UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-36167

Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		26-3931704
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

85 Wells Avenue, 2nd Floor Newton, MA		02459
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(617) 658-0600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange
on which registered

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value

KPTI

Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒

Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒

		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 30, 2025, there were 17,050,876 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


	PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION	2

Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33

	PART II - OTHER INFORMATION	34

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 5.	Other Information	86
Item 6.	Exhibits	87
	Signatures	89

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	37,672		$	62,476
Investments		8,205			46,236
Accounts receivable, net		31,877			30,766
Inventory		3,966			4,739
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		8,026			12,245
Total current assets		89,746			156,462
Property and equipment, net		122			400
Operating lease right-of-use assets		4,680			5,884
Restricted cash		350			338
Other assets		1,334			1,334
Total assets	$	96,232		$	164,418
Liabilities and stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	5,392		$	5,107
Accrued expenses		66,328			60,652
Convertible senior notes due 2025		250			24,426
Senior secured term loan		12,500			—
Operating lease liabilities		922			438
Other current liabilities		1,765			1,641
Total current liabilities		87,157			92,264
Convertible senior notes due 2029		68,602			68,345
Convertible senior notes due 2025, net of current portion		24,246			—
Senior secured term loan, net of current portion		83,895			94,603
Deferred royalty obligation		73,499			73,499
Common stock warrants		7,965			12,582
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		6,008			6,712
Other liabilities		14,118			2,430
Total liabilities		365,490			350,435
Stockholders’ deficit:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding		—			—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 53,333 shares authorized; 8,702 and 8,413 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		13			13
Additional paid-in capital		1,388,289			1,377,786
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(259	)		(356	)
Accumulated deficit		(1,657,301	)		(1,563,460	)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(269,258	)		(186,017	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	96,232		$	164,418

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Revenues:
Product revenue, net	$	32,032		$	29,516		$	82,767		$	83,554
License and other revenue		12,012			9,267			29,221			31,141
Total revenue		44,044			38,783			111,988			114,695
Operating expenses:
Cost of sales		2,113			1,300			4,465			4,676
Research and development		30,544			36,134			97,950			109,930
Selling, general and administrative		26,607			27,632			82,436			88,251
Total operating expenses		59,264			65,066			184,851			202,857
Loss from operations		(15,220	)		(26,283	)		(72,863	)		(88,162	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		553			1,832			2,166			5,918
Interest expense		(11,008	)		(11,385	)		(33,230	)		(26,218	)
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			44,702
Other (expense) income, net		(7,418	)		3,792			10,196			18,284
Total other (expense) income, net		(17,873	)		(5,761	)		(20,868	)		42,686
Loss before income taxes		(33,093	)		(32,044	)		(93,731	)		(45,476	)
Income tax provision		(34	)		(28	)		(110	)		(166	)
Net loss	$	(33,127	)	$	(32,072	)	$	(93,841	)	$	(45,642	)
Basic net loss per share	$	(3.82	)	$	(3.85	)	$	(10.93	)	$	(5.68	)
Diluted net loss per share (Note 7)	$	(3.82	)	$	(3.85	)	$	(10.93	)	$	(10.40	)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding used to compute basic net loss per share		8,669			8,336			8,587			8,036
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding used to compute diluted net loss per share		8,669			8,336			8,587			8,442

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(unaudited)

(in thousands)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Net loss	$	(33,127	)	$	(32,072	)	$	(93,841	)	$	(45,642	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments		(7	)		291			(53	)		242
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(1	)		92			150			(303	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(33,135	)	$	(31,689	)	$	(93,744	)	$	(45,703	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(93,841	)	$	(45,642	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		10,147			14,562
Depreciation and amortization		277			259
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts		8,101			4,012
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investments		(401	)		(2,112	)
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			(44,702	)
Change in fair value of embedded derivatives and common stock warrants		(10,596	)		(18,343	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(1,111	)		(4,816	)
Inventory		773			(1,629	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		4,219			(2,933	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets		1,204			1,690
Accounts payable		285			2,660
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		17,622			(2,253	)
Operating lease liabilities		(220	)		(2,429	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(63,541	)		(101,676	)
Investing activities
Proceeds from maturities of investments		38,378			138,187
Purchases of investments		—			(57,316	)
Purchases of property and equipment		—			(195	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		38,378			80,676
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of senior secured term loan		—			83,300
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and shares issued under the employee stock purchase plan		356			772
Payment of debt issuance costs		—			(2,588	)
Payment of deferred royalty obligation		—			(40,518	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		356			40,966
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		15			9
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(24,792	)		19,975
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		62,814			53,192
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	38,022		$	73,167
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	37,672		$	72,828
Short-term restricted cash		—			33
Long-term restricted cash		350			306
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	38,022		$	73,167
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid for interest on deferred royalty obligation	$	3,711		$	18,926
Cash paid for interest on convertible debt and term loan	$	10,668		$	11,472
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	1,023		$	2,844
Convertible senior notes due 2029 issued with warrants to purchase 3,100 shares of common stock in exchange for a $148,000 reduction of convertible senior notes due 2025	$	—		$	111,000
Senior secured term loan issued in exchange for a $14,700 reduction of deferred royalty obligation	$	—		$	15,000
Issuance of common stock used to settle a financial advisory fee related to financing activities	$	—		$	7,697
Convertible senior notes due 2029 issued in exchange for a $5,000 reduction of deferred royalty obligation	$	—		$	5,000

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(unaudited)

(in thousands)


	Common Shares				Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Deficit
	Shares		Amount
Balance as of June 30, 2025		8,647	$	13	$	1,385,486	$	(251	)	$	(1,624,174	)	$	(238,926	)
Vesting of restricted stock		55		—		—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—		—		2,803		—			—			2,803
Unrealized loss on investments		—		—		—		(7	)		—			(7	)
Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment		—		—		—		(1	)		—			(1	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(33,127	)		(33,127	)
Balance as of September 30, 2025		8,702	$	13	$	1,388,289	$	(259	)	$	(1,657,301	)	$	(269,258	)

Balance as of June 30, 2024		8,309	$	13	$	1,369,060	$	(605	)	$	(1,500,608	)	$	(132,140	)
Vesting of restricted stock		45		—		—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—		—		4,182		—			—			4,182
Unrealized gain on investments		—		—		—		291			—			291
Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment		—		—		—		92			—			92
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(32,072	)		(32,072	)
Balance as of September 30, 2024		8,354	$	13	$	1,373,242	$	(222	)	$	(1,532,680	)	$	(159,647	)

Balance as of December 31, 2024		8,413	$	13	$	1,377,786	$	(356	)	$	(1,563,460	)	$	(186,017	)
Vesting of restricted stock		227		—		—		—			—			—
Shares issued under the employee stock purchase plan		62		—		356		—			—			356
Stock-based compensation		—		—		10,147		—			—			10,147
Unrealized loss on investments		—		—		—		(53	)		—			(53	)
Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment		—		—		—		150			—			150
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(93,841	)		(93,841	)
Balance as of September 30, 2025		8,702	$	13	$	1,388,289	$	(259	)	$	(1,657,301	)	$	(269,258	)

Balance as of December 31, 2023		7,661	$	12	$	1,350,981	$	(161	)	$	(1,487,038	)	$	(136,206	)
Vesting of restricted stock		158		—		—		—			—			—
Shares issued under the employee stock purchase plan		77		—		772		—			—			772
Issuance of common stock for financial advisory fee		458		1		6,927		—			—			6,928
Stock-based compensation		—		—		14,562		—			—			14,562
Unrealized gain on investments		—		—		—		242			—			242
Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment		—		—		—		(303	)		—			(303	)
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(45,642	)		(45,642	)
Balance as of September 30, 2024		8,354	$	13	$	1,373,242	$	(222	)	$	(1,532,680	)	$	(159,647	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of Business, Basis of Presentation and Segment Information

Nature of Business

Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), is a commercial-stage pharmaceutical company pioneering novel cancer therapies and dedicated to the discovery, development and commercialization of first-in-class drugs directed against nuclear export for the treatment of cancer. We were incorporated in Delaware on December 22, 2008 and have a principal place of business in Newton, Massachusetts.

Our scientific expertise is based upon an understanding of the regulation of intracellular communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We have discovered and are developing and commercializing novel, small molecule Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export compounds that inhibit the nuclear export protein exportin 1. Our primary focus is on marketing XPOVIO®(selinexor) in its currently approved indications, as well as developing and seeking the regulatory approval of selinexor as an oral agent targeting multiple high unmet cancer indications, including our lead clinical programs in myelofibrosis and our other late-stage clinical programs in endometrial cancer and multiple myeloma.

Our lead asset, XPOVIO, received its initial U.S. approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in July 2019 and is currently approved and marketed for the following indications: (i) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy; (ii) in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior therapies and whose disease is refractory to at least two proteasome inhibitors, at least two immunomodulatory agents, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody; and (iii) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (“DLBCL”), not otherwise specified, including DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma, after at least two lines of systemic therapy. The commercialization of XPOVIO and NEXPOVIO® (selinexor) (the brand name for selinexor in Europe and the United Kingdom) outside of the U.S. is managed by our partners in their respective territories. XPOVIO/NEXPOVIO has received regulatory approval in various indications in 50 countries outside of the U.S. and is commercially available in a growing number of countries as our partners continue to secure reimbursement approvals.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Going Concern

We have historically financed our operations primarily through a combination of proceeds from (i) product revenue sales; (ii) public and private placements of equity securities; (iii) the issuance of convertible debt; (iv) a term loan; (v) our deferred royalty obligation; (vi) at the market offerings; and (vii) business development activities. As of September 30, 2025, we had $45.9 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments and an accumulated deficit of $1.7 billion. We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant operating losses to maintain our research and development programs, including as we continue to develop and seek regulatory approval of selinexor for multiple cancer indications, and to support our continued operations. As a result, our continued operations are dependent on our ability to raise additional funding or enter in other strategic alternatives and marketing XPOVIO in its currently approved indications. Based on our current business plan and current capital resources, given the uncertainty regarding the availability of additional funding or other strategic alternatives and considering our debt service obligations, and the financial covenant to maintain minimum liquidity, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. We plan to address the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern by, among other things, obtaining additional funding through equity offerings, debt financings and refinancings, collaborations, strategic alliances and/or licensing arrangements. However, there is no assurance that these efforts will result in additional funding, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements or sufficiently address the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to Note 12, “Subsequent Event” for a description of transactions that occurred in October 2025 that partially address the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

If we utilize our capital resources more quickly than anticipated or are unable to obtain additional funding or engage in strategic alternatives, we may have to significantly curtail, delay, reduce or eliminate one or more of our research and development programs or any current or future commercialization efforts for one or more of our products or product candidates, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may determine to take additional actions to reduce our spending in the near term. As we announced on July 11, 2025, we reduced our workforce by approximately 20% as part of our ongoing careful management of operating expenses. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our financial statements. We may also determine to cease operations or file for bankruptcy protection. In any of these circumstances, it is likely that investors will lose all or part of their

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investment. If there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide funding to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the carrying amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary if we were unable to continue as a going concern.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 8-03. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In our opinion, all adjustments (including those which are normal and recurring) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the interim financial information have been included. When preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, we must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Additionally, operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. For further information, refer to the financial statements and footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 19, 2025 (“Annual Report”).

On February 25, 2025, we effected a 1-for-15 reverse stock split of our common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). All share and per share amounts in these condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, including the conversion rates of convertible debt and the exercise price of common stock warrants, have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.

Basis of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2025 include the accounts of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q are consistent with those discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in our Annual Report.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to allocate resources and assess performance. We view our operations and manage our business as a single operating segment, which is the business of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs to treat cancer. All our revenue and all our long-lived assets are attributable to our single operating segment and to Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., which is domiciled in the United States.

Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer who uses net loss as reported on the condensed consolidated statements of operations to monitor budget versus actual results and to ensure we have sufficient capital resources to develop and seek regulatory approval of our product candidates. The following table presents the significant revenue and expense categories (in thousands) in our single operating segment:

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	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Revenue from external customers	$	44,044		$	38,783		$	111,988		$	114,695
Cost of sales (1)		(2,082	)		(1,239	)		(4,352	)		(4,499	)
Research and development expenses (2)		(30,743	)		(36,395	)		(99,942	)		(110,722	)
Commercial expenses (2)		(11,112	)		(12,440	)		(35,776	)		(38,606	)
General and administrative expenses (2)		(12,524	)		(10,810	)		(34,634	)		(34,468	)
Other segment (expenses) income (3)		(20,710	)		(9,971	)		(31,125	)		27,958
Net loss of our single operating segment	$	(33,127	)	$	(32,072	)	$	(93,841	)	$	(45,642	)

(1) Excludes stock-based compensation expense
(2) Excludes stock-based compensation expense and the effects of certain allocations of certain expenses
(3) Includes total other income (expense), net and income tax provision on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and stock-based compensation expense

2. Product Revenue

To date, our only source of product revenue has been from the U.S. sales of XPOVIO. Net product revenue, including provisions primarily consisting of distribution fees and cash discounts, as well as reserves for chargebacks, rebates and returns, were as follows (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Gross product revenue	$	44,163		$	43,031		$	122,992		$	119,457
Provisions for product revenue		(12,131	)		(13,515	)		(40,225	)		(35,903	)
Total product revenue, net	$	32,032		$	29,516		$	82,767		$	83,554

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, net product revenue of $26.5 million and $27.8 million, respectively, were included in accounts receivable. To date, we have had no bad debt write-offs and we do not currently have credit issues with any customers. There were no credit losses associated with accounts receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

3. Inventory

The following table presents our inventory (in thousands), all of which was related to XPOVIO:


	As of September 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Raw materials	$	630	$	720
Work in process		2,903		3,542
Finished goods		433		477
Total inventory	$	3,966	$	4,739

4. License Agreements

In prior periods, we entered into license agreements with Berlin-Chemie AG, an affiliate of the Menarini Group (“Menarini”), and Antengene Therapeutics Limited (“Antengene”), both of which are accounted for within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. For further details on the terms and accounting treatment considerations for these contracts, please refer to Note 5, “License and Asset Purchase Agreements,” to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of our Annual Report.

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The following table presents information about our license and other revenue (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Menarini	$	11,142	$	8,753	$	26,960	$	27,232
Antengene		670		273		1,811		1,272
Other		200		241		450		2,637
Total license and other revenue	$	12,012	$	9,267	$	29,221	$	31,141

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized $8.2 million of milestone revenue, $1.5 million of revenue for the reimbursement of development-related expenses and $1.0 million of royalty revenue from Menarini. We also recognized $0.5 million of royalty revenue from Antengene and $0.2 million of other revenue.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $6.0 million of milestone revenue, $2.0 million of revenue for the reimbursement of development-related expenses, $0.5 million of royalty revenue from Menarini, and $0.2 million of other revenue.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized $15.0 million of revenue for the reimbursement of development-related expenses, $8.2 million of milestone revenue, and $2.9 million of royalty revenue from Menarini. We also recognized $1.6 million of royalty revenue from Antengene and $0.5 million of other revenue.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $15.0 million of revenue for the reimbursement of development-related expenses, $10.0 million of milestone revenue, $1.6 million of royalty revenue, and $0.6 million of other revenue from Menarini. We also recognized $1.2 million of royalty revenue from Antengene and $2.0 million of other milestone-related revenue.

License and other revenue of $5.3 million and $2.9 million were included in accounts receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

5. Fair Value Measurements

Financial instruments, including cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, other current assets, other assets, restricted cash, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, are presented at amounts that approximate fair value as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We disclose information on all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used in determining the reported fair values. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes valuation inputs based on the observable nature of those inputs. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value and is not a measure of credit quality. The hierarchy defines three levels of valuation inputs:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability

Items classified as Level 2 consist of corporate debt securities, commercial paper and U.S. government and agency securities. We estimate the fair value of these marketable securities by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing sources. These pricing sources utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include market pricing based on real-time trade data for the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark yields, and other observable inputs. We validate the prices provided by our third-party pricing sources by understanding the models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources and analyzing pricing data in certain instances.

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The following tables present information about our financial assets that have been measured at fair value and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2025		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	21,822	$	21,822	$	—	$	—
U.S. government and agency securities		5,313		—		5,313		—
Investments:
Corporate debt securities		8,205		—		8,205		—
	$	35,340	$	21,822	$	13,518	$	—


	As of December 31, 2024		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	46,990	$	46,990	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		5,072		—		5,072		—
Investments:
Corporate debt securities		39,091		—		39,091		—
Commercial paper		3,166		—		3,166		—
U.S. government and agency securities		3,979		—		3,979		—
	$	98,298	$	46,990	$	51,308	$	—

In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, the related assets or liabilities are classified as Level 3. The following liabilities are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized as a component of other (expense) income, net on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations” to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of these liabilities:

(1)

The embedded derivative liabilities (the “2029 Notes Derivatives”) associated with the 2029 Notes are included as a component of the 2029 Notes on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The valuation method for the 2029 Notes Derivatives incorporates certain unobservable Level 3 key inputs including: (i) the volatility of our common stock price and (ii) our estimated credit spread.

(2)

The warrants to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock issued in May 2024 (the “May 2024 Warrants”) are classified as a long-term liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The valuation method for the May 2024 Warrants incorporates certain unobservable Level 3 key inputs including: (i) the volatility of our common stock price and (ii) an estimate of when the May 2024 Warrants will be exercised based on an option pricing model.

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the estimated fair value of these liabilities, which are all classified as Level 3 (in thousands):


	2029 Notes Derivatives			May 2024 Warrants
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	13,688		$	12,582
Change in fair value		(5,979	)		(4,617	)
Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	7,709		$	7,965

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6. Investments

The following tables summarize our investments, which are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2025
	Amortized Cost		Total Unrealized Gains		Total Unrealized Losses		Aggregate Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	8,193	$	12	$	—	$	8,205


	As of December 31, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Total Unrealized Gains		Total Unrealized Losses			Aggregate Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	39,027	$	66	$	(2	)	$	39,091
Commercial paper		3,165		1		—			3,166
U.S. government and agency securities		3,978		1		—			3,979
Total	$	46,170	$	68	$	(2	)	$	46,236

We determine the appropriate classification of our investments at the time of purchase. All of our investments are reported as short-term as they are available for use during the normal cycle of business. We review any investment when its fair value is less than its amortized cost and when evidence indicates that the investment’s carrying amount is not recoverable within a reasonable period. We evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the investment is compared to its amortized cost basis. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheet, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that is not related to a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when we believe the uncollectability of an investment is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. We do not intend to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity. All of our investments mature within one year from September 30, 2025.

We did not hold any investments that were in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025. We held five investments that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024. The unrealized losses were caused by changes to interest rates and do not represent credit losses. The following table summarizes our investments in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024 for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment type and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2024
	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Longer				Total
	Aggregate Related Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Aggregate Related Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Aggregate Related Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate debt securities	$	4,456	$	(2	)	$	—	$	—	$	4,456	$	(2	)
Commercial paper		1,175		—			—		—		1,175		—
Total	$	5,631	$	(2	)	$	—	$	—	$	5,631	$	(2	)

7. Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share is calculated using the two-class method by dividing the net loss allocated to common shares by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per common share is calculated by adjusting net loss to remove the effects from potential dilutive common shares and dividing this adjusted amount by the weighted average number of common shares and potential dilutive common shares outstanding for the period. Potential dilutive common shares are not included if their effect is anti-dilutive.

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As discussed further in Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations”, we have the option to settle the conversion obligation for our 2025 Notes and 2029 Notes in cash, shares or any combination of the two. The 2029 Notes did not impact dilutive loss per common share during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 because they were anti-dilutive in these periods. The 2025 Notes did not impact dilutive loss per common share during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and for the three months ended September 30, 2024 because they were anti-dilutive in these periods. See the table below for the impact of the 2025 Notes on dilutive loss per common share during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

As discussed further in Note 11, “Common Share Warrants”, warrants to purchase up to 3.7 million shares of our common stock were outstanding as of September 30, 2025. These warrants are not included in the calculation of basic net loss per share because the warrant holders do not have an obligation to share in our losses. These warrants did not impact dilutive loss per common share during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 because they were anti-dilutive in these periods.

The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands except per share amounts):


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Net loss	$	(45,642	)
Add back interest expense on the 2025 Notes		2,518
Add back gain on extinguishment of debt		(44,702	)
Numerator for diluted net loss per common share (A)	$	(87,826	)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding		8,036
Dilutive effect of 2025 Notes calculated using the if-converted method		406
Denominator for diluted net loss per common share (B)		8,442
Diluted net loss per common share (= A / B)	$	(10.40	)

In addition to the financial instruments discussed above, the following other potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share due to their anti-dilutive effect under the treasury method (in thousands):


	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
Outstanding stock options		492		423
Unvested restricted stock units		688		861

8. Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense included in operating expenses (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cost of sales	$	31	$	61	$	113	$	177
Research and development		967		1,062		3,064		3,775
Selling, general and administrative		1,805		3,059		6,970		10,610
Total	$	2,803	$	4,182	$	10,147	$	14,562

Our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2022 Plan”), provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards and other stock-based awards. On May 28, 2025, our stockholders approved an amendment to the 2022 Plan to increase the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan by 450,000 shares.

9. Stockholders’ Equity

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Under the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement, Jefferies may sell the Shares by methods deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). We may sell the Shares in amounts and at times to be determined by us from time to time subject to the terms and conditions of the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement, but we have no obligation to sell any of the Shares in the 2023 Open Market Offering.

We or Jefferies may suspend or terminate the offering of Shares upon notice to the other party and subject to other conditions. We have agreed to pay Jefferies commissions for its services in acting as agent in the sale of the Shares in the amount of up to 3.00% of gross proceeds from the sale of the Shares pursuant to the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement. We have also agreed to provide Jefferies with customary indemnification and contribution rights.

We did not sell any Shares under the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. As of September 30, 2025, $100.0 million of Shares were available for issuance and sale under the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement.

On January 30, 2025, our stockholders approved an amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to increase the number of authorized shares of our capital stock from 405,000,000 shares to 805,000,000 shares and the number of authorized shares of our common stock from 400,000,000 shares to 800,000,000 shares. In addition, on January 30, 2025, our stockholders approved an amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to effect a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock within a range of not less than 1-for-5 and not greater 1-for-15, and a proportionate reduction in the number of authorized shares of common stock, with the exact ratio within such range and the implementation and timing of such reverse stock split subsequently determined at the sole discretion of our board of directors, without further approval or authorization of our stockholders.

On February 25, 2025, we effected a 1-for-15 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock. The Reverse Stock Split proportionally reduced the number of authorized shares of our common stock from 800,000,000 shares to 53,333,333 shares. The Reverse Stock Split did not change the par value of our common stock. In addition, proportionate adjustments were made to the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under our equity incentive plans; the number of shares underlying, and the exercise prices of, outstanding equity awards under such plans and outstanding warrants; and the conversion rates of outstanding convertible notes.

10. Long-Term Obligations

2025 Notes

In October 2018, we issued $172.5 million aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act. In connection with the issuance of the 2025 Notes, we incurred $5.6 million of debt issuance costs, which were amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over seven years. In May 2024, we exchanged $148.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2025 Notes for (i) $111.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes and (ii) the May 2024 Warrants to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock. The 2029 Notes and the May 2024 Warrants are described in more detail below. $24.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes remained outstanding following completion of the May 2024 exchange transactions and such amount was outstanding as of September 30, 2025.

The 2025 Notes are senior unsecured obligations and bear interest at a rate of 3.00% per year payable semiannually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year. Upon conversion, the 2025 Notes will be converted into cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. The 2025 Notes are subject to redemption at our option, in whole or in part, if the conditions described below are satisfied. Holders may require us to repurchase their 2025 Notes following a fundamental change (as defined within the indenture governing the 2025 Notes) at a cash repurchase price generally equal to the principal amount of the 2025 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The 2025 Notes will mature on October 15, 2025, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms. Following July 15, 2025 and at any time prior to the close of business on October 13, 2025, holders may convert the 2025 Notes at an initial conversion rate of 4.2049 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2025 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $237.82 per share of common stock) in multiples of $1,000 principal amount. None of the 2025 Notes were converted as of September 30, 2025.

