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; this is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). There were no financial instruments measured on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The carrying amounts for the following financial instrument categories approximate their fair values at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 because of their short-term nature: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance payable, other assets, and other liabilities. The carrying amount of the Company's senior notes approximate fair value.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. The Company has implemented a system of processes and controls designed to provide assurance that its assets and liabilities are appropriately valued. For fair values received from third parties, the Company's processes are designed to provide assurance that the valuation methodologies and inputs are appropriate and consistently applied, the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded.

At the end of each quarter, the Company determines whether it needs to transfer the fair values of any securities between levels of the fair value hierarchy and, if so, the Company reports the transfer as of the end of the quarter. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company transferred no investments between levels.

For the Company's investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, the Company obtains the fair values from its investment custodians, which use a third-party valuation service. The valuation service calculates prices for the Company's investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, and adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve at 3 p.m. (ET) as of quarter end. Since the inputs the valuation service uses in its calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, they represent Level 2 inputs.

Other Investments

The Company acquired investments in limited partnerships, recorded in the other investments line of the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and these investments are currently being measured at estimated fair value utilizing a net asset value per share practical expedient. The Company has also acquired an investment in a commercial mortgage loan, which is classified as held-for-long-term-investment and a surplus note, which is classified as held-to-maturity. Both of these investments are carried on the balance sheet at amortized cost.

The information presented in the table below is as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


	Book Value		Unrealized Gain		Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
September 30, 2025
Limited partnership investments (1)	$	2,778	$	639	$	—	$	3,417
Surplus note (1)		6,000		—		—		6,000
Commercial mortgage loans		6,840		—		—		6,840
Short-term investments		20,549		21		—		20,570
Total other investments	$	36,167	$	660	$	—	$	36,827

December 31, 2024
Limited partnership investments (1)	$	2,556	$	573	$	—	$	3,129
Short-term investments		20,413		81		—		20,494
Total other investments	$	22,969	$	654	$	—	$	23,623

(1)Distributions will be generated from operating income, investment gains, underlying investments of funds, and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. The Company estimates that the underlying assets of the funds will be liquidated over the next few months to five years.

During the second quarter of 2025, the Company invested $6 million in a surplus note, as seen in the table above. As a term of this investment, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company was issued 18,497 warrants to purchase common stock of the issuer of the surplus note for no additional consideration. These warrants are free-standing in nature and are not being used as a

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

hedging instrument. The Company does not invest in derivatives as part of its investment strategy and is only a holder of these warrants as a product of its strategy to invest in this surplus note.

As the underlying common stock of the warrants is not publicly traded and the issuer of the warrants has been in operation for less than one year, the fair value to these warrants is not material as of September 30, 2025. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, these warrants had no impact on the Company's financial position, financial performance or cash flows.

Restricted Cash

The Company is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance operations. The cash on deposit with state regulators is available to settle insurance liabilities. The Company also uses trust funds in certain reinsurance transactions.

The following table presents the components of restricted assets:


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Trust funds	$	90,910	$	62,013
Cash on deposit (regulatory deposits)		354		344
Total restricted cash	$	91,264	$	62,357

EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)

Basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding any dilutive common share equivalents. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution resulting from the vesting of outstanding restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance stock units and stock options. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Numerator:
Net income attributable to ACIC common stockholders	$	32,483	$	28,119	$	80,273	$	70,772

Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		48,664,597		48,066,358		48,413,364		47,742,744
Effect of dilutive securities		1,253,132		1,454,888		1,300,171		1,512,327
Weighted-average diluted shares		49,917,729		49,521,246		49,713,535		49,255,071

Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per share
Basic	$	0.67	$	0.59	$	1.66	$	1.49
Diluted	$	0.65	$	0.57	$	1.61	$	1.44

See Note 17 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the stock grants related to dilutive securities.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Computer hardware and software	$	12,081		$	13,967
Office furniture and equipment		377			394
Leasehold improvements		96			—
Total, at cost		12,554			14,361
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(9,747	)		(8,625	)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,807		$	5,736

Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $937,000 and $2,964,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $1,218,000 and $3,744,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company moved capitalized software from discontinued operations to continuing operations to align with the Company's use of the system in the current year. Please see Note 4 for more detail.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company disposed of computer hardware, software, and equipment totaling $1,903,000. The accumulated depreciation on these systems totaled $1,843,000 at the time of disposal. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $1,018,000. The accumulated depreciation on these systems totaled $953,000 at the time of disposal. The Company disposed of office furniture totaling $167,000 during the period. Accumulated depreciation at the time of this disposal totaled $163,000. In addition, the Company disposed of leasehold improvements totaling $311,000 during the period. Accumulated depreciation at the time of this disposal totaled $232,000. Finally, the Company impaired software totaling $1,035,000, due to lower expected cash flows over the remaining life of the software.

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $59,476,000.

There was no goodwill acquired, disposed of or impaired during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Intangible Assets

The following is a summary of intangible assets excluding goodwill recorded as intangible assets on the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Intangible assets subject to amortization	$	3,657	$	5,485
Indefinite-lived intangible assets(1)		423		423
Total	$	4,080	$	5,908

(1) Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses, as well as perpetual software licenses.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

Intangible assets subject to amortization and not fully amortized consisted of the following:


	Weighted-average remaining amortization period (in years)		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
September 30, 2025
Agency agreements acquired		1.5	$	34,661	$	(31,004	)	$	3,657

December 31, 2024
Agency agreements acquired		2.3	$	34,661	$	(29,176	)	$	5,485

No impairment in the value of amortizing or non-amortizing intangible assets was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Amortization expense of the Company's intangible assets was $609,000 and $610,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amortization expense of the Company's intangible assets was $1,828,000 and $2,030,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Estimated amortization expense of the Company's intangible assets to be recognized by the Company during the remainder of 2025 and over the next five years is as follows:


Year ending December 31,	Estimated Amortization Expense
Remaining in 2025	$	610
2026		2,438
2027		609
2028		—
2029		—
2030		—

REINSURANCE

The Company's catastrophe reinsurance programs are designed primarily by utilizing third-party catastrophe modeling software and consulting with third-party reinsurance experts to project the Company's exposure to catastrophe events. The Company evaluates modeled expected losses developed by the catastrophe modeling software using its risk portfolio data to estimate probable maximum losses ("PML") across multiple return periods and the average annual loss. The Company monitors and manages its catastrophe risk using this model output along with other internal and external data sources, such as its historical loss experience and industry loss experience, to develop its view of catastrophe risk.

The Company's catastrophe reinsurance coverage consists of two separate placements:

AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program, including catastrophe bonds (effective April 2024 and December 2024), in effect June 1 through May 31, annually, which includes excess of loss and quota share treaties providing coverage for catastrophe losses from named or numbered windstorms; and

AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement in effect January 1 through December 31, annually, which provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named or numbered windstorms and earthquakes;

This reinsurance protection is an essential part of the Company's catastrophe risk management strategy. It is intended to provide stockholders with an acceptable return on the risks assumed by its insurance entity, and to reduce the variability of earnings, while providing surplus protection. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate the Company's reinsurers to reimburse it for the agreed-upon portion of its gross paid losses, they do not discharge the Company's primary liability. In the event one or more of the Company's reinsurers fail to fulfill their obligation, the surplus of the Company's statutory entity may decline, and the Company may not be able to fulfill its obligation to policyholders, or the Company may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. Additionally, the Company faces the risk that actual losses incurred from one or more catastrophic events may

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

be above the modeled expected loss, resulting in losses exceeding its reinsurance coverage, which may result in a decline in surplus, and as a result the Company may not be able to fulfill its obligations to policyholders, or the Company may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. The details of the Company's programs and the likelihood of a catastrophic event exceeding these two coverages are outlined below.

AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program provides occurrence-based coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $1,330,000,000 for a first occurrence and $1,676,000,000 in the aggregate. Under this program, the Company's GAAP retention on a first event is $29,750,000 ($14,000,000 retained by AmCoastal under statutory accounting principles (STAT retained), $15,750,000 (retained separately by the Company's captive). The Company has purchased second and third event retrocession coverage, reducing its second event GAAP retention to $18,500,000 ($14,000,000 STAT retained by AmCoastal, $4,500,000 retained separately by the Company's captive) and third event GAAP retention to $3,750,000, based on three $100,000,000 loss events. AmCoastal’s program provides sufficient coverage for approximately a 1-in-203-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is roughly 0.5% estimated by equally blending the AIR 10, AIR 11.5, RMS 22, and RMS 23 catastrophe models using long-term catalogs including demand surge and based on total insured value at September 30, 2025 of $69 billion. AmCoastal’s program also provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-100-year event followed by a 1-in-50-year event in the same treaty year, the probability of which is less than 0.1%.

AmCoastal’s all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named windstorms and earthquakes up to $88,200,000 for a first and second event, totaling $176,400,000 in the aggregate. This agreement provides sufficient coverage for approximately a 1-in-450-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is no more than 0.2%.

In addition to the programs described above, AmCoastal purchased a new catastrophe aggregate excess of loss coverage (the “CAT Agg” agreement) to mitigate the Company's catastrophe frequency risk. This agreement provides coverage for in-force, new and renewal business. Effective January 1, 2025, the new CAT Agg agreement provides $40,000,000 of aggregate limit (with a $20,000,000 per occurrence cap) in excess of zero after the $40,000,000 annual aggregate deductible has been met. The CAT Agg agreement limits the Company’s losses from all catastrophe loss events, including named windstorms, severe convective storms and winter storm events for the full year ending December 31, 2025.

Effective December 15, 2023, the Company agreed to commute a private reinsurer’s share of core catastrophe reinsurance coverage and replace this gap in coverage with new coverage provided by one of the Company's other private reinsurers. This transaction resulted in a reduction in expense of approximately $6,300,000 and $15,700,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.

Where management thinks prudent, particularly where premium rates are high relative to the risk, the Company retains risk whereby AmCoastal purchases reinsurance from Shoreline Re, the Company's captive reinsurance entity. Shoreline Re participates on AmCoastal's all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement and AmCoastal's excess per risk agreement. In addition, Shoreline Re participates in a 45% quota share agreement with AmCoastal, which provides coverage for all catastrophe perils as well as attritional losses incurred. The table below outlines the participation of Shoreline Re for each program, including premium received and capital at risk.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025


Treaty	Effective Dates	Premium Collected / Cession Rate		Capital at Risk (1)
Quota Share Agreement	06/01/2025 - 06/01/2026	45% (2)		$	33,346,000	(3)
All Other Perils Catastrophe	01/01/2025 -
Excess of Loss Agreement	12/31/2025	$	1,296,000		2,304,000
All Other Perils Catastrophe	01/01/2024 -
Excess of Loss Agreement	01/01/2025		—		4,500,000	(4)
Excess Per Risk Agreement	02/01/2024 - 02/01/2025		1,867,000		633,000
Quota Share Agreement (5)	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	30% (2)		$	4,200,000	(6)

(1) Capital at risk is calculated by taking the aggregate losses Shoreline Re is subject to under the contract, less net premiums earned under the contract.

(2) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.

(3) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at June 1, 2025.

(4) This treaty was amended on June 1, 2025 to include reinstatement, resulting in additional premium and aggregate losses.

(5) This treaty was commuted on June 1, 2025 with no impact on our consolidated results.

(6) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at June 1, 2024.

The table below outlines the Company's external quota share agreements in effect for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.


Reinsurer	Companies in Scope	Effective Dates	Cession Rate	States in Scope
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	20% (1)(2)	Florida
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2023 - 06/01/2024	40% (1)	Florida

(1) This treaty provides or provided coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides or provided ground-up protection, effectively reducing the Company's retention for catastrophe losses.

(2) The cession rate of this treaty was reduced from 20% to 15% effective June 1, 2025 to June 1, 2026.

Reinsurance recoverable at the balance sheet dates consists of the following:


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	137,632	$	249,276
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses		6,629		14,143
Reinsurance recoverable(1)	$	144,261	$	263,419

(1) The Company's reinsurance recoverable balance is net of its allowance for expected credit losses. More information related to this allowance can be found in Note 13.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

10)

LIABILITY FOR UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE (LAE)

The Company determines its reserve for unpaid losses on an individual case basis for all incidents reported. The liability also includes amounts for incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims as of the balance sheet date.

The table below shows the analysis of the Company's reserve for unpaid losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 on a GAAP basis:


	2025			2024
Balance at January 1	$	322,087		$	347,738
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		249,276			271,736
Net balance at January 1		72,811			76,002

Incurred related to:
Current year		40,733			41,904
Prior years		(4,593	)		(2,379	)
Total incurred		36,140			39,525
Paid related to:
Current year		29,507			29,577
Prior years		28,373			26,499
Total paid		57,880			56,076

Net balance at September 30		51,071			59,451
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		137,632			113,871
Balance at September 30		188,703			173,322

Composition of reserve for unpaid losses and LAE:
Case reserves		36,228			51,549
IBNR reserves		152,475			121,773
Balance at September 30	$	188,703		$	173,322

Based upon the Company's internal analysis and the Company's review of the annual statement of actuarial opinion provided by its actuarial consultants at December 31, 2024, the Company believes that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably represents the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.

As reflected in the table above, the Company had favorable development in the first nine months of 2025 and 2024 related to prior year losses. This development came as a result of re-estimating ultimate losses in 2025 and 2024 based on historical loss trends. Current year and prior year loss payments made by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were relatively flat. Case reserves on unpaid losses decreased when compared to the prior period as a result of the continued settlement of claims and re-estimating of reserves, offset by increases to IBNR reserves as a result of Hurricane Milton which made landfall in the fourth quarter of 2024 and has outstanding IBNR reserves of $58,830,000 as of September 30, 2025. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses increased in line with this increase in IBNR.

11)

LONG-TERM DEBT

Senior Notes Payable

On December 13, 2017, the Company issued $150,000,000 of 10-year senior notes (the Senior Notes) that will mature on December 15, 2027 and bear interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per annum payable semi-annually on each June 15 and December 15, commencing June 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. The Company may redeem the Senior Notes at its option, at any time and from time to time in whole or in part, prior to September 15, 2027, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

of principal and interest thereon from the date of redemption to the date that is three months prior to maturity, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. On or after that date, the Company may redeem the Senior Notes at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. On December 8, 2022, the Kroll Bond Rating Agency, LLC announced a downgrade of the Company's issuer and debt ratings from BBB- to BB+. As a result, pursuant to the Company's agreement, the interest rate of its Senior Notes increased from 6.25% to 7.25%. On July 21, 2025, the Kroll Bond Rating Agency, LLC announced an upgrade of the Company's issuer and debt ratings from BB+ to BBB-. As a result, pursuant to the Company's indenture, the interest rate of its Senior Notes will decrease from 7.25% to 6.25% effective December 16, 2025.

Financial Covenants

The Company's Senior Notes provide that the Company and its subsidiaries shall not incur any indebtedness unless no default exists and the Company’s leverage ratio as of the last day of any annual or quarterly period (the balance sheet date) immediately preceding the date on which such additional indebtedness is incurred would have been no greater than 0.3:1, determined on a pro forma basis as if the additional indebtedness and all other indebtedness incurred since the immediately preceding balance sheet date had been incurred and the proceeds therefrom applied as of such day. The Company and its subsidiaries also may not create, assume, incur or permit to exist any indebtedness for borrowed money that is secured by a lien on the voting stock of any significant subsidiary without securing the Senior Notes equally. The Company may not issue, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the capital stock of the Company’s significant subsidiaries as of the issue date of the Senior Notes (except to the Company or to one or more of the Company’s other subsidiaries, or for the purpose of qualifying directors or as may be required by law or regulation), subject to certain exceptions. These covenants are evaluated at the end of each calendar year, and at December 31, 2024, while the Company's leverage ratio was greater than the allowed ratio above, the Company did not incur any additional indebtedness during the period and as a result, the Company was in compliance with the covenants in the Senior Notes.