We may redeem for cash all or part of the 2025 Notes at our option if the last reported sale price of our common stock equals or exceeds 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending within five trading days prior to the date on which we send any notice of redemption. The redemption price will be 100% of the principal amount of the 2025 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, calling any convertible note for redemption will constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to that convertible

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note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that convertible note, if it is converted in connection with the redemption, will be increased in certain circumstances. We did not redeem any of the 2025 Notes as of September 30, 2025.

The outstanding balances of the 2025 Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2025			As of December 31, 2024
Principal	$	24,500		$	24,500
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs		(4	)		(74	)
2025 Notes	$	24,496		$	24,426

We determined the expected life of the 2025 Notes was equal to its seven-year term and the effective interest rate was 3.53%. As of September 30, 2025, the “if-converted value” did not exceed the remaining principal amount of the 2025 Notes. The fair value of the 2025 Notes is influenced by market interest rates, our stock price and stock price volatility, and has been classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy as it uses quoted prices in active markets. The estimated fair value of the 2025 Notes as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was approximately $22.7 million and $19.1 million, respectively.

The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2025 Notes (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Contractual interest expense	$	184	$	184	$	552	$	2,170
Amortization of debt issuance costs		12		33		70		348
Total interest expense	$	196	$	217	$	622	$	2,518

Future minimum payments on the 2025 Notes as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):


	Future Minimum Payments
Minimum payments due in 2025	$	24,868
Less: interest expense and unamortized debt issuance costs		(372	)
2025 Notes	$	24,496

Senior Secured Term Loan

On May 8, 2024, we entered into a credit and guaranty agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with certain holders of the 2025 Notes and certain entities managed by HealthCare Royalty Management, LLC (“HCRx”), which was subsequently assigned by HCRx to an affiliate of KKR & Co. Inc. (“KKR”) in connection with its acquisition of a majority ownership stake in HCRx in July 2025. The Credit Agreement provides for a senior secured term loan facility of $100.0 million (the “Term Loan”), which matures in May 2028 and bears interest at a variable rate equal to the applicable secured overnight financing rate plus 9.25%, subject to a floor of 3.00%. Principal payments under the Term Loan will begin in June 2026, and consist of quarterly cash payments in the amount of 6.25% of the aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan, with the remaining principal due when the Term Loan matures in May 2028.

We can prepay the Term Loan at any time. All repayments, including prepayments, are subject to a redemption fee of 3.00% of the principal paid. Prepayments made before May 8, 2027 are subject to a prepayment premium ranging from 3.00% to 5.00% of the principal prepaid. In addition, we are required to repay the Term Loan with proceeds from certain asset sales and condemnation events, subject, in some cases, to reinvestment rights.

All obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured on a first priority basis, subject to certain exceptions, by substantially all of our assets. The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants, including a requirement to maintain cash, cash equivalents and investments of at least $25.0 million at all times (the “Minimum Liquidity Covenant Amount”), and restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, fundamental changes, asset sales, licensing transactions, dividends, modifications to material agreements, payment of subordinated indebtedness, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. Specifically, we are prohibited from exclusively licensing, selling or otherwise disposing of U.S. rights to oncology indications of selinexor. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with these covenants. If certain events of default occur, the Term Loan may be due and payable immediately. These events include the withdrawal of approval of certain indications of selinexor, payment defaults, covenant defaults, bankruptcy, cross-defaults to certain other agreements, change in control and lien priority.

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The outstanding balance of the Term Loan consisted of the following (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2025			As of December 31, 2024
Principal	$	100,000		$	100,000
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs		(3,605	)		(5,397	)
Term Loan	$	96,395		$	94,603

We determined the expected life of the Term Loan was equal to its four-year term and the effective interest rate is 16.80%. The carrying value of the Term Loan approximates its fair value due to the variable interest rate. In connection with the issuance of the Term Loan, we incurred $6.8 million of debt issuance costs, which are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over four years.

The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the Term Loan (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Contractual interest expense	$	3,461	$	3,686	$	10,281	$	5,872
Amortization of debt issuance costs		579		592		1,792		867
Total interest expense	$	4,040	$	4,278	$	12,073	$	6,739

Future minimum payments on the Term Loan as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):


Years ended December 31,	Future Minimum Payments
2025	$	6,848
2026		32,223
2027		35,486
2028		60,547
Total minimum payments		135,104
Less: interest expense and unamortized debt issuance costs		(38,709	)
Term Loan	$	96,395

2029 Notes

On May 13, 2024, pursuant to privately-negotiated agreements with certain holders of the 2025 Notes, we exchanged $148.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2025 Notes for (i) $111.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes and (ii) May 2024 Warrants to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock.

On May 13, 2024, we also issued $5.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes to HCRx in exchange for a $5.0 million reduction in our deferred royalty obligation. The 2029 Notes are second-lien secured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 6.00% per year payable quarterly in arrears beginning on June 30, 2024. The 2029 Notes will mature on May 13, 2029, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.

The 2029 Notes will be convertible into shares of our common stock at an initial conversion rate of 29.6296 shares per $1,000 principal amount (the “Conversion Option”), which is equivalent to a conversion price of $33.75 per share of common stock and subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events and customary anti-dilution adjustments. Upon conversion of the 2029 Notes, we will deliver shares of our common stock plus cash in lieu of any fractional shares to the holders of the 2029 Notes. Holders of the 2029 Notes may convert their 2029 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on May 13, 2029.

On or after May 13, 2026, we may redeem for cash all or a portion of the 2029 Notes if the last reported sale price of our common stock equals or exceeds 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period (the “Redemption Option”). The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the 2029 Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest as of the redemption date. The redemption price will also include an amount equal to the aggregate value of all remaining interest payments on the 2029 Notes to be redeemed from the redemption date through maturity, which is payable in cash or, under certain circumstances and if we so elect, in shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and our common stock. Any shares of our common stock used to pay this amount will be valued based on their market price at the

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time of the redemption. In some cases, we will be required to make an offer to repurchase the 2029 Notes at a 101% premium with proceeds from certain asset sales, subject, in some cases, to reinvestment rights.

If certain corporate events occur prior to the maturity date, a holder that elects to convert their 2029 Notes may be entitled to receive a payment from us, in cash or, under certain circumstances and if we so elect, in shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and our common stock, based on an increase in the conversion rate in connection with such corporate event. In addition, if we undergo certain fundamental changes, holders may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2029 Notes at a price equal to the principal amount of the 2029 Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest as of the repurchase date.

No holder will be entitled to receive shares of our common stock in connection with the 2029 Notes if such receipt would cause the holder (together with its affiliates) to own more than 4.99% (subject to increase or decrease at the election of the holder, but in no event to exceed 19.99%) of the number of shares of the common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such event. In addition, a holder may elect to receive pre-funded warrants with respect to any shares of common stock that would otherwise be issuable in connection with the 2029 Notes but for the foregoing ownership limitations. These pre-funded warrants will have an exercise price of $0.0001 per share and will not expire. As of September 30, 2025, no pre-funded warrants have been issued.

All obligations under the 2029 Notes are secured on a second priority basis by the same collateral that secures the obligations under the Term Loan. The 2029 Notes contain covenants and events of default that are generally consistent with the Term Loan. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with these covenants.

We accounted for the exchange of the 2025 Notes for the 2029 Notes and May 2024 Warrants as a debt extinguishment because the terms of the 2029 Notes are substantially different from the terms of the 2025 Notes and recognized a $44.7 million gain on extinguishment of debt during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As required by extinguishment accounting, the 2029 Notes received by the holders of the 2025 Notes were recorded at their initial fair value of $78.9 million as of May 8, 2024, which was estimated using a risk-neutral convertible bond model implemented using a binomial lattice which incorporates certain unobservable Level 3 key inputs including: (i) the volatility of our common stock price and (ii) our estimated credit spread. The $32.1 million difference between the initial fair value of $78.9 million and the principal amount of $111.0 million is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2029 Notes using the effective interest method over five years.

We have determined that the Conversion Option and Redemption Option are embedded derivatives that require bifurcation from the debt instrument and fair value recognition. These derivatives are referred to as the 2029 Notes Derivatives in Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements” to our condensed consolidated financial statements. The 2029 Notes Derivatives were bifurcated at their initial fair value of $28.9 million.

The following is a summary of the debt issuance costs and discounts being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2029 Notes using the effective interest method, resulting in an effective interest rate of 26.93% (in thousands):


	Amount
Initial fair value adjustment	$	32,111
Debt issuance costs		4,981
Bifurcation of 2029 Notes Derivatives		28,877
Debt issuance costs and discounts related to the 2029 Notes	$	65,969

The outstanding balance of the 2029 Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2025			As of December 31, 2024
Principal	$	116,000		$	116,000
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts		(55,107	)		(61,343	)
Plus: fair value of 2029 Notes Derivatives		7,709			13,688
2029 Notes	$	68,602		$	68,345

We determined the expected life of the 2029 Notes was equal to its five-year term. As of September 30, 2025, the “if-converted value” did not exceed the remaining principal amount of the 2029 Notes. The fair value of the 2029 Notes is influenced by market interest rates, our stock price and stock price volatility, and has been classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy as it uses unobservable inputs. The estimated fair value of the 2029 Notes as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was approximately $81.7 million.

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The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2029 Notes (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Contractual interest expense	$	1,740	$	1,740	$	5,220	$	2,668
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts		2,217		1,782		6,239		2,797
Total interest expense	$	3,957	$	3,522	$	11,459	$	5,465

Future minimum payments on the 2029 Notes as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):


Years ended December 31,	Future Minimum Payments
2025	$	3,480
2026		6,960
2027		6,960
2028		6,960
2029		118,552
Total minimum payments		142,912
Less: interest expense and unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts		(82,019	)
Plus: fair value of 2029 Notes Derivatives		7,709
2029 Notes	$	68,602

Deferred Royalty Obligation

In September 2019, we entered into a Revenue Interest Financing Agreement (the “Revenue Interest Agreement”) with HCRx which was subsequently amended in June 2021, August 2023, May 2024, and August 2025, and which was subsequently assigned by HCRx to KKR in connection with its acquisition of a majority ownership stake in HCRx in July 2025 (as amended, the “Amended Revenue Interest Agreement”) under which we have received a total of $135.0 million, less certain transaction expenses. In exchange for this amount, KKR (as successor in interest to HCRx) receives payments from us at a percentage (the “Royalty Rate”) of net revenues of selinexor and any of our other future products, including worldwide net product sales and upfront payments, milestones, and royalties. Total aggregate payments to HCRx and KKR under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement are capped at $263.3 million (the “Payment Cap”).

In May 2024, we entered into an amendment (the “HCRx Amendment”) to the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement with HCRx, pursuant to which we:

(1)

made a cash payment to HCRx in the amount of $49.5 million;

(2)

delivered to HCRx a Term Loan note with a principal amount of $15.0 million; and

(3)

delivered to HCRx 2029 Notes with a principal amount of $5.0 million.

As the repayment of the funded amount is contingent upon worldwide net product sales and upfront payments, milestones, and royalties, the repayment term may be shortened or extended depending on actual worldwide net product sales and upfront payments, milestones, and royalties. The repayment period expires on the earlier of (i) the date on which HCRx and KKR have received cash payments in the aggregate totaling $263.3 million or (ii) the legal maturity date of October 1, 2031. If HCRx and KKR have not received total payments in the aggregate equal to $263.3 million by October 1, 2031, we will be required to pay an amount equal to $135.0 million plus a specific annual rate of return less aggregate payments previously paid to HCRx and KKR.

In the event of a change of control, an event of default, including, among others, our failure to pay any amounts due to KKR, insolvency, our failure to pay indebtedness when due, the revocation of regulatory approval of XPOVIO in the U.S. or our breach of any covenant contained in the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement and our failure to cure the breach within the prescribed time frame, we are obligated to pay KKR an amount equal to $263.3 million less aggregate payments previously paid to HCRx and KKR.

After giving effect to the above, as of May 2024, we had made aggregate payments under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement totaling $135.0 million and the maximum remaining amount we owed to KKR, as successor in interest to HCRx, was $128.3 million. After May 2024, we are obligated to make quarterly payments in the amount of a fixed percentage of our net product

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revenues, upfront payments, milestones, and royalties earned in the applicable quarter, subject to the provisions in the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement described earlier in this footnote.

The HCRx Amendment also subordinates the indebtedness and liens under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement to the indebtedness and liens under the Term Loan, and, subject to certain exceptions, makes the indebtedness and liens under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement pari passu with the indebtedness and liens under the 2029 Notes. In addition, the HCRx Amendment reduces the exercise price of 16,667 warrants to purchase shares of common stock issued to HCRx on August 1, 2023 from $33.75 per share to $16.50 per share.

We have evaluated the terms of the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement and concluded that its features are similar to those of a debt instrument. Accordingly, we have accounted for the transaction as long-term debt and presented it as a deferred royalty obligation on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2025, we have made $147.1 million in payments to HCRx. The effective interest rate as of September 30, 2025 was approximately 16%. We have incurred debt issuance costs totaling $1.7 million which have been netted against the debt and are being amortized over the estimated term of the debt using the effective interest method, adjusted on a prospective basis for changes in the underlying assumptions and inputs.

The carrying value of the deferred royalty obligation as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $73.5 million, which includes the carrying amount of the debt and unamortized debt issuance costs. The carrying value of the deferred royalty obligation approximated fair value as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and was based on our estimates of future payments to HCRx and KKR over the life of the arrangement, which are considered Level 3 inputs.

11. Common Share Warrants

Equity Classified Common Share Warrants

On December 5, 2022, we issued to certain institutional investors, in a private placement offering of securities, warrants to purchase up to 635,703 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $95.37 per share. The warrants are exercisable through December 7, 2027. As of September 30, 2025, all of these warrants were outstanding.

On August 1, 2023, in connection with the Second Amendment to the Revenue Interest Agreement dated as of August 1, 2023, we issued warrants to HCRx to purchase up to 16,667 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $33.75 per share. In May 2024, the exercise price was reduced to $16.50 per share in connection with the HCRx Amendment. The warrants are exercisable through August 1, 2030. As of September 30, 2025, all of these warrants were outstanding.

Liability Classified Common Share Warrants

In connection with the exchange of the 2025 Notes for the 2029 Notes described in further detail in Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations”, we issued the May 2024 Warrants to certain 2025 Note holders to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $16.50 per share, subject to customary antidilution adjustments. The May 2024 Warrants are exercisable through May 13, 2029. If the closing price of our common stock exceeds two times the then current exercise price of the warrants, which is currently equal to $33.00, for 20 trading days during any 30 consecutive trading day period, we can require the holder to exercise the May 2024 Warrants. As of September 30, 2025, the May 2024 Warrants to purchase 3.1 million shares of our common stock were outstanding. Under the terms of the May 2024 Warrants, a holder cannot receive shares of our common stock if such receipt would cause the holder (together with its affiliates) to own more than 4.99% (subject to increase or decrease at the election of the holder, but in no event to exceed 19.99%) of our common stock outstanding on the date of receipt. In addition, a holder may elect to receive pre-funded warrants with respect to any common stock that would otherwise be issuable but for the foregoing ownership limitations. These pre-funded warrants will have an exercise price of $0.0001 per share and will not expire. As of September 30, 2025, no pre-funded warrants have been issued.

The May 2024 Warrants were classified as a long-term liability in our condensed consolidated balance sheets because they did not meet the criteria for equity classification and are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period as further described in Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements.”

12. Subsequent Event

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reduction of $15.0 million in our minimum liquidity covenant; (iv) an exchange of $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes for shares of common stock; (v) an exchange of $24.3 million aggregate principal amount of our 2025 Notes for shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock; and (vi) a private placement of shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $8.8 million.

Following consummation of the Financing Transactions, we had $112.5 million outstanding under our Amended Term Loan, as defined below, with a maturity date in May 2028, $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2028 Notes, as defined below, $103.5 million aggregate principal amount of New 2029 Notes, as defined below, and $116.2 million of maximum remaining payments payable under our Amended Revenue Interest Agreement.

2025 Notes

In October 2025, we exchanged $24.3 million aggregate principal amount of 2025 Notes for (i) 2,435,146 shares of common stock; (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,404,087 shares of common stock; and (iii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,502,151 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $6.64 per share and an expiration date of October 10, 2030. See “Common Shares and Common Share Warrants” below for further discussion of these warrants. Following this transaction, approximately $0.3 million of the 2025 Notes were outstanding, which were settled in cash on the October 15, 2025 maturity date.

Senior Secured Term Loan

In October 2025, we entered into the First Amendment and Waiver to Credit and Guaranty Agreement with the lenders party
thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as administrative agent for the lenders and collateral agent (the “Amended Credit Agreement”), which provides for a senior secured term loan facility of $112.5 million (the “Amended Term Loan”), resulting in the following modifications to the Term Loan:

(1)

We borrowed an additional $12.5 million under the Amended Term Loan and received net cash proceeds of $12.3 million.

(2)

From October 10, 2025 to October 10, 2026, the Minimum Liquidity Covenant Amount (as defined in the Amended
Credit Agreement) will be the lesser of: (x) the sum of $10.0 million plus 50% of the net cash proceeds of any issuance of indebtedness for borrowed money or capital stock of the Company that occurs after October 10, 2025, and (y) $25.0 million. After October 10, 2026, the Minimum Liquidity Covenant Amount will be $25.0 million.

(3)

The interest rate on the Amended Term Loan will be the applicable secured overnight financing rate plus 10.25%, subject to a floor of 3.00%, for all interest incurred after June 30, 2025.

(4)

Interest on all borrowings under the Amended Term Loan incurred from July 1, 2025 to March 31, 2026 will be paid in-kind. Interest incurred after March 31, 2026 will be paid in cash on the applicable payment date.

(5)

An obligation to appoint a candidate selected by the lenders under the Amended Term Loan to serve as a non-voting observer to our board of directors.

2029 Notes

On October 7, 2025, we entered into privately negotiated agreements with the holders of the 2029 Notes to exchange $101.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes for $103.5 million aggregate principal amount of newly issued 9.00% convertible senior notes due 2029 (the “New 2029 Notes”). The significant differences between the terms of the 2029 Notes and the New 2029 Notes are as follows:

(1)

Interest on the New 2029 Notes incurred through March 31, 2026 will be payable in-kind. Interest incurred after March 31, 2026 will be payable in cash on the applicable payment date.

(2)

The New 2029 Notes will be convertible by the holders into shares of our common stock at an initial conversion rate of 44.444 shares per $1,000 principal amount (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $22.50 per share). Holders of the
New 2029 Notes may convert their New 2029 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on May 11, 2029.

(3)

The Minimum Liquidity Covenant Amount in the indenture governing the New 2029 Notes provides the same Minimum Liquidity Covenant Amount as under the Term Loan described above.

In addition, in October 2025, we exchanged $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes for: (i) 2,024,344 shares of common stock and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 552,164 shares of common stock.

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2028 Notes

On October 7, 2025, we issued $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of new 9.00% senior secured convertible notes maturing on October 15, 2028 (the “2028 Notes”) to certain holders of the 2029 Notes in exchange for cash proceeds of $15.0 million. The 2028 Notes will be senior secured second-lien obligations and bear interest at a rate of 9.00% per year payable quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 of each year, beginning on December 31, 2025. Interest incurred through March 31, 2026 will be paid in kind. Interest incurred after March 31, 2026 will be paid in cash on the applicable payment date. The 2028 Notes will be convertible by the holders into shares of our common stock at an initial conversion rate of 150.6024 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2028 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $6.64 per share of common stock). Holders of the 2028 Notes may convert their 2028 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on October 13, 2028. All other terms of the 2028 Notes are consistent with the corresponding terms of the New 2029 Notes.

Deferred Royalty Obligation

On October 7, 2025, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement pursuant to which:

(1)

KKR waived our obligation to pay royalties on revenue recognized between April 1, 2025 and March 31, 2026.

(2)

The Royalty Rate will increase to 8.00% beginning on April 1, 2026.

(3)

The Payment Cap will remain at $263.3 million.

Common Shares and Common Share Warrants

In October 2025, we issued an aggregate of (i) 1,487,917 shares of common stock at a price of $5.88 per share and (ii) accompanying warrants (the “Placement Warrants”) to purchase 1,317,771 shares of common stock to certain institutional investors in a private placement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $8.8 million. The Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $6.64 per share, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, and will be exercisable until the date that is the first to occur of (i) thirty (30) days following the public announcement by the Company of the top-line results from the Phase 3 XPORT-EC-042 clinical trial of selinexor in patients with endometrial cancer or (ii) October 10, 2028.

In October 2025, we issued a total of 5,736,065 shares of common stock to certain holders of our long-term obligations described in Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations” and to a financial advisor, of which: (i) 2,435,146 shares were issued to partially settle the 2025 Notes as described above; (ii) 2,024,344 shares were issued to partially settle the 2029 Notes as described above; and (iii) 1,276,575 shares were issued to pay various fees incurred in connection with the debt modifications that occurred in October 2025 as described above.

In October 2025, we issued warrants (the “Financing Warrants”) to purchase of 4,600,587 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.64 per share, subject to customary antidilution adjustments, to certain holders of our long-term obligations described in Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations” and to our financial advisor, of which: (i) 2,502,151 Financing Warrants were issued to partially settle the 2025 Notes as described above and (ii) 2,098,436 Financing Warrants were issued to pay various fees incurred in connection with the debt modifications that occurred in October 2025 as described above. The Financing Warrants are exercisable through October 10, 2030.

On October 10, 2025, the exercise price of the May 2024 Warrants was reduced from $16.50 per share to $6.64 per share. As of October 30, 2025, we had 8,986,775 warrants outstanding with an exercise price of $6.64 per share, 635,703 warrants outstanding with an exercise price of $95.37 per share and 1,789,241 pre-funded warrants outstanding.

We may not effect the exercise of any warrant, and a holder will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any warrant, which, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the holder (together with its affiliates) to own more than 4.99% or 9.99% (subject to increase or decrease at the election of the holder, but in no event to exceed 19.99%) of our common stock outstanding on the date of receipt. In addition, a holder may elect to receive pre-funded warrants with respect to any common stock that would otherwise be issuable but for the foregoing ownership limitations. These pre-funded warrants will have an exercise price of $0.0001 per share and will not expire.

In October 2025, we issued warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase of 2,913,136 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share to certain holders of our long-term obligations described in Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations”, of which: (i) 1,404,087 Pre-Funded Warrants were issued to partially settle the 2025 Notes as described above; (ii) 552,164 Pre-Funded Warrants were issued to partially settle the 2029 Notes as described above; and (iii) 956,885 Pre-Funded Warrants were issued to pay various fees incurred in connection with the debt modifications that occurred in October 2025 as described above. We may not effect the exercise of any Pre-Funded Warrants, and a holder will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any Pre-Funded Warrant, which,

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upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the holder (together with its affiliates) to own more than 4.99% (subject to increase or decrease at the election of the holder, but in no event to exceed 19.99%) of our common stock outstanding on the date of receipt. After October 10, 2025, holders of Pre-Funded Warrants exercised Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,123,895 shares of common stock in cashless exercises, pursuant to which we issued an aggregate of 1,123,874 shares of common stock.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is meant to provide material information relevant to an assessment of the financial condition and results of operations of our company, including an evaluation of the amounts and uncertainties of cash flows from operations and from outside resources, so as to allow investors to better view our company from management’s perspective. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report and the audited financial information and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 19, 2025 (“Annual Report”). Unless otherwise indicated, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, all share amounts and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect a 1-for-15 reverse split of our common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”).

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, contains forward-looking statements regarding the expectations of Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., herein referred to as “Karyopharm,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our,” with respect to the possible achievement of discovery and development milestones, our future discovery and development efforts, including regulatory submissions and approvals, our commercialization efforts, our partnerships and collaborations with third parties, our future operating results and financial position, our ability to continue as a going concern, our business strategy, and other objectives for future operations. We often use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and other words and terms of similar meaning to help identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. You also can identify these forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. There are a number of important risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part II, Item 1A - Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. As a result of these and other factors, we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, expectations or results disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

References to XPOVIO® (selinexor) also refer to NEXPOVIO® (selinexor) when discussing its approval and commercialization in certain countries or territories outside of the U.S.