Debt Issuance Costs

The table below presents the roll forward of the Company's debt issuance costs paid, in conjunction with the debt instruments described above, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:


	2025			2024
Balance at January 1,	$	980		$	1,312
Amortization		(250	)		(249	)
Balance at September 30,	$	730		$	1,063

12)

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

The Company is involved in claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and LAE during the period when that it determines an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that the Company receives regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.

On October 20, 2023, the Company received notice that the Florida Department of Financial Services ("DFS") filed a notice of claim and demand for tender of policy limits under the Company's director and officer insurance policy (the "Claim"). The Claim alleges that former officers and directors of United Property & Casualty Insurance Company ("UPC") were involved in wrongful acts that resulted in UPC's insolvency. The Claim demands immediate tender of the Company's director and officer’s policy limit of $40,000,000 where the Company has a retention of $1,500,000. The former directors and officers of UPC deny the allegations. Although no litigation

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

has arisen from the Claim, litigation is anticipated. The directors and officers plan to vigorously defend against the Claim; however, due to the Company's indemnification obligation, during 2023, the Company accrued the policy retention amount of $1,500,000. This claim remains open as of September 30, 2025.

Commitments to fund partnership investments

The Company has fully funded one limited partnership investment and partially funded two additional limited partnership investments. The amount of unfunded commitments was $2,200,000 and $1,400,000 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Leases

The Company, as a lessee, has entered into leases of commercial office space of various term lengths. In addition to office space, the Company leases office equipment under operating leases.

The classification of operating and lease asset and liability balances within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:


	Financial Statement Line	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Assets
Operating lease assets	Other assets	$	3,017	$	3,209

Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liability	$	3,193	$	3,323

The components of lease expenses were as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Operating lease expense	$	107	$	58	$	332	$	103

At September 30, 2025, future minimum gross lease payments relating to these non-cancellable operating lease agreements were as follows:


	Estimated Remaining Payments
Remaining in 2025	$	103
2026		398
2027		407
2028		419
2029		432
Thereafter		2,444
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments		4,203
Less: Imputed interest		(1,010	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	3,193

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate related to operating leases were as follows:


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Weighted average remaining lease term (months)		113		121
Weighted average discount rate		5.65	%		5.64	%

There were no other cash or non-cash related activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. See Note 7 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding depreciation expense, Note 11 for information regarding commitments related to long-term debt, and Note 14 for information regarding commitments related to regulatory actions.

Subleases

The Company previously leased and occupied office space in which it no longer operates. Effective October 1, 2022, this office space was subleased to a third-party. The sublease was effective from October 1, 2022 through July 31, 2025, with no option to extend. However, on February 29, 2024, this sublease was cancelled as a part of an agreement to terminate the original lease associated with the office space. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $33,000 of income related to this sublease, exclusive of the lease expense associated with the original lease.

Employee Retention Credit

A series of legislation was enacted in the United States during 2020 and 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that provided financial relief for businesses impacted by government-mandated shutdowns, work stoppages, or other losses suffered by employers. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) provided an employee retention credit, which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company evaluated its eligibility and filed for a $10,161,000 refund in connection with its Employee Retention Tax Credit for the tax year ended December 31, 2021. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 the Company received refunds of $4,469,000 that were outstanding as of December 31, 2024. These were recorded as a contra-expense to payroll tax in the periods received. With these receipts, as of September 30, 2025, the Company has received all requested funds from the Internal Revenue Service related to this refund and no longer has an unrecorded gain contingency related to this balance.

Quota Share Commission Loss Contingency

AmCoastal participates in shared quota-share reinsurance agreements with the Company's former subsidiary, UPC, which are subject to a variable ceding commission based on loss experience. With the receivership of UPC in 2023, the Company has not received data related to UPC losses that could unfavorably shift AmCoastal’s commission related to these contracts. In addition, the Company cannot reasonably determine how this shift will be allocated between the contracted parties. Until the Company receives this loss data and provides the updated calculations to both the Company's reinsurance partners and the DFS, as receiver of UPC, the Company is unable to estimate the impact; however, the Company believes a loss contingency related to these commissions may exist as of September 30, 2025.

The Company will continue to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the outcome of these contingencies and will make any appropriate adjustments each quarter.

13)

ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES

The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through three different pools of assets based on similar risk characteristics: premiums receivable for direct written business; reinsurance recoverables from ceded losses to its reinsurers; and its investment holdings. The Company estimates the expected credit losses based on historical trends, credit ratings assigned to reinsurers by rating agencies, average default rates, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions that affect the collectability of the reported amounts over its expected life. Changes in the relevant information may significantly affect the estimates of expected credit losses.

The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. Each period, the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The following tables summarize the Company's allowance for expected credit losses by pooled asset for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively:


September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024		Provision for (reversal of) expected credit losses			Write-offs			September 30, 2025
Premiums Receivable	$	26	$	(23	)	$	(3	)	$	—
Reinsurance Recoverables		75		(36	)		—			39
Total	$	101	$	(59	)	$	(3	)	$	39


September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023		Provision for (reversal of) expected credit losses			Write-offs		September 30, 2024
Premiums Receivable	$	49	$	(32	)	$	—	$	17
Reinsurance Recoverables		97		(58	)		—		39
Total	$	146	$	(90	)	$	—	$	56

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no allowance for expected credit losses related to its investment holdings.

14)

STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND REGULATION

The insurance industry is heavily regulated. State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as the Company's insurance subsidiary. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital, restrict insurers' ability to pay dividends, specify allowable investment types and investment mixes, and subject insurers to assessments. AmCoastal is domiciled and operates in Florida and at September 30, 2025, and during the nine months then ended, met all regulatory requirements of the state.

During 2023, the Company received a multi-year Emergency Assessment notice from the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association ("FIGA"). This assessment will be 1.0% on direct written premiums of all covered lines of business in Florida beginning October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2025 to cover the cost of insurance companies facing insolvency. During 2025, FIGA extended this assessment for a third year, beginning October 1, 2025 through September 30, 2026.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") has Risk-Based Capital ("RBC") guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policyholders. Most states, including Florida, have enacted statutory requirements adopting the NAIC RBC guidelines, and insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.

The state laws of Florida permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The state laws further provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states. Statutory RBC requirements may further restrict the Company's insurance subsidiary's ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory surplus to fall below minimum RBC requirements.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The Company's insurance subsidiary must file with the various insurance regulatory authorities an “Annual Statement” which reports, among other items, statutory net income and surplus as regards policyholders, which is called stockholders' equity under GAAP. The table below details the statutory net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 for AmCoastal.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net Income	$	26,463	$	27,821	$	62,974	$	69,761

The Company's insurance subsidiary must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the state in which it is domiciled. At September 30, 2025, the Company met these requirements. The table below details the amount of surplus as regards policyholders for AmCoastal at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Surplus as regards policyholders	$	271,524	$	230,001

15)

ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

The Company reports changes in other comprehensive income items within comprehensive income on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, and includes accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders' equity on its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The table below details the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss at period end:


	Pre-Tax Amount			Tax (Expense) Benefit (1)			Net-of-Tax Amount
December 31, 2024	$	(16,767	)	$	1,101		$	(15,666	)
Changes in net unrealized losses on investments		8,645			(346	)		8,299
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains		(1,382	)		346			(1,036	)
September 30, 2025	$	(9,504	)	$	1,101		$	(8,403	)

(1) The Company has a valuation allowance on the tax impacts of the unrealized gains (losses) on investments resulting in the net tax (expense) benefit during the period reflecting only the realized position.

16)

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

The Company's Board of Directors declared no dividends on the Company's outstanding shares of common stock to stockholders of record during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

In July 2019, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan of up to $25,000,000 of its common stock. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has not yet repurchased any shares under this stock repurchase plan but may be in and out of the market as the Company sees fit. The timing and volume of repurchases are at the discretion of management, based on the capital needs of the business, the market price of ACIC common stock, and general market conditions. The plan has no expiration date, and the plan may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

In September 2023, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Agreement”) with Raymond James & Associates, Inc., as agent (the “Agent”), of up to 8,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Shares”). Sales of the Shares under the Agreement will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings”. The Agent is not required to sell any specific amount of Shares but has agreed to act as the Company’s sales agent for a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of the Shares. As of September 30, 2025, 4,373,000 shares have been sold under the Agreement resulting in commissions paid of approximately $1,181,000 and net proceeds of approximately $38,190,000. The Agreement will terminate upon the issuance and sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement, or the Agreement may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

See Note 17 in these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding stock-based compensation activity.

17)

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC Topic 718 - Compensation - Stock Compensation. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost over the award’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis for time-based restricted stock grants and performance-based restricted stock grants. The Company records forfeitures as they occur for all stock-based compensation.

The following table presents the Company's total stock-based compensation expense:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Employee stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax	$	926	$	556	$	2,872	$	1,593
Post-tax (1)		732		439		2,269		1,258
Director stock-based compensation expense
Pre-tax		121		138		379		310
Post-tax (1)		96		109		300		245

(1) The after-tax amounts are determined using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.

The Company had approximately $4,819,000 of unrecognized stock compensation expense at September 30, 2025 related to non-vested stock-based compensation granted, which it expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.9 years. The Company had approximately $304,000 of unrecognized director stock-based compensation expense at September 30, 2025 related to non-vested director stock-based compensation granted, which it expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.6 years.

Restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units

Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units is measured based on the closing fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant, which vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. Restricted stock awards granted to non-employee directors vest over a one-year period. Each restricted stock unit and performance stock unit represents the Company's obligation to deliver to the holder one share of common stock upon vesting.

Performance stock units vest based on the Company's return on average equity compared to a defined group of peer companies. On the grant date, the Company issues the target number of performance stock units. They are subject to forfeitures if performance goals are not met. The actual number of performance stock units earned can vary from zero to 150 percent of the target for the awards.

The Company granted 19,435 and 96,967 shares of restricted common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $10.76 and $7.88, respectively. The Company granted 466,672 and 598,713 shares of restricted common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $11.48 and $7.41, respectively.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of the Company's non-vested restricted common stock grants:


	Number of Restricted Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		606,411	$	6.23
Granted		466,672		11.48
Less: Forfeited		1,009		11.59
Less: Vested		494,793		5.29
Outstanding as of September 30, 2025		577,281	$	10.12

Stock options

Stock option fair value was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. Stock options vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the stock options granted:


	2025			2024
Expected annual dividend yield		—	%		—	%
Expected volatility		88.51	%		86.92	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.87	%		4.37	%
Expected term	6 years			6 years

The expected annual dividend yield for options granted during 2025 and 2024 is based on no dividends being paid in future quarters. The expected volatility is a historical volatility calculated based on the daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date. Expected term takes into account the three-year graded vesting term and the 10-year contractual term of the option.

The Company granted 76,141 and 196,275 stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $11.63 and $4.82 per share, respectively.

The following table presents certain information related to the activity of the Company's stock option grants:


	Number of Stock Options		Weighted Average Exercise Prices		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		1,130,035	$	4.12		7.21	$	10,202,000
Granted		76,141		11.63		—		—
Less: Forfeited		—		—		—		—
Less: Expired		—		—		—		—
Less: Exercised		240,446		3.17		—		—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2025		965,730	$	4.95		6.76	$	6,514,000

Vested as of September 30, 2025 ⁽¹⁾		1,475,570	$	4.24		6.28	$	5,996,000
Exercisable as of September 30, 2025		799,869	$	4.24		6.28	$	5,996,000

(1) The vested shares are calculated based on all vested shares at September 30, 2025, inclusive of those that have since expired. The weighted average exercise prices, weighted-average remaining contractual term and aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on only vested shares that are outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2025.

(2) Presented in ones.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2025

18)

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company evaluates all subsequent events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure in its financial statements. As of the date of the filing the Company has experienced no subsequent events which required disclosure.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, as well as with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes under Part II. Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties. See "Forward-Looking Statements."

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Overview

American Coastal Insurance Corporation (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or ACIC) is a holding company primarily engaged in commercial property and casualty insurance business with investments in the United States. We conduct our business principally through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, American Coastal Insurance Company (AmCoastal). Collectively, we refer to the holding company and all our subsidiaries, including non-insurance subsidiaries, as “American Coastal Insurance Corporation,” which is the preferred brand identification for our Company.

Our Company’s primary source of revenue is generated from writing insurance in Florida. Our target market in such areas consists of states where the perceived threat of natural catastrophe has caused large national insurance carriers to reduce their concentration of policies. We believe an opportunity exists for ACIC to write profitable business in such areas. On May 9, 2024, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the "Sale Agreement") with Forza Insurance Holdings, LLC (Forza) in which ACIC agreed to sell and Forza agreed to acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of IIC. Forza’s application to acquire IIC was approved by the New York Department of Financial Services ("NYDFS") on February 13, 2025, and the sale closed on April 1, 2025. The Company received cash proceeds totaling $25,679,000 from the sale resulting in a loss on disposal of $247,000, net of tax impacts. The Company also recognized a $1,348,000 loss, net of tax impacts, on IIC's fixed maturity portfolio, which was included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets prior to the sale. As a result, IIC results of operations and assets and liabilities are captured within discontinued operations and can be seen in Note 4 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements above.

We have historically grown our business through strong organic growth, complemented by strategic acquisitions and partnerships, including our acquisitions of AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo) and AmCoastal in April 2017.

Our policies in-force increased by 8.6% from 3,971 policies in-force at September 30, 2024 to 4,343 policies in-force at September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, all of our policies in-force are in the state of Florida.

The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the consolidated financial position and results of operations of American Coastal Insurance Corporation. In evaluating our results of operations, we use premiums written and earned, policies in-force and new and renewal policies by geographic concentration. We also consider the impact of catastrophe losses and prior year development on our loss ratios, expense ratios and combined ratios. In monitoring our investments, we use credit quality, investment income, cash flows, realized gains and losses, unrealized gains and losses, asset diversification and portfolio duration. To evaluate our financial condition, we consider our liquidity, financial strength, ratings, book value per share and return on equity.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

2025 Highlights


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024

Gross premiums written	$	71,812		$	93,016		$	498,010		$	507,066
Gross premiums earned		162,757			160,178			490,318			475,898
Net premiums earned		80,818			74,486			227,533			200,498
Total revenues		90,395			82,136			249,064			217,390
Income from continuing operations, net of tax		32,483			27,669			80,231			70,451
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		—			450			42			321
Consolidated net income	$	32,483		$	28,119		$	80,273		$	70,772
Net income available to ACIC stockholders per diluted share
Continuing Operations	$	0.65		$	0.56		$	1.61		$	1.43
Discontinued Operations		—			0.01			—			0.01
Total	$	0.65		$	0.57		$	1.61		$	1.44

Reconciliation of net income to core income:
Plus: Non-cash amortization of intangible assets and goodwill impairment	$	609		$	610		$	1,828		$	2,031
Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax		—			450			42			321
Less: Net realized gains (losses) on investment portfolio		—			(3	)		1,382			(124	)
Less: Unrealized gains on equity securities		3,161			1,543			3,429			1,542
Less: Net tax impact (1)		(536	)		(195	)		(626	)		129
Core income(2)		30,467			26,934			77,874			70,935
Core income per diluted share (2)	$	0.61		$	0.54		$	1.57		$	1.44

Book value per share							$	6.71		$	5.38

(1) In order to reconcile the net income to the core income measure, we included the tax impact of all adjustments using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.