OVERVIEW

We are a commercial-stage pharmaceutical company pioneering novel cancer therapies and dedicated to the discovery, development and commercialization of first-in-class drugs directed against nuclear export for the treatment of cancer. Our scientific expertise is based upon an understanding of the regulation of intracellular communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We have discovered and are developing and commercializing novel, small molecule Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (“SINE”) compounds that inhibit the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (“XPO1”). These SINE compounds represent a new class of drug candidates with a novel mechanism of action that have the potential to treat a variety of diseases with high unmet medical need. Our lead asset, XPOVIO® (selinexor), was the first oral XPO1 inhibitor to receive marketing approval, receiving its initial U.S. approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in July 2019, and is currently approved and marketed in the U.S. for the following indications:

•

In combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy. Approval in this indication was based on the results from the BOSTON (Bortezomib, Selinexor and Dexamethasone) trial;

•

In combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior therapies and whose disease is refractory to at least two proteasome inhibitors, at least two immunomodulatory agents, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Approval in this indication was based on the results from the STORM (Selinexor Treatment of Refractory Myeloma) trial; and

•

For the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (“DLBCL”), not otherwise specified, including DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma, after at least two lines of systemic therapy. This indication was approved under accelerated approval based on response rate and was based on the results from the SADAL (Selinexor Against Diffuse Aggressive Lymphoma) trial. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.

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The commercialization of XPOVIO in the U.S. is currently supported by sales representatives, nurse liaisons, and a market access team, as well as KaryForward®, an extensive patient and healthcare provider support program. Our commercial efforts are also supplemented by patient support initiatives coordinated by our dedicated network of participating specialty pharmacy providers. We plan to continue to educate physicians, other healthcare providers and patients about XPOVIO’s clinical profile and unique mechanism of action as we continue to expand XPOVIO use.

The commercialization of XPOVIO and NEXPOVIO® (selinexor) (the brand name for selinexor in Europe and the United Kingdom) outside of the U.S. is managed by our partners in their respective territories. XPOVIO/NEXPOVIO has received regulatory approval in various indications in 50 countries outside of the U.S. and is commercially available in a growing number of countries as our partners continue to secure reimbursement approvals.

We completed enrollment in our ongoing Phase 3 SENTRY trial evaluating selinexor in combination with once or twice-daily ruxolitinib versus placebo plus ruxolitinib in JAKi-naive myelofibrosis patients in September 2025. We expect to report top-line data from the SENTRY trial in March 2026. We continue to enroll JAKi-naïve myelofibrosis patients with platelet counts above 50,000 in the selinexor 60 mg cohort of the Phase 2 SENTRY-2 trial. A recently amended protocol includes patients with platelet counts above 100,000. We expect to report top-line data from all patients in the 60 mg cohort with at least 24 weeks of follow-up in 2026.

We are continuing to enroll patients in the Phase 3 XPORT-EC-042 trial evaluating selinexor as a maintenance-only therapy following systemic therapy versus placebo in patients with TP53 wild-type advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. We expect to report top-line data from this event-driven trial in mid-2026.

Our primary focus is on marketing XPOVIO in its currently approved indications as well as developing and seeking the regulatory approval of selinexor as an oral agent targeting multiple high unmet need cancer indications, including our lead clinical programs in myelofibrosis and our other late-stage clinical programs in endometrial cancer and multiple myeloma. We plan to continue to conduct clinical trials and to seek additional approvals for the use of selinexor as a single agent or in combination with other oncology therapies to expand the patient populations that are eligible for treatment with selinexor. As announced in January 2024, further clinical development of our eltanexor program continues to remain on hold in an effort to focus our resources on our prioritized late-stage programs.

As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.7 billion. We had net losses of $93.8 million and $45.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Based on our current business plan and current capital resources, given the uncertainty regarding the availability of additional funding or other strategic alternatives, and considering our debt service obligations and the financial covenant to maintain minimum liquidity, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for a further discussion of our liquidity and the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

October 2025 Financing Transactions

On October 7, 2025, we entered into a series of transactions with our term loan lenders, holders of our outstanding convertible notes and other investors to provide financial flexibility, additional working capital and equitize maturing notes (collectively, the “Financing Transactions”). The Financing Transactions included the following key components: (i) $27.5 million in new term loan borrowings and new convertible debt; (ii) $25.4 million of near-term deferrals of interest and royalty payments; (iii) a temporary reduction of $15.0 million in our minimum liquidity covenant; (iv) an exchange of $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of our convertible notes due 2029 for shares of common stock; (v) an exchange of $24.3 million aggregate principal amount of our convertible notes due October 15, 2025 for shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock; and (vi) a private placement of shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $8.8 million.

Following consummation of the Financing Transactions, we had $112.5 million outstanding under our senior secured term loan with a maturity date in May 2028 (the “Amended Term Loan”), $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.00% senior secured convertible notes due October 2028, $103.5 million aggregate principal amount of 9.00% senior secured convertible notes due May 2029, and $116.2 million of maximum remaining payments payable under our revenue interest financing agreement.

Following consummation of the Financing Transactions, holders of pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock exercised pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,123,895 shares of common stock in cashless exercises, pursuant to which we issued an aggregate of 1,123,874 shares of common stock.

Please refer to Note 12 “Subsequent Event”, to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained within Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional details of the Financing Transactions.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

We believe that several accounting policies are important to understanding our historical and future performance. We refer to these policies as “critical” because these specific areas generally require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are uncertain at the time we make the estimate, and different estimates - which also would have been reasonable - could have been used, which would have resulted in different financial results. There have been no changes to the critical accounting estimates we identified in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table summarizes our results of operations (in thousands, except for percentages):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,												For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change			2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Product revenue, net	$	32,032		$	29,516		$	2,516			9	%	$	82,767		$	83,554		$	(787	)		(1	)%
License and other revenue		12,012			9,267			2,745			30	%		29,221			31,141			(1,920	)		(6	)%
Total revenue		44,044			38,783			5,261			14	%		111,988			114,695			(2,707	)		(2	)%
Operating expenses:
Cost of sales		2,113			1,300			813			63	%		4,465			4,676			(211	)		(5	)%
Research and development		30,544			36,134			(5,590	)		(15	)%		97,950			109,930			(11,980	)		(11	)%
Selling, general and administrative		26,607			27,632			(1,025	)		(4	)%		82,436			88,251			(5,815	)		(7	)%
Loss from operations		(15,220	)		(26,283	)		11,063			(42	)%		(72,863	)		(88,162	)		15,299			(17	)%
Other (expense) income, net		(17,873	)		(5,761	)		(12,112	)	>100%				(20,868	)		42,686			(63,554	)	(>100)%
Loss before income taxes		(33,093	)		(32,044	)		(1,049	)		3	%		(93,731	)		(45,476	)		(48,255	)	>100%
Income tax provision		(34	)		(28	)		(6	)		21	%		(110	)		(166	)		56			(34	)%
Net loss	$	(33,127	)	$	(32,072	)	$	(1,055	)		3	%	$	(93,841	)	$	(45,642	)	$	(48,199	)	>100%

Product Revenue, net (in thousands, except for percentages)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,									For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change		% Change			2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Product revenue, net	$	32,032	$	29,516	$	2,516		9	%	$	82,767	$	83,554	$	(787	)		(1	)%

To date, our only source of product revenue has been from the U.S. sales of XPOVIO. Net product revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $2.5 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by gross-to-net favorability, reflecting lower 340B discounts, partially offset by higher Medicare discount program charges and increased deductions associated with group purchasing organization arrangements.

Net product revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by $0.8 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, due to an increase in the gross-to-net provision largely due to the increase in the product return reserve and Medicare rebates, partially offset by gross-to-net favorability driven by lower 340B discounts in the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The product return reserve increased as a result of atypical returns in the first quarter of 2025, primarily driven by expired units returned from clinics and hospitals that had purchased these units following the 2020 approval of XPOVIO®.

We expect net product revenue in the fourth quarter of 2025 to be consistent with the third quarter of 2025 due to both consistent gross-to-net adjustments and demand.

License and Other Revenue (in thousands, except for percentages)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,										For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change			2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Menarini Group ("Menarini")	$	11,142	$	8,753	$	2,389			27	%	$	26,960	$	27,232	$	(272	)		(1	)%
Antengene Therapeutics Limited ("Antengene")		670		273		397		>100%				1,811		1,272		539			42	%
Other		200		241		(41	)		(17	)%		450		2,637		(2,187	)		(83	)%
Total license and other revenue	$	12,012	$	9,267	$	2,745			30	%	$	29,221	$	31,141	$	(1,920	)		(6	)%

License and other revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $2.7 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to increased milestone-related revenue.

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License and other revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by $1.9 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to decreased milestone-related revenue.

We expect license and other revenue to decrease in the fourth quarter of 2025 as compared to the third quarter of 2025, reflecting lower expected milestone revenue and the fact that the maximum reimbursement revenue from Menarini was fully recognized in the third quarter.

Operating Expenses (in thousands, except for percentages)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,										For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change			2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Cost of sales	$	2,113	$	1,300	$	813			63	%	$	4,465	$	4,676	$	(211	)		(5	)%
Research and development		30,544		36,134		(5,590	)		(15	)%		97,950		109,930		(11,980	)		(11	)%
Selling, general and administrative		26,607		27,632		(1,025	)		(4	)%		82,436		88,251		(5,815	)		(7	)%
Total operating expenses	$	59,264	$	65,066	$	(5,802	)		(9	)%	$	184,851	$	202,857	$	(18,006	)		(9	)%

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $0.8 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to an increase in charges to write-off inventory in excess of demand. Cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were relatively consistent. We expect cost of sales to remain relatively consistent in the fourth quarter of 2025 as compared to the third quarter of 2025.

Research and Development Expenses (in thousands, except for percentages)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,										For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change			2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Clinical trial and related costs:
Selinexor in myelofibrosis	$	8,990	$	6,757	$	2,233			33	%	$	28,576	$	22,225	$	6,351			29	%
Selinexor in endometrial cancer		4,513		3,344		1,169			35	%		12,844		11,511		1,333			12	%
Selinexor in multiple myeloma		1,460		6,357		(4,897	)		(77	)%		6,625		15,354		(8,729	)		(57	)%
Other programs		511		1,135		(624	)		(55	)%		1,567		2,403		(836	)		(35	)%
Non-program specific clinical trial and related costs		1,729		1,819		(90	)		(5	)%		4,670		5,701		(1,031	)		(18	)%
Total clinical trial and related costs		17,203		19,412		(2,209	)		(11	)%		54,282		57,194		(2,912	)		(5	)%
Unallocated costs:
Personnel		8,490		11,039		(2,549	)		(23	)%		28,615		34,492		(5,877	)		(17	)%
Consulting, professional and other		3,884		4,621		(737	)		(16	)%		11,989		14,469		(2,480	)		(17	)%
Stock-based compensation		967		1,062		(95	)		(9	)%		3,064		3,775		(711	)		(19	)%
Total unallocated costs		13,341		16,722		(3,381	)		(20	)%		43,668		52,736		(9,068	)		(17	)%
Total research and development expenses	$	30,544	$	36,134	$	(5,590	)		(15	)%	$	97,950	$	109,930	$	(11,980	)		(11	)%

At any one time, we have a number of ongoing clinical development programs that we are conducting independently or in collaboration with third parties. We track our external clinical trial and related costs on a program-by-program basis. Our major programs include our lead clinical programs in myelofibrosis and our other late-stage clinical programs in endometrial cancer and multiple myeloma. To the extent that external clinical trial and related costs are not attributable to a major program, they are included in “Other programs” and to the extent external clinical trial and related costs cannot be allocated to a specific program, they are included in “Non-program specific clinical trial and related costs.” We also have unallocated research and development costs, which

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we do not track on a program-by-program basis. These costs represent expenses incurred across multiple programs or to support our general research and development operations.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by $5.6 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a $4.9 million reduction in clinical trial and related costs for selinexor in multiple myeloma, reflecting the reduced scope of our Phase 3 multiple myeloma trial, and a $2.6 million reduction in personnel and stock-based compensation costs resulting from lower headcount and contractor utilization following previously implemented cost reduction initiatives. The decreases were partially offset by a $2.2 million increase in clinical trial and related costs for selinexor in myelofibrosis, which was driven by $2.6 million in costs associated with the purchase of comparator drug for use in the trial, partially offset by lower costs related to enrollment activities.

Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by $12.0 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to an $8.7 million reduction in clinical trial and related costs for selinexor in multiple myeloma, reflecting the reduced scope of our Phase 3 trial, and a $6.6 million reduction in personnel and stock-based compensation costs resulting from lower headcount and contractor utilization following the previously implemented cost reduction initiatives. These decreases were partially offset by a $6.4 million increase in clinical trial and related costs for selinexor in myelofibrosis, primarily due to increased trial activity and higher patient enrollment, as well as an increase of $2.3 million in costs associated with the purchase of comparator drug for use in the trial.

We expect research and development expenses to remain relatively consistent in the fourth quarter of 2025 compared to the third quarter of 2025, as we continue to invest in our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials in myelofibrosis and endometrial cancer.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (in thousands, except for percentages)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,										For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		$ Change			% Change			2025		2024		$ Change			% Change
Personnel costs	$	12,697	$	14,121	$	(1,424	)		(10	)%	$	41,163	$	44,619	$	(3,456	)		(8	)%
Consulting, professional and other costs		12,105		10,452		1,653			16	%		34,303		33,022		1,281			4	%
Stock-based compensation		1,805		3,059		(1,254	)		(41	)%		6,970		10,610		(3,640	)		(34	)%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	26,607	$	27,632	$	(1,025	)		(4	)%	$	82,436	$	88,251	$	(5,815	)		(7	)%

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by $1.0 million and $5.8 million, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in 2024. The decreases were primarily due to lower headcount and contractor utilization resulting from previously implemented cost reduction initiatives that were largely offset by an increase in professional fees incurred in connection with the Financing Transactions and other strategic initiatives of $2.7 million and $4.3 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.

We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to remain relatively consistent in the fourth quarter of 2025 as compared to the third quarter of 2025, reflecting the continued impact of our cost reduction initiatives, partially offset by fees incurred in connection with the Financing Transactions.

Other Income (Expense), net (in thousands, except for percentages)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,												For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change			2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Interest expense	$	(11,008	)	$	(11,385	)	$	377			(3	)%	$	(33,230	)	$	(26,218	)	$	(7,012	)		27	%
Interest income		553			1,832			(1,279	)		(70	)%		2,166			5,918			(3,752	)		(63	)%
Gain on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			—			—			44,702			(44,702	)		(100	)%
Other (expense) income		(7,418	)		3,792			(11,210	)	(>100)%				10,196			18,284			(8,088	)		(44	)%
Total other (expense) income, net	$	(17,873	)	$	(5,761	)	$	(12,112	)	>100%			$	(20,868	)	$	42,686		$	(63,554	)	(>100)%

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Total other (expense) income, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 by $12.1 million and $63.6 million, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in 2024. The increases were primarily due to the remeasurement of embedded derivatives and liability-classified common stock warrants, both of which are non-cash items. In addition, the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included a $44.7 million non-cash gain on extinguishment of debt. The increases were further impacted by higher interest expense associated with the senior secured term loan facility and 2029 Notes, both issued in May 2024, and decreased interest income resulting from reduced investment balances during the 2025 periods compared to 2024.

We expect total other (expense) income, net to remain relatively consistent in the fourth quarter of 2025 compared to the third quarter of 2025, excluding the impact of the Financing Transactions. However, future period results may continue to be affected by non-cash gains or losses from the remeasurement of embedded derivatives and liability-classified common stock warrants, which will vary depending on movements in our stock price and other market factors.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant operating losses in the foreseeable future. Based on our current business plan and current capital resources, given the uncertainty regarding the availability of additional funding or other strategic alternatives and considering our debt service obligations and the financial covenant to maintain minimum liquidity, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. We currently expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments as well as cash flows from net product revenue and license and other revenue, will enable us to fund our current operating plans into the second quarter of 2026. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Funding Requirements” below and Note 1 “Nature of Business, Basis of Presentation and Segment Information” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a further discussion of our liquidity and the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows (in thousands):


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			$ Change			% Change
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(63,541	)	$	(101,676	)	$	38,135			(38	)%
Net cash provided by investing activities		38,378			80,676			(42,298	)		(52	)%
Net cash provided by financing activities		356			40,966			(40,610	)		(99	)%
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		15			9			6			67	%
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(24,792	)	$	19,975		$	(44,767	)	(>100)%

Operating activities. The $38.1 million decrease in net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily driven by changes in working capital resulting primarily from decreased spend year-over-year as a result of the realization of previously implemented cost reduction initiatives.

Investing activities. The $42.3 million decrease in net cash provided by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was driven by a $99.8 million decrease in proceeds from the maturities of investments, partially offset by a $57.3 million decrease in purchases of investments.

Financing activities. The $40.6 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was driven primarily by activity during the nine months

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ended September 30, 2024 and consisted of $83.3 million of proceeds from the term loan, partially offset by a $40.5 million payment of our deferred royalty obligation and a $2.6 million payment of debt issuance costs.

Sources of Liquidity

On October 7, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors to which we issued and sold, in a private placement, an aggregate of (i) 1,487,917 shares of common stock at a price per share of $5.88 and (ii) accompanying warrants to purchase 1,317,771 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.64 per share. We received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $8.8 million.

On October 7, 2025, we entered into a note purchase agreement pursuant to which issued and sold, in a private placement, $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of new 9.00% senior secured convertible notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”) to certain holders of our existing 6.00% senior secured convertible notes due 2029. The 2028 Notes are senior secured second-lien obligations and bear interest at a rate of 9.00% per year payable quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 of each year, beginning on December 31, 2025. Interest will be paid in kind on December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026 with cash interest payments beginning on June 30, 2026. The 2028 Notes will mature on October 15, 2028, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms.

On September 14, 2019, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with certain entities managed by HCRx, which was subsequently amended on June 23, 2021, August 1, 2023, May 8, 2024, August 14, 2025, August 27, 2025 and October 7, 2025 and which was assigned in July 2025 by HCRx to KKR in connection with its acquisition of a majority ownership stake in HCRx (the “Revenue Interest Agreement” and, as amended, the “Amended Revenue Interest Agreement”), pursuant to which, HCRx paid us a total of $135.0 million, less certain transaction expenses. On October 7, 2025, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement pursuant to which (i) HCRx waived our obligation to pay royalties on revenue recognized between April 1, 2025 and March 31, 2026 and (ii) we agreed to increase the Applicable Tiered Percentage (as defined in the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement ) to 8.00% beginning on April 1, 2026. The total amount payable under the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement will remain capped at $263.3 million. For additional information, see Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations”, to the condensed consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

On May 8, 2024, we entered into a credit and guaranty agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with certain existing lenders and HCRx, which was subsequently assigned by HCRx to KKR in connection with its acquisition of a majority ownership stake in HCRx in July 2025, which provides for a senior secured term loan facility of $100.0 million (the “Term Loan”). On October 7, 2025, we entered into the First Amendment and Waiver to Credit and Guaranty Agreement with the lenders party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as administrative agent for the lenders and collateral agent (the “Amended Credit Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the lenders provided $12.5 million principal amount of additional loans (the “Amended Term Loan”). The amendments to the Credit Agreement include, among other things (i) reducing the financial covenant requiring us to maintain liquidity of at least $10.0 million, subject to increase in the event we issue indebtedness for borrowed money or issue capital stock, through October 10, 2026, after which we will be required to maintain liquidity of at least $25.0 million and (ii) increasing the interest rate on borrowings under the Amended Term Loan to the secured overnight financing rate plus 10.25% for interest payments occurring after June 30, 2025. Interest on borrowings under the Amended Term Loan incurred from July 1, 2025 to October 10, 2025 were paid in kind at closing. Interest on borrowings will be paid in kind on December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2026 and cash interest payments will begin on June 30, 2026. For additional information, see Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations”, to the condensed consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

On February 17, 2023, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the “2023 Open Market Sale Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC, as agent (“Jefferies”). Under the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement, we may issue and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million (the “Shares”) from time to time through Jefferies. We did not sell any Shares under the 2023 Open Market Sales Agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. As of September 30, 2025, $100.0 million of Shares was available for issuance and sale under the 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we received $8.2 million in milestone payments under our license and distribution agreements pursuant to which we are entitled to receive additional milestone payments, if certain development goals and sales milestones are achieved as well as royalties on future net sales of the licensed and sold products in the territories under such arrangements. In addition, under the license agreement we entered into with Menarini in December 2021 (the “Menarini Agreement”), Menarini is required to reimburse us for 25% of all documented expenses we incur for the global development of selinexor from 2022 through 2025, provided that such reimbursements shall not exceed $15.0 million per calendar year. We received $13.5 million of reimbursements under the Menarini Agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

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Commitments, Contingencies and Contractual Obligations

Operating Leases

We are party to an operating lease of office and research space in Newton, Massachusetts, which was amended in November 2024 and under which we currently lease a total of 98,502 square feet of research and office space through September 30, 2025, which will be reduced to 52,224 square feet of solely office space from October 1, 2025 through September 30, 2030.

Contractual Obligations

We currently have contractual obligations under our (i) Amended Credit Agreement; (ii) 2028 Notes; (iii) 2029 Notes; and (iv) Amended Revenue Interest Agreement as disclosed in Note 10, “Long-Term Obligations” and Note 12, “Subsequent Event”, to the condensed consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. See below under “Funding Requirements” for the amounts due under each of these contractual obligations.

Funding Requirements

We expect to continue to incur costs related to our clinical development programs as we continue to advance our lead clinical programs in myelofibrosis and our other late-stage clinical programs in endometrial cancer and multiple myeloma, as well as commercialization expenses related to sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution of our approved products, to the extent that these functions are not the responsibility of our collaborators.

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. In addition, our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval may not achieve commercial success. Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue. There can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of any such revenue, and we may not achieve profitability for several years, if at all, as described more fully in the risk factor entitled “We have incurred significant losses since inception, expect to continue to incur significant losses, and may never achieve or maintain profitability,” under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. We may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we are unable to raise capital or enter into strategic alternatives sufficient to meet our needs or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or commercialization efforts.

Based on our current business plan and current capital resources, given the uncertainty regarding the availability of additional funding or other strategic alternatives and considering our debt service obligations and the financial covenant to maintain minimum liquidity, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements are issued. See Note 1 “Nature of Business, Basis of Presentation and Segment Information” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included under Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a further discussion of the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

We currently expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments as well as cash flow from net product revenue and license and other revenue, will enable us to fund our current operating plans into the second quarter of 2026. We will require additional capital to complete the ongoing clinical development of selinexor, including the Phase 3 SENTRY trial beyond top-line results and the Phase 3 XPORT-EC-042 trial. We plan to address the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern by, among other things, obtaining additional funding through equity offerings, debt financings and refinancings, collaborations, strategic alliances and/or licensing arrangements. We expect to evaluate opportunities to raise additional funds from time to time, including though the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock under our 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement with Jefferies and in connection with the reporting of data from our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials. There is no assurance that such additional financing or strategic alternatives will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Our ability to successfully raise additional funds or execute on a strategic alternative is dependent on a number of factors. If we are not able to successfully consummate a financing transaction or strategic alternative, our Board may explore a sale of assets or the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Further, our indebtedness, as discussed under the risk factor titled “Our indebtedness could limit cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to satisfy our obligations under the Term Loan, the 2029 Notes, the 2025 Notes or the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement,” may be unattractive to potential sources of funding and strategic partners and may decrease our ability to consummate a financing transaction or enter into a strategic alternative. Additionally, the negotiation and consummation of a financing transaction or strategic alternative may be costly and time-consuming.

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Our future long-term capital requirements will depend on many factors, as described more fully in the risk factor entitled “We will need additional funding or to enter into strategic alternatives to achieve our business objectives. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital or to enter into strategic alternatives on acceptable terms to meet our needs, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs and/or commercialization efforts,” under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In addition to the expenses required to fund our operations described above, our current funding requirements, following the Financing Transactions that occurred in October 2025, also include the following:

•

Lease costs of our headquarters in Newton, Massachusetts of $9.7 million through September 30, 2030;

•

Future obligations related to the Amended Credit Agreement of $152.4 million through May 2028 in addition to the financial covenant to maintain minimum liquidity;

•

Future obligations related to the 2028 Notes of $19.7 million through October 15, 2028;

•

Future obligations related to the 2029 Notes of $136.1 million through May 13, 2029; and

•

Future royalty obligations to KKR under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement of $116.2 million by October 1, 2035.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. We had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $45.9 million as of September 30, 2025. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. Due to the short-term duration of our investment portfolio and the low risk profile of our investments, an immediate 100 basis point shift in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our investment portfolio.