(2) Core income, a measure that is not based on GAAP, is reconciled above to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-Q is in "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" below.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Consolidated Net Income


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
REVENUE:
Gross premiums written	$	71,812		$	93,016		$	498,010		$	507,066
Change in gross unearned premiums		90,945			67,162			(7,692	)		(31,168	)
Gross premiums earned		162,757			160,178			490,318			475,898
Ceded premiums earned		(81,939	)		(85,692	)		(262,785	)		(275,400	)
Net premiums earned		80,818			74,486			227,533			200,498
Net investment income		6,416			6,110			16,720			15,474
Net realized investment gains (losses)		—			(3	)		1,382			(124	)
Net unrealized gains on equity securities		3,161			1,543			3,429			1,542
Total revenue		90,395			82,136			249,064			217,390
EXPENSES:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		9,211			11,774			36,140			39,525
Policy acquisition costs		25,439			20,942			73,162			44,476
General and administrative expenses		11,321			10,289			28,605			33,479
Interest expense		2,719			3,067			8,155			9,212
Total expenses		48,690			46,072			146,062			126,692
Income before other income		41,705			36,064			103,002			90,698
Other income		665			453			3,114			2,074
Income before income taxes		42,370			36,517			106,116			92,772
Provision for income taxes		9,887			8,848			25,885			22,321
Net income from continuing operations, net of tax	$	32,483		$	27,669		$	80,231		$	70,451
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax		—			450			42			321
Net income	$	32,483		$	28,119		$	80,273		$	70,772
Earnings available to ACIC common stockholders per diluted share	$	0.65		$	0.57		$	1.61		$	1.44
Book value per share							$	6.71		$	5.38
Return on equity based on GAAP net income								39.1	%		55.3	%
Loss ratio, net (1)		11.4	%		15.8	%		15.9	%		19.7	%
Expense ratio (2)		45.5	%		41.9	%		44.7	%		38.9	%
Combined ratio (3)		56.9	%		57.7	%		60.6	%		58.6	%
Effect of current year catastrophe losses on combined ratio		0.5	%		6.6	%		0.2	%		2.6	%
Effect of prior year development on combined ratio		(1.4	)%		(1.8	)%		(2.0	)%		(1.2	)%
Underlying combined ratio (4)		57.8	%		52.9	%		62.4	%		57.2	%

(1) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and loss adjustment expense (LAE) net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.

(2) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our loss expenses.

(3) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and the expense ratio, net. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.

(4) Underlying combined ratio, a measure that is not based on GAAP, is reconciled above to the combined ratio, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-Q is in "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" below.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures

We believe that investors' understanding of ACIC's performance is enhanced by our disclosure of the following non-GAAP measures. Our methods for calculating these measures may differ from those used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited.

Combined ratio excluding the effects of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development (underlying combined ratio) is a non-GAAP measure, that is computed by subtracting the effect of current year catastrophe losses and prior year development from the combined ratio. We believe that this ratio is useful to investors and it is used by management to highlight the trends in our business that may be obscured by current year catastrophe losses and prior year development. Current year catastrophe losses cause our loss trends to vary significantly between periods as a result of their frequency of occurrence and magnitude, and can have a significant impact on the combined ratio. Prior year development is caused by unexpected loss development on historical reserves. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. The underlying combined ratio should not be considered as a substitute for the combined ratio and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.

Net loss and LAE excluding the effects of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development (underlying loss and LAE) is a non-GAAP measure, that is computed by subtracting the effect of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development from net loss and LAE. We use underlying loss and LAE figures to analyze our loss trends that may be impacted by current year catastrophe losses and prior year development on our reserves. As discussed previously, these two items can have a significant impact on our loss trends in a given period. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net loss and LAE. The underlying loss and LAE measure should not be considered a substitute for net loss and LAE and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.

Net income (loss) excluding the effects of amortization of intangible assets, income (loss) from discontinued operations, realized gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities, net of tax (core income (loss)) is a non-GAAP measure, which is computed by adding amortization, net of tax, to net income (loss) and subtracting income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, realized gains (losses) on our investment portfolio, net of tax, and unrealized gains (losses) on our equity securities, net of tax, from net income (loss). Amortization expense is related to the amortization of intangible assets acquired, including goodwill, through mergers and therefore the expense does not arise through normal operations. Investment portfolio gains (losses) and unrealized equity security gains (losses) vary independent of our operations. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net income (loss). The core income (loss) measure should not be considered a substitute for net loss and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

When we prepare our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in conformity with GAAP, we must make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts we report. Certain of these estimates result from judgments that can be subjective and complex. As a result of that subjectivity and complexity, and because we continuously evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on a variety of factors, actual results could materially differ from our estimates and assumptions if changes in one or more factors require us to make accounting adjustments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we reassessed our critical accounting policies and estimates as disclosed in Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. We have made no material changes or additions with regard to those policies and estimates.

RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Please refer to Note 2 in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting standards that may affect us.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION - SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 COMPARED TO DECEMBER 31, 2024

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and related notes, and in conjunction with the section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Investments

The primary goals of our investment strategy are to preserve capital, maximize after-tax investment income, maintain liquidity and minimize risk. To accomplish our goals, we purchase debt securities in sectors that represent the most attractive relative value, and we maintain a moderate equity exposure. Limiting equity exposure manages risks and helps to preserve capital for two reasons: first, bond market returns are less volatile than stock market returns, and second, should the bond issuer enter bankruptcy liquidation, bondholders generally have a higher priority than equity holders in a bankruptcy proceeding.

We must comply with applicable state insurance regulations that prescribe the type, quality and concentrations of investments our insurance subsidiaries can make; therefore, our current investment policy limits investment in non-investment-grade fixed maturities and limits total investment amounts in preferred stock, common stock and mortgage notes receivable. We do not invest in derivative securities, however, we do hold warrants as a result of our surplus note investment. Please see Note 5 for more information.

As of September 30, 2025, one outside asset management company which has authority and discretion to buy and sell securities for us, manage our investments subject to (i) the guidelines established by our Board of Directors and (ii) the direction of management. Prior to August 2025, we engaged two outside asset management companies. The Investment Committee of our Board of Directors reviews and approves our investment policy on a regular basis.

Our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investment portfolio totaled $695,047,000 at September 30, 2025, compared to $540,811,000 at December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes our investments, by type:


	September 30, 2025					December 31, 2024
	Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total			Estimated Fair Value		Percent of Total
U.S. government and agency securities	$	96,087		13.8	%	$	154,660		28.7	%
Corporate securities		75,721		10.9			61,535		11.3
Mortgage-backed securities		31,105		4.5			30,462		5.6
States, municipalities and political subdivisions		22,031		3.2			17,197		3.2
Asset-backed securities		12,747		1.8			11,436		2.1
Public utilities		8,210		1.2			5,284		1.0
Foreign government		598		0.1			427		0.1
Total fixed maturities		246,499		35.5	%		281,001		52.0	%
Mutual funds		47,538		6.8			31,818		5.9
Other common stocks		5,047		0.7			4,976		0.9
Total equity securities		52,585		7.5	%		36,794		6.8	%
Other investments		36,827		5.3			23,623		4.4
Total investments		335,911		48.3	%		341,418		63.2	%
Cash and cash equivalents		267,872		38.6			137,036		25.3
Restricted cash		91,264		13.1			62,357		11.5
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	$	695,047		100.0	%	$	540,811		100.0	%

We classify all of our fixed-maturity investments as available-for-sale. Our investments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted mainly of U.S. government and agency securities, securities of investment-grade corporate issuers, mortgage-backed securities, and states, municipalities and political subdivisions. Our equity holdings as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of mutual funds and common stock. At September 30, 2025, approximately 82.8% of our fixed maturities were U.S. Treasuries or corporate bonds rated "A" or better, and 17.2% were corporate bonds rated "BBB" or "BB".

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Reinsurance

We follow the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or "ceding", all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain primarily liable for the entire insured loss under the policies we write.

Our catastrophe reinsurance coverage consists of two separate placements:

This reinsurance protection is an essential part of our catastrophe risk management strategy. It is intended to provide our stockholders with an acceptable return on the risks assumed by our insurance entity, and to reduce the variability of earnings, while providing surplus protection. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for the agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, they do not discharge our primary liability. In the event one or more of our reinsurers fail to fulfill their obligation, the surplus of our statutory entity may decline, and we may not be able to fulfill our obligation to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. Additionally, we face the risk that actual losses incurred from one or more catastrophic events may be above the modeled expected loss resulting in losses exceeding our reinsurance coverage, which may result in a decline in surplus, and as a result we may not be able to fulfill our obligations to policyholders, or we may not be able to maintain compliance with various regulatory financial requirements. The details of our programs and the likelihood of a catastrophic event exceeding these two coverages are outlined below.

AmCoastal’s core catastrophe reinsurance program provides occurrence-based coverage up to an exhaustion point of approximately $1,330,000,000 for a first occurrence and $1,676,000,000 in the aggregate. Under this program, the Company's GAAP retention on a first event is $29,750,000 ($14,000,000 retained by AmCoastal under statutory accounting principles (STAT retained), $15,750,000 (retained separately by the Company's captive). The Company has purchased second and third event retrocession coverage, reducing its second event GAAP retention to $18,500,000 ($14,000,000 STAT retained by AmCoastal, $4,500,000 retained separately by the Company's captive) and third event GAAP retention to $3,750,000, based on three $100,000,000 loss events. AmCoastal’s program provides sufficient coverage for approximately a 1-in-203-year return period, indicating that the probability of a single occurrence exceeding protection purchased is roughly 0.5% estimated by blending the AIR 10, AIR 11.5, RMS 22 and RMS 23 catastrophe models using long-term catalogs including demand surge and based on total insured value at September 30, 2025 of $69 billion. AmCoastal’s program also provides sufficient coverage for a 1-in-100-year event followed by a 1-in-50-year event in the same treaty year, the probability of which is less than 0.1%. While we believe these catastrophe models are very good tools and their output provides reasonable proxies for the probability of exhausting our reinsurance protections, they are imperfect, so actual results could vary dramatically from those expected.

In addition to the programs described above, AmCoastal purchased a new catastrophe aggregate excess of loss coverage (the “CAT Agg” agreement) to mitigate our catastrophe frequency risk. This agreement provides coverage for in-force, new and renewal business. Effective January 1, 2025, the new CAT Agg agreement provides $40,000,000 of aggregate limit (with a $20,000,000 per occurrence cap) in excess of zero after the $40,000,000 annual aggregate deductible has been met. The CAT Agg agreement limits our losses from all catastrophe loss events, including named windstorms, severe convective storms and winter storm events for the full year ending December 31, 2025.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Where we think prudent, particularly where premium rates are high relative to the risk, we retain risk whereby AmCoastal purchases reinsurance from Shoreline Re, our captive reinsurance entity. Shoreline Re participates on AmCoastal's all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement and AmCoastal's excess per risk agreement. In addition, Shoreline Re participates in a 45% quota share agreement with AmCoastal, which provides coverage for all catastrophe perils as well as attritional losses incurred. The table below outlines the participation of Shoreline Re for each program, including premium received and capital at risk.


Treaty	Effective Dates	Premium Collected / Cession Rate		Capital at Risk (1)
Quota Share Agreement	06/01/2025 - 06/01/2026	45% (2)		$	33,346,000	(3)
All Other Perils Catastrophe	01/01/2025 -
Excess of Loss Agreement	12/31/2025	$	1,296,000		2,304,000
All Other Perils Catastrophe	01/01/2024 -
Excess of Loss Agreement	01/01/2025		—		4,500,000	(4)
Excess Per Risk Agreement	02/01/2024 - 02/01/2025		1,867,000		633,000
Quota Share Agreement (5)	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	30% (2)		$	4,200,000	(6)

(1) Capital at risk is calculated by taking the aggregate losses Shoreline Re is subject to under the contract, less net premiums earned under the contract.

(3) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at June 1, 2025.

(4) This treaty was amended on June 1, 2025 to include reinstatement, resulting in additional premium and aggregate losses.

(5) This treaty was commuted on June 1, 2025 with no impact on our consolidated results.

(6) Net premiums earned based on estimated subject premiums at June 1, 2024.

The table below outlines our external quota share agreements in effect for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.


Reinsurer	Companies in Scope	Effective Dates	Cession Rate	States in Scope
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2024 - 06/01/2026	20% (1)(2)	Florida
External third-party	AmCoastal	06/01/2023 - 06/01/2024	40% (1)	Florida

(2) The cession rate of this treaty was reduced from 20% to 15% effective June 1, 2025 to June 1, 2026.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Reinsurance costs as a percentage of gross earned premium during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:


	2025			2024
Three Months Ended September 30,
Non-at-Risk		(0.3	)%		(0.5	)%
Quota Share		(12.8	)%		(16.2	)%
All Other		(37.2	)%		(36.8	)%
Total Ceding Ratio		(50.3	)%		(53.5	)%

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Non-at-Risk		(0.3	)%		(0.3	)%
Quota Share		(14.7	)%		(24.7	)%
All Other		(38.6	)%		(32.9	)%
Total Ceding Ratio		(53.6	)%		(57.9	)%

We amortize our ceded unearned premiums over the annual agreement period, and we record that amortization in ceded premiums earned on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The table below summarizes the amounts of our ceded premiums written under the various types of agreements, as well as the amortization of ceded unearned premiums:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Quota Share	$	(9,302	)	$	(14,615	)	$	(63,087	)	$	(80,749	)
Excess-of-loss		42			(9,110	)		(221,414	)		(236,930	)
Equipment, identity theft, and cyber security		(273	)		(542	)		(1,758	)		(1,847	)
Ceded premiums written		(9,533	)		(24,267	)		(286,259	)		(319,526	)
Change in ceded unearned premiums		(72,406	)		(61,425	)		23,474			44,126
Ceded premiums earned	$	(81,939	)	$	(85,692	)	$	(262,785	)	$	(275,400	)

Current year catastrophe losses disaggregated between named and numbered storms and all other catastrophe loss events are shown in the following table.


	2025							2024
	Number of Events		Incurred Loss and LAE (1)		Combined Ratio Impact			Number of Events		Incurred Loss and LAE (1)		Combined Ratio Impact
Three Months Ended September 30,
Current period catastrophe losses incurred
Named and numbered storms		—	$	—		—	%		2	$	4,800		6.4	%
All other catastrophe loss events		3		425		0.5	%		2		152		0.2	%
Total		3	$	425		0.5	%		4	$	4,952		6.6	%

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Current period catastrophe losses incurred
Named and numbered storms		—	$	—		—	%		2	$	4,800		2.4	%
All other catastrophe loss events		3		425		0.2	%		6		356		0.2	%
Total		3	$	425		0.2	%		8	$	5,156		2.6	%

(1) Incurred loss and LAE is equal to losses and LAE paid plus the change in case and incurred but not reported reserves. Shown net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Incurred loss and LAE and number of events includes the development on storms during the year in which it occurred.

See Note 9 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our reinsurance program.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustments

We generally use the term “loss(es)” to collectively refer to both loss and LAE. We establish reserves for both reported and unreported unpaid losses that have occurred at or before the balance sheet date for amounts we estimate we will be required to pay in the future, including provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported at the balance sheet date. Our policy is to establish these loss reserves after considering all information known to us at each reporting period. At any given point in time, our loss reserve represents our best estimate of the ultimate settlement and administration costs of our insured claims incurred and unpaid.

Unpaid losses and LAE totaled $188,703,000 and $322,087,000 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Since the process of estimating loss reserves requires significant judgment due to a number of variables, such as fluctuations in inflation, judicial decisions, legislative changes and changes in claims handling procedures, our ultimate liability will likely differ from these estimates. We revise our reserve for unpaid losses as additional information becomes available, and reflect adjustments, if any, in our earnings in the periods in which we determine the adjustments as necessary.

See Note 10 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our losses and loss adjustments.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - COMPARISON OF THE THREE MONTH PERIODS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

ACIC net income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased $4,364,000, or 15.5%, to net income of $32,483,000 for the third quarter of 2025 from $28,119,000 for the same period in 2024. All of this income is attributable to continuing operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $4,814,000 from $27,669,000 of income from continuing operations for the same period in 2024. Quarter-over-quarter revenues increased, driven by an increase in net premiums earned. This was partially offset by increased expenses quarter-over-quarter, driven by an increase in policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses, partially offset by decreased loss and loss adjustment expenses.