We do not believe our cash, cash equivalents and investments have significant risk of default or illiquidity. While we believe our cash, cash equivalents and investments do not contain excessive risk, we cannot provide absolute assurance that in the future our investments will not be subject to adverse changes in securities at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits. Given the potential instability of financial institutions, we cannot provide assurance that we will not experience losses on these deposits and investments.

We are also exposed to market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We contract with contract research organizations and contract manufacturing organizations that are located in Canada, the United Kingdom and Europe, which are denominated in foreign currencies. We also contract with a number of clinical trial sites outside of the U.S., and our budgets for those studies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. We are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency rates in connection with these agreements. We do not currently hedge our foreign currency exchange rate risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies our judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Careful consideration should be given to the following material risk factors, in addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other documents that we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in evaluating us and our business. Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. If any of the following risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only risks we face. New risk factors can emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict the impact that any factor or combination of factors may have on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

References to XPOVIO® (selinexor) also refer to NEXPOVIO® (selinexor) when discussing its approval and commercialization in certain countries or territories outside of the U.S.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

Our financial condition raises substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We will require substantial funds to maintain our research and development programs, including as we continue to develop and seek regulatory approval of selinexor for multiple cancer indications, and to support our continued operations. We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $45.9 million in cash, cash equivalents, and investments. In October 2025, we completed a series of financing transactions that resulted in the receipt of approximately $36.0 million of gross proceeds.

We expect our existing cash resources, as well as cash flow from net product revenue and license and other revenue, to fund our existing operations into the second quarter of 2026. We will require additional capital to complete the ongoing clinical development of selinexor, including the Phase 3 SENTRY trial beyond top-line results and the Phase 3 XPORT-EC-042 trial. We have based this assessment on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant operating losses as we continue our research and development programs, including as we continue to develop and seek regulatory approval of selinexor for multiple cancer indications, and to support our continued operations. As a result, our continued operations are dependent on our ability to raise additional funding and/or enter into strategic alternatives, as described in the risk factor entitled “We will need additional funding or to enter into strategic alternatives to achieve our business objectives. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital or to enter into strategic alternatives on acceptable terms to meet our needs, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs and/or commercialization efforts,” below. Based on our current business plan and current capital resources, given the uncertainty regarding the availability of additional funding or other strategic alternatives and considering our debt service obligations, including requirements under our Amended Credit Agreement, as defined below, and the indentures governing our 9.00% convertible senior notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”) and 9.00% convertible senior notes due 2029 (the “New 2029 Notes”, and together with the 2028 Notes, the “Convertible Notes”) to maintain cash, cash equivalents and investments of at least $10.0 million, subject to increase in the event we issue indebtedness for borrowed money or issue capital stock, through October 10, 2026, after which we will be required to maintain liquidity of at least $25.0 million, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements are issued.

We plan to address the conditions that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern by, among other things, obtaining additional funding through equity offerings, debt financings and refinancings, collaborations, strategic alliances and/or licensing arrangements. In addition, we expect to evaluate opportunities to raise additional funds from time to time, including though the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock under our 2023 Open Market Sale Agreement with Jefferies and in connection with the reporting of data from our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials. However, there is no assurance that such additional financing or strategic alternatives will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

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We have incurred significant losses since inception, expect to continue to incur significant losses, and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss was $93.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.7 billion. As described above in “Our financial condition raises substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern,” our financial condition raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Although we received our first FDA-approval for XPOVIO in July 2019, we may never attain profitability or positive cash flows from operations. We have historically financed our operations primarily through a combination of proceeds from (i) product revenue sales; (ii) public and private placements of equity securities; (iii) the issuance of convertible debt; (iv) a term loan; (v) our deferred royalty obligation; (vi) at the market offerings; and (vii) business development activities. Substantially all of our operating losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs, the pursuit of regulatory approvals within and outside of the U.S., and the commercialization of XPOVIO. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses as we continue to commercialize XPOVIO in the U.S. and engage in activities to prepare for the potential approval and commercialization of additional indications for selinexor as well as any other product candidates we develop or acquire. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.

While we began to generate revenue from the sales of XPOVIO in July 2019 and have received revenue from our license arrangements, such as the partnership we have with Antengene Therapeutics Limited (“Antengene”) for our programs across most of the Asia-Pacific region, and with Berlin-Chemie AG, an affiliate of the Menarini Group (“Menarini”) for our programs in Europe, Latin America, certain Middle East and Africa regions and other key countries, there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future product or license and other revenues, and we may not achieve profitability for several years, if at all. Our ability to become and remain profitable depends significantly on our success in many areas, including:

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effectively commercializing XPOVIO or any future products either on our own or with a collaborator, including by maintaining a full commercial organization required to market, sell and distribute our products, and achieving an adequate level of market acceptance;

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the impact of current or future competing products on product sales of XPOVIO or any of our future products;

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obtaining sufficient pricing, coverage and reimbursement, including government pricing and reimbursement policies or a change in the mix of our business effecting rebates related to 340B Programs, Medicare and Medicaid, for XPOVIO and any of our other approved products from private and government payers and the impact of any pricing changes, any of which can impact our gross-to-net provisions related to product sales;

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initiating and successfully completing clinical trials required to file for, obtain and maintain marketing approval for our product candidates;

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obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals, either by us or our collaborators, and the timing of such approvals;

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manufacturing at commercial scale;

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establishing and managing any collaborations for the development, marketing and/or commercialization of our products and product candidates, including the level of success of our collaborators’ efforts and the timing and amount of any milestone or royalty payments we may receive;

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obtaining, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights;

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the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage or as co-pay amounts under third-party coverage; for example, multiple myeloma foundation closures during 2023 resulted in significantly increased use of our PAP, which adversely impacted our 2023 revenues; and

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navigating the negative impacts to healthcare systems, the ability of our clinical trial sites to conduct current or future trials and the regulatory review process as the result of pandemics or other public health emergencies.

We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to be significant and increase as we continue to:

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commercialize XPOVIO in the U.S., including maintaining our commercial infrastructure, and engage in activities to prepare for the potential approval and commercialization of additional indications for selinexor;

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obtain and/or maintain regulatory approval for XPOVIO and our product candidates, including completing any required post-marketing requirements to the satisfaction of the FDA or other regulatory agencies;

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expand our research and development programs, identify additional product candidates and initiate and conduct clinical trials, including clinical trials required by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in addition to those that have been or are currently expected to be conducted;

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maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

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manufacture XPOVIO and our product candidates; and

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acquire or in-license other products, product candidates or technologies.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development and commercialization, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of our revenue and expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. We cannot be certain that our revenue from sales of XPOVIO alone, in the currently approved indications, will be sufficient for us to become profitable for several years, if at all. We may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development and commercialization efforts, expand our business and/or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause our stockholders to lose all or part of their investment.

We will need additional funding or to enter into strategic alternatives to achieve our business objectives. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital or to enter into strategic alternatives on acceptable terms to meet our needs, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs and/or commercialization efforts.

Discovering, developing and commercializing products involve time-consuming, expensive and uncertain processes that take years to complete. We have used substantial funds to develop XPOVIO and expect our operating expenses to continue to increase as we continue to commercialize XPOVIO or any future approved product, conduct further research and development of our product candidates, seek marketing approval and prepare for commercialization of selinexor in additional indications or for our other product candidates, if approved, to the extent that such functions are not the responsibility of a collaborator. Furthermore, we will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, hiring or retaining personnel and expanding our geographical reach. Although currently XPOVIO is commercially available in three indications, we do not anticipate that our revenue from product sales of XPOVIO or any funds we may receive from our collaborators will be sufficient for us to become profitable for several years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing, or strategic alternatives, to achieve our business objectives.

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, as well as cash flow from net product revenue and license and other revenue, will enable us to fund our current operating plans into the second quarter of 2026. The amount and timing of our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

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the timing and success of our efforts to enter into strategic alternatives, if available;

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our ability to extend our cash runway through additional financing activities;

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the scope, progress, results, timing and costs of our current and planned development efforts and regulatory review of our product candidates;

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the amount and timing of revenues from sales of XPOVIO, or any product candidate that we develop or acquire;

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the cost of, and our ability to expand and maintain, the commercial infrastructure required to support the commercialization of XPOVIO and any other product for which we receive marketing approval, including medical affairs, manufacturing, marketing and distribution functions;

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our ability to establish and maintain collaboration, partnership, licensing, marketing, distribution or other arrangements on favorable terms and the level and timing of success of these arrangements, and our ability to use proceeds of those arrangements in our business as opposed to being required to pay those proceeds to the lenders of our $112.5 million senior secured term loan facility, as amended in October 2025 (the “Amended Term Loan”) and/or holders of the Convertible Notes;

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the extent to which we acquire or in-license other products, product candidates and technologies, and our ability to enter into such acquisitions and in-licenses pursuant to the restrictions under the Amended Term Loan and the Convertible Notes;

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the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

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our ability to continue as a going concern.

In addition, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our existing stockholders will result. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funding to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. Moreover, in addition to the restrictions on our operations under the Amended Term Loan and the Convertible Notes, the restrictions contained in the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement (defined below) and the repayment requirements in respect of obligations from proceeds of the transactions under each of the foregoing agreements, any future debt financing, if available and permitted, may involve further restrictive covenants that could limit our flexibility in conducting future business activities and using transaction proceeds in our business and, in the event of insolvency, the Amended Term Loan, the Convertible Notes, the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement obligations, and any further indebtedness, if available and permitted, would be paid before holders of equity securities received any distribution of corporate assets. Our ability to satisfy and meet our current and any future debt service obligations will depend upon our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control.

Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations. Any future fundraising efforts could divert management’s attention away from their day-to-day activities. Further, adequate additional financing has not been, and may continue to not be, available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, raising funds in the current economic environment may present additional challenges. For example, any sustained disruption in the capital markets from adverse macroeconomic conditions, such as the disruption and uncertainty caused by tariffs and other trade restrictions, inflation, sustained high interest rates and slower economic growth or recession, could negatively impact our ability to raise capital and we cannot predict the extent or duration of such macro-economic disruptions. Moreover, there has been turmoil in the global banking system, which could result in loss of our access to our deposits, and an inability to obtain financing from other sources. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis or on attractive terms, we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any current or future commercialization efforts for one or more of our products or product candidates, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

We are continuing to evaluate strategic alternatives, which may include a potential merger or sale of the Company; in or out of court restructurings; repurchases, redemptions, exchanges or other refinancings of the Company’s existing debt; potential financing transactions; among other potential alternatives. The potential impact and success of our exploration of any strategic alternatives, if available at all, are uncertain and may not be successful.

On October 8, 2025, we announced that we are continuing to evaluate potential financing transactions along with strategic alternatives to maximize near and long-term stockholder value, which may include, but is not limited to, a merger or sale of the Company, in or out of court restructurings, repurchases, redemptions, exchanges or other refinancings of our existing debt, and financing transactions, among other potential alternatives. Our ability to successfully raise additional funds or execute on a financing transaction or a strategic alternative is dependent on a number of factors. If we are not able to successfully consummate a financing transaction or strategic alternative, our Board may explore a sale of assets or the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Further, our indebtedness, as discussed under the risk factor titled “Our indebtedness could limit cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to satisfy our obligations under the Amended Term Loan, the Convertible Notes or the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement,” may be unattractive to potential sources of funding and strategic partners and may decrease our ability to consummate a financing transaction or enter into a strategic alternative. Additionally, the negotiation and consummation of a financing transaction or strategic alternative may be costly and time-consuming. Even if we are able to consummate a financing transaction or a strategic alternative, it may not maximize or even enhance stockholder value, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected, could make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and may disrupt our operations, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The market price of our common stock may reflect a market assumption that a strategic alternative will occur, and a failure to complete a strategic alternative on favorable terms, in an advantageous timeframe, or at all could result in negative investor perceptions and could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock, which could adversely affect our ability to access the equity and financial markets, as well as our ability to explore and enter into future strategic alternatives. In addition, potential strategic alternatives, if available, that require stockholder approval may not be approved by our stockholders.