Revenue

Our gross written premiums decreased $21,204,000, or 22.8%, to $71,812,000 for the third quarter ended September 30, 2025 from $93,016,000 for the same period in 2024 as we looked to manage exposure during the quarter. Gross premium earned increased $2,579,000, or 1.6%, to $162,757,000 for the third quarter ended September 30, 2025 from $160,178,000 for the same period in 2024. Ceded premiums earned decreased $3,753,000, or 4.4%, to $81,939,000 for the third quarter ended September 30, 2025 from $85,692,000 for the same period in 2024. The breakdown of the quarter-over-quarter change in these premiums and new and renewal policies are shown in the tables below. More detail regarding our ceded premiums can be seen in our analysis of financial condition above.


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Gross premiums written	$	71,812		$	93,016		$	(21,204	)
Change in gross unearned premiums		90,945			67,162			23,783
Gross premiums earned		162,757			160,178			2,579
Ceded premiums written		(9,533	)		(24,267	)		14,734
Change in ceded unearned premiums		(72,406	)		(61,425	)		(10,981	)
Ceded premiums earned		(81,939	)		(85,692	)		3,753
Net premiums earned	$	80,818		$	74,486		$	6,332


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		Change
New and Renewal Policies		578		626		(48	)

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Expenses

Expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased $2,618,000, or 5.7%, to $48,690,000 from $46,072,000 for the same period in 2024. The increase in expenses was primarily due to an increase in policy acquisition costs. This was offset in part by a decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses, while general and administrative expenses remained relatively flat. The details of these changes can be seen below.

The calculations of our loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Net loss and LAE	$	9,211		$	11,774		$	(2,563	)
% of Gross earned premiums		5.7	%		7.4	%		(1.7	)	pts
% of Net earned premiums		11.4	%		15.8	%		(4.4	)	pts
Less:
Current year catastrophe losses	$	425		$	4,953		$	(4,528	)
Prior year reserve favorable development		(1,124	)		(1,357	)		233
Underlying loss and LAE (1)	$	9,910		$	8,178		$	1,732
% of Gross earned premiums		6.1	%		5.1	%		1.0		pts
% of Net earned premiums		12.3	%		11.0	%		1.3		pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.

The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Policy acquisition costs	$	25,439		$	20,942		$	4,497
General and administrative		11,321			10,289			1,032
Total operating expenses	$	36,760		$	31,231		$	5,529
% of Gross earned premiums		22.6	%		19.5	%		3.1	pts
% of Net earned premiums		45.5	%		41.9	%		3.6	pts

Loss and LAE decreased by $2,563,000, or 21.8%, to $9,211,000 for the third quarter of 2025 from $11,774,000 for the third quarter of 2024. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 4.4 points to 11.4% for the third quarter of 2025, compared to 15.8% for the third quarter of 2025. Excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the third quarter of 2025 was 6.1%, an increase of 1.0 point, from 5.1% for the third quarter of 2024.

Policy acquisition costs increased by $4,497,000, or 21.5%, to $25,439,000 for the third quarter of 2025 from $20,942,000 for the third quarter of 2024, due to an increase in external management fees of $3,726,000, primarily as the result of an increase in our commission accrual for 2025. In addition, reinsurance ceding commission income decreased $810,000, driven by a decrease in our quota share cession rate from 20% to 15%, effective June 1, 2025.

General and administrative expenses increased by $1,032,000, or 10.0%, to $11,321,000 for the third quarter of 2025 from $10,289,000 for the third quarter of 2024, driven by increased salary related expenses of $1,242,000 as we expand our underwriting and compliance departments in 2025 to support our growth initiatives.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - COMPARISON OF THE NINE MONTH PERIODS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025 AND 2024

ACIC net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased $9,501,000, or 13.4%, to $80,273,000 from $70,772,000 for the same period in 2024. Of this income, $80,231,000 is attributable to continuing operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $9,780,000 from $70,451,000 for the same period in 2024. Year-over-year revenues increased 14.6%, driven by an increase in net premiums earned. This increase in revenue was offset in part by increased policy acquisition costs year-over-year, partially offset by decreased general and administrative expenses and losses and loss adjustment expenses.

Revenue

Our gross written premiums decreased $9,056,000, or 1.8%, to $498,010,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $507,066,000 for the same period in 2024, driven by a decrease in premium written in the third quarter as we managed our exposure. Gross premium earned increased $14,420,000, or 3.0%, to $490,318,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $475,898,000 for the same period in 2024. Ceded premiums earned decreased $12,615,000, or 4.6%, to $262,785,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $275,400,000 for the same period in 2024. The breakdown of the year-over-year change in these premiums and new and renewal policies are shown in the tables below. More detail regarding our ceded premiums can be seen in our analysis of financial condition above.


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Gross premiums written	$	498,010		$	507,066		$	(9,056	)
Change in gross unearned premiums		(7,692	)		(31,168	)		23,476
Gross premiums earned		490,318			475,898			14,420
Ceded premiums written		(286,259	)		(319,526	)		33,267
Change in ceded unearned premiums		23,474			44,126			(20,652	)
Ceded premiums earned		(262,785	)		(275,400	)		12,615
Net premiums earned	$	227,533		$	200,498		$	27,035


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		Change
New and Renewal Policies		3,306		3,015		291

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Expenses

Expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased $19,370,000, or 15.3%, to $146,062,000 from $126,692,000 for the same period in 2024. The increase in expenses was primarily due to an increase in policy acquisition costs year-over-year. This was partially offset by decreased general and administrative expenses and loss and loss adjustment expenses year-over-year. The details of these changes can be seen below.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Net loss and LAE	$	36,140		$	39,525		$	(3,385	)
% of Gross earned premiums		7.4	%		8.3	%		(0.9	)	pts
% of Net earned premiums		15.9	%		19.7	%		(3.8	)	pts
Less:
Current year catastrophe losses	$	425		$	5,156		$	(4,731	)
Prior year reserve favorable development		(4,593	)		(2,379	)		(2,214	)
Underlying loss and LAE (1)	$	40,308		$	36,748		$	3,560
% of Gross earned premiums		8.2	%		7.7	%		0.5		pts
% of Net earned premiums		17.7	%		18.3	%		(0.6	)	pts

The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			Change
Policy acquisition costs	$	73,162		$	44,476		$	28,686
General and administrative		28,605			33,479			(4,874	)
Total operating expenses	$	101,767		$	77,955		$	23,812
% of Gross earned premiums		20.8	%		16.4	%		4.4		pts
% of Net earned premiums		44.7	%		38.9	%		5.8		pts

Loss and LAE decreased $3,385,000, or 8.6%, to $36,140,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $39,525,000 for the same period in 2024. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 3.8 points to 15.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 19.7% for the same period in 2024. Excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 8.2%, an increase of 0.5 points, from 7.7% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Policy acquisition costs increased $28,686,000, or 64.5%, to $73,162,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $44,476,000 for the same period in 2024. The primary driver of the increase was a decrease in ceding commission income of $15,973,000 as the result of the Company's decrease in quota share reinsurance coverage from 40% to 20%, effective June 1, 2024 and from 20% to 15%, effective June 1, 2025. External management fees also increased $12,643,000 as a result of a one percent increase in the management fee and profit share accrual pursuant to the renewal terms of the contract with AmRisc, LLC effective June 1, 2024.

General and administrative expenses decreased $4,874,000, or 14.6%, to $28,605,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $33,479,000 for the same period in 2024, largely driven by a non-recurring employee retention tax credit refund of $4,469,000 submitted to the Internal Revenue Service in 2022 and received during the first half of 2025. This non-recurring refund was previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 10, 2025, as a gain contingency. Overall, employee compensation decreased $1,504,000, inclusive of this refund. In addition, external spending for professional and consulting services decreased $388,000 year-over-year, audit fees decreased $352,000 and legal fees decreased $1,248,000. Finally, overhead including software and equipment costs and depreciation and amortization decreased $998,000 year-over-year.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We generate cash through premium collections, reinsurance recoveries, investment income, the sale or maturity of invested assets, the incurrence of debt and the issuance of additional shares of our stock. We use cash to pay reinsurance premiums, claims and related costs, policy acquisition costs, salaries and employee benefits, other expenses and stockholder dividends, acquire subsidiaries and pay associated costs, as well as to repay debts, repurchase stock and purchase investments.

As a holding company, we do not conduct any business operations of our own and, as a result, we rely on cash dividends or intercompany loans from our management subsidiaries to pay our general and administrative expenses. Insurance regulatory authorities heavily regulate our insurance subsidiary, including restricting any dividends paid by our insurance subsidiary and requiring approval of any management fees our insurance subsidiary pays to our management subsidiaries for services rendered; however, nothing restricts our non-insurance company subsidiaries from paying us dividends other than state corporate laws regarding solvency. Our management subsidiaries pay us dividends primarily using cash from the collection of management fees from our insurance subsidiary, pursuant to the management agreements in effect between those entities. In accordance with state laws, our insurance subsidiary may pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of its statutory surplus derived from its net operating profit and its net realized capital gains. The Risk-Based Capital (RBC) guidelines published by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners may further restrict our insurance subsidiary's ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause their respective surplus as it regards policyholders to fall below minimum RBC guidelines. See Note 14 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The Company made a capital contribution of $8,269,000 to its reinsurance subsidiary, Shoreline Re during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company made capital contributions of $1,265,000 to its reinsurance subsidiary, Shoreline Re. We may make future contributions of capital to our insurance subsidiaries as circumstances require.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company received a dividend of $23,000,000 from AmCoastal.

In September 2023, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Agreement”) with Raymond James & Associates, Inc., as agent (the “Agent”), of up to 8,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Shares”). Sales of the Shares under the Agreement will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market” offerings. The Agent is not required to sell any specific amount of Shares but has agreed to act as our sales agent for a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of the Shares. As of September 30, 2025, 4,373,000 shares had been sold under the Agreement resulting in commissions paid of approximately $1,181,000 and net proceeds of approximately $38,190,000. The Agreement will terminate upon the issuance and sale of all Shares subject to the Agreement, or the Agreement may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	118,777	$	241,907
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		17,295		(162,904	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	774	$	11,621

Operating Activities

The principal cash inflows from our operating activities come from premium collections, reinsurance recoveries and investment income. The principal cash outflows from our operating activities are the result of claims and related costs, reinsurance premiums, policy acquisition costs and salaries and employee benefits. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of large magnitude catastrophe events.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we experienced cash inflows of $118,777,000 compared to $241,907,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This change was driven by a decrease in the change in reinsurance payable of $68,695,000 and a decrease in the change in reinsurance recoverable of $74,531,000, partially offset by a decrease in the change in unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses of $42,051,000. The change in reinsurance payable can be attributed to the pricing change in the renewal of our core catastrophe program in 2025, with the risk adjusted decrease being -12.4%. The change in unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses and the corresponding reinsurance recoverable balance is attributed to the continued settlement of catastrophe claims with no similar activity occurring in 2025.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Investing Activities

The principal cash inflows from our investing activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process. The principal cash outflows relate to sales of investments. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net sales of investments totaled $12,896,000 compared to net purchases of investments of $162,893,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. We also had net proceeds from the sale of our former subsidiary, IIC, of $4,495,000 in 2025.

Financing Activities

The principal cash outflows from our financing activities come from repayments of debt and payments of dividends. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is market disruption in the cost and availability of credit. We believe our current capital resources, together with cash provided from our operations, are sufficient to meet currently anticipated working capital requirements. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, cash provided by financing activities totaled $774,000, compared to $11,621,000 provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in inflow in 2025 is attributed to the proceeds received from the issuance of our common stock, primarily under our at the market program described above during 2024.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

At September 30, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or material changes to our contractual obligations during the quarter.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The Company is exposed to market risks, including interest rate risk related to changes in interest rates in the Company's fixed-maturity securities, credit risk related to changes in the financial condition of the issuers of the Company's fixed-maturities and equity price risk related to changes in equity security prices. These risks are disclosed in Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company had no material changes in market risk during the quarter ended September 30, 2025.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. The Company designed its disclosure controls with the objective of ensuring the Company accumulates and communicates this information to its management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operations of its disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the Company's evaluation, the Company's management concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, there was no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of the Company's internal control performed during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in routine claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period that the Company determines an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to the Company's estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that the Company receives regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.

On October 20, 2023, the Company received notice that the Florida Department of Financial Services ("DFS") filed a notice of claim and demand for tender of policy limits under the Company's director and officer insurance policy (the “Claim”). The Claim alleges that former officers and directors of UPC were involved in wrongful acts that resulted in UPC's insolvency. The Claim demands immediate tender of the Company's director and officer’s policy limit of $40,000,000 where the Company has a retention of $1,500,000. The former directors and officers of UPC deny the allegations. Although no litigation has arisen from the Claim, litigation is anticipated. The directors and officers plan to vigorously defend against the Claim; however, due to the Company's indemnification obligation, during 2023, the Company accrued the policy retention amount of $1,500,000. This claim remains open as of September 30, 2025.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I. Item 1A "Risk Factors" of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, except as set forth below.

Because we rely on insurance agents, the loss of these agent relationships, particularly our relationship with AmRisc, LLC (AmRisc), or our inability to attract and incentivize new agents could have an adverse impact on our business.

AmCoastal has a managing agency contract (the MGA contract) with AmRisc, pursuant to which AmRisc serves as AmCoastal’s managing general agent for binding and writing commercial residential property lines for condominium, townhome and homeowners association insurance written in Florida. The contract between AmCoastal and AmRisc is exclusive. Under the MGA contract with AmCoastal, AmRisc must produce a certain volume of business for AmCoastal. Therefore, failure of AmRisc to produce the required volume of business could cause us to lose substantial premiums and could require us to seek one or more alternative managing general agents. If we were unable to find a replacement managing general agent, our revenues could decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Given the concentration of AmCoastal’s commercial business and operations with AmRisc, AmRisc may have substantial leverage in negotiations with AmCoastal regarding the MGA contract, and amendments to the terms and conditions of the MGA contract or other changes to the commercial relationship between AmRisc and AmCoastal could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Following the termination or expiration of the MGA contract, AmCoastal’s ability to compete for and solicit renewals of business previously underwritten by AmRisc may be limited by legal, commercial and other impediments, including AmRisc’s relationship with other insurance producers that control the business. Such impediments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations due to the concentration of AmCoastal’s business with AmRisc.

As of September 30, 2025, we market our apartment insurance product through a network of 10 independent wholesalers. These wholesalers and their brokers own the customer relationships and are not under our direct control. Our contracts restrict us from directly soliciting their policyholders, and most brokers also represent competing insurers. As a result, we must continually compete for their attention and business. Competitors may offer broader product options, lower premiums, or higher broker commissions. Consequently, our success depends heavily on the strength of our broker relationships and our ability to offer competitive, well-aligned insurance solutions. Losing any of these wholesale relationships—or failing to attract, retain, or motivate new brokers—could negatively impact new business production and retention of in-force policies.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not sell any unregistered equity securities or repurchase any of its equity securities.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed or furnished herewith or are incorporated herein by reference:


Exhibit		Description

3.1		Second Certificate of Amendment to American Coastal Insurance Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation (included as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.)

3.2		First Amendment to American Coastal Insurance Corporation’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (included as Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.)

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

32.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

32.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		AMERICAN COASTAL INSURANCE CORPORATION

November 6, 2025	By:	/s/ B. Bradford Martz
		B. Bradford Martz, President & Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer and duly authorized officer)

November 6, 2025

By:

/s/ Svetlana Castle

 
Svetlana Castle, Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

570 Carillon Parkway, Suite 100

St. Petersburg,

(Address of Principle Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)