Our Amended Revenue Interest Agreement with KKR contains various covenants and other provisions, which, if violated, could, subject to the Amended and Restated Intercreditor Agreement, result in the acceleration of payments due under such agreement or the foreclosure on the pledged collateral, including all of our present and future assets relating to selinexor.

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In September 2019, we entered into the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement with certain entities managed by HealthCare Royalty Management, LLC (“HCRx”), which was amended on June 23, 2021, August 1, 2023, May 8, 2024, August 14, 2025, August 27, 2025 and October 7, 2025 and which was assigned by HCRx to KKR & Co. Inc. (“KKR”) in July 2025 in connection with its acquisition of a majority ownership stake in HCRx (the “Amended Revenue Interest Agreement”). Pursuant to the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement, we are required to comply with various covenants relating to the conduct of our business and the commercialization of XPOVIO, including obligations to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize our products. In addition, the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement limits our ability to incur or prepay indebtedness, create or incur liens, pay dividends on or repurchase outstanding shares of our capital stock or dispose of assets. The Amended Revenue Interest Agreement also includes customary events of default upon the occurrence of enumerated events, including non-payment of revenue interests, failure to perform certain covenants and the occurrence of insolvency proceedings, specified judgments, specified cross-defaults and specified revocations, withdrawals, suspensions or cancellations of regulatory approval for XPOVIO. Upon the occurrence of an event of default and in the event of a change of control, KKR may accelerate payments due under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement up to $128.3 million, less the aggregate amount of all of the payments paid to HCRx and KKR after the date of the May 2024 amendment. Our obligations to KKR are secured by a second-priority security interest in certain assets of ours related to selinexor, which shares such second priority with the Convertible Notes and which is subordinated to the first-priority security interest securing the Amended Term Loan. Subject to an intercreditor agreement with KKR, the Amended Term Loan lenders and the holders of the New 2029 Notes (the “Amended and Restated Intercreditor Agreement”), in the event that an uncured default by us under the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement results in an acceleration of obligations by KKR which we are unable to pay, KKR will have the right to foreclose on the collateral that was pledged to KKR. Any such foreclosure remedy would significantly and adversely affect us and could result in us losing our interest in such assets, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

Our Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the Convertible Notes contain various covenants and other provisions, which will limit the manner in which we may operate, and, if violated, could, subject to the Amended and Restated Intercreditor Agreement, result in the acceleration of payments due under such agreements or the foreclosure on the pledged collateral, including all of our present and future assets.

The October 2025 First Amendment and Waiver to Credit and Guaranty Agreement, with the lenders party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as administrative agent for the lenders and collateral agent (as amended, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) which amended the May 2024 credit and guaranty agreement and the indentures governing the Convertible Notes contain, and any future indebtedness that we incur may contain, various negative covenants that restrict, among other things, our indebtedness, liens, fundamental changes, asset sales, investments and other matters. In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the Convertible Notes each have a financial covenant requiring us to maintain liquidity of at least $10.0 million, subject to increase in the event we issue indebtedness for borrowed money or issue capital stock, through October 10, 2026, after which we will be required to maintain liquidity of at least $25.0 million. As a result, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities. The Amended Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the Convertible Notes also contain certain events of default, after which the Amended Term Loan or the Convertible Notes may be due and payable immediately, including, without limitation, withdrawal of approval for selinexor with respect to its current approved indication for use with bortezomib and dexamethasone, payment defaults, material inaccuracy of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, bankruptcy and insolvency proceedings, cross-defaults to certain other agreements, judgments against us and our subsidiaries, change in control and lien priority. Our obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the Convertible Notes are secured by substantially all of our assets. Subject to the Amended and Restated Intercreditor Agreement, in the event that an uncured default by us under the Amended Credit Agreement or the indentures governing the Convertible Notes results in an acceleration of obligations thereunder, the Amended Term Loan lenders and the holders of the Convertible Notes will have the right to foreclose on the collateral that was pledged to each such party. Any such foreclosure remedy would significantly and adversely affect us and could result in us losing our interest in such assets, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

Our indebtedness could limit cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to satisfy our obligations under the Amended Term Loan, the Convertible Notes or the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement.

On October 7, 2025, we entered into a series of transactions with our term loan lenders, holders of our outstanding convertible notes and other investors to provide financial flexibility, additional working capital and equitize maturing notes (collectively, the “Financing Transactions”). Following consummation of the Financing Transactions, we have (i) $112.5 million of aggregate principal amount under the Amended Term Loan; (ii) $15.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes; (iii) $103.5 million aggregate principal amount of the New 2029 Notes; and (iv) $116.2 million of maximum remaining payments payable under our revenue interest financings agreement. We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs, to the extent such indebtedness is available and permitted under the agreements governing our existing indebtedness. Our indebtedness could have

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significant negative consequences for our security holders and our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

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increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

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limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;

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requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes;

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limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business;

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diluting the interests of our existing stockholders as a result of issuing shares of our common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes; and

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placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with competitors that are less leveraged than we are or have better access to capital.

Our ability to pay the principal of or interest or other obligations on our present and any future indebtedness, including our remaining obligations to KKR and under the Amended Credit Agreement, the Convertible Notes, or to make cash payments in connection with any conversion of the Convertible Notes, depends on our future performance and ability to raise additional funds, which is subject, in part, to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service the Amended Term Loan, the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement, the Convertible Notes or any other future indebtedness and make necessary capital expenditures.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle any conversions of or other obligations in respect of the Convertible Notes required to be settled in cash, to repay the Convertible Notes at maturity, to repurchase the Convertible Notes for cash upon a fundamental change, to pay the redemption price for any Convertible Notes we redeem or to refinance the Convertible Notes, and any future debt we incur may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Convertible Notes.

If we do not have enough available cash at the time we are required to repurchase the Convertible Notes, pay cash amounts due upon conversion or redemption of, at maturity or otherwise required to be paid in respect of the Convertible Notes or refinance the Convertible Notes, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring indebtedness or obtaining additional debt financing or equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance the Convertible Notes or other future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets, our financial condition at such time and our obligations under any other existing indebtedness in effect at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities on desirable terms, or at all, which could result in a default on our debt obligations, including the Convertible Notes. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes, to pay cash upon conversion or redemption or at maturity of the Convertible Notes or to refinance the Convertible Notes may be limited by law, regulatory authority or agreements governing any future indebtedness that we may incur. Our failure to repurchase the Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the applicable indenture governing such notes or to pay cash upon conversion or at maturity of or in respect of other obligations under the Convertible Notes as required by the applicable indenture governing such notes would constitute a default under such indenture.

Note holders may require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes following a fundamental change at a cash repurchase price generally equal to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

The 2028 Notes will be convertible by holders of the 2028 Notes into shares of common stock at an initial conversion rate of 150.6024 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2028 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $6.64 per share of common stock). The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events as provided in the 2028 Notes Indenture. Holders of the 2028 Notes may convert their 2028 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the 2028 Notes.

The 2029 Notes will be convertible by holders of the 2029 Notes into shares of common stock at an initial conversion rate of 44.444 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2029 Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $22.50 per share of common stock). The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events as provided in the 2029 Notes Indenture. Holders of the 2029 Notes may convert their 2029 Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the 2029 Notes.

A default under the indentures governing the Convertible Notes or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under the Amended Credit Agreement, the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement or agreements governing our future indebtedness, if any. Moreover, the occurrence of a fundamental change under the indentures governing the Convertible Notes could constitute an event of default under any such agreements. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable

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notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Convertible Notes or to pay cash upon conversion or at maturity of the Convertible Notes.

The accounting method for convertible debt securities such as the Convertible Notes could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

Conversions of the Convertible Notes may only be settled in shares (subject to, and in accordance with, the settlement provisions of the indentures governing the Convertible Notes), plus cash in lieu of any fractional shares. Under the if-converted method, the maximum potential dilutive impact of the conversion of the Convertible Notes is assumed when calculating diluted earnings per share during periods of net income. This could result in a material impact to diluted earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share is not impacted by the Convertible Notes during periods of net loss.

Raising additional capital and other equity issuances by us may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenues from the sale of our products, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings and refinancings, collaborations, strategic alliances and/or licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of common stockholders. In addition, our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities may be limited by the extent of our then remaining authorized and available shares of common stock. Debt financing, if available and permitted, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. For example, during the terms of the Amended Revenue Interest Agreement, the Amended Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the Convertible Notes, we cannot make any voluntary or optional cash payment or prepayment on our existing convertible debt and cannot enter into any new debt without the consent of KKR, the required lenders or the required holders, respectively, subject to the exceptions and other provisions under the applicable governing document.

If we raise additional funds through further collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional funds through equity or debt financings, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and drug development or current or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

We may also issue additional equity securities in other types of transactions that result in additional significant dilution to you, for example, in connection with other strategic or financing transactions, in exchange transactions similar to the exchange transactions we completed in October 2025 and May 2024 or in other future exchange transactions with our lenders and convertible noteholders, to satisfy obligations to our lenders and our convertible noteholders or other creditors, as equity compensation, or for other reasons.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and stock price.

Global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme disruptions over the past several years. Such disruptions have resulted, and could in the future result, in diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. Our general business strategy may be compromised by economic downturns, a volatile business environment and unpredictable and unstable market conditions, such as the current global situation resulting, in part, from tariffs and other trade restrictions, the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, inflation, failures and instability in U.S. and international banking systems, sustained high interest rates and slower economic growth or recession. Further, developments in the banking industry could adversely affect our business. If the financial institutions with which we do business enter receivership or become insolvent in the future, there is no guarantee that the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC will intercede to provide us and other depositors with access to balances in excess of the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit, that we would be able to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, that we would be able to maintain any required letters of credit or other credit support arrangements, or that we would be able to adequately fund our business for a prolonged period of time or at all, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict the impact that the high market volatility and instability of the banking sector more broadly could have on economic activity and our business in particular. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current service providers, manufacturers or other third parties with which we conduct business may not survive difficult economic times,

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including the current global situation resulting, in part, from tariffs and other trade restrictions, the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, the instability of the banking sector, and the uncertainty associated with current worldwide economic conditions, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

Risks Related to Commercialization and Product Development

Our business is substantially dependent on the commercial success of XPOVIO. If we, either alone or with our collaborators, are unable to successfully commercialize current and future indications of XPOVIO or other products or product candidates on a timely basis, including achieving widespread market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community, our business, financial condition and future profitability will be materially harmed.

Our business and our ability to generate product revenue from the sales of drugs that treat cancer depend heavily on our and our collaborators’ ability to successfully commercialize our lead drug, XPOVIO® (selinexor), on a global basis in currently approved and future indications, and the level of market adoption for, and the continued use of, our products and product candidates, if approved. XPOVIO is currently approved and marketed in the U.S. in multiple hematologic malignancy indications, including in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy; in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior therapies and whose disease is refractory to at least two proteasome inhibitors, at least two immunomodulatory agents, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody; and under accelerated approval as a monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (“DLBCL”), not otherwise specified, including DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma, after at least two lines of systemic therapy. Efforts to drive adoption within the medical community and third-party payors based on the benefits of our products and product candidates require significant resources and may not be successful. The success of XPOVIO and any current or future product candidates, whether alone or in collaboration with third parties, including achieving and maintaining an adequate level of market adoption, depends on several factors, including:

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our ability to achieve broad adoption of XPOVIO in earlier lines of therapy or to successfully launch and achieve broad adoption of any future XPOVIO indications or any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval;

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the competitive landscape for our products, including the timing of new competing products entering the market and the level and speed at which these products achieve market acceptance;

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actual or perceived advantages or disadvantages of our products or product candidates as compared to alternative treatments, including their respective safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles, the potential convenience and ease of administration, access or cost effectiveness;

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the effectiveness of our sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution strategies and operations;

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the consistency of any new data we collect and analyses we conduct with prior results, whether they support a favorable benefit-risk profile of XPOVIO and any potential impact on our U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approvals and/or FDA package insert for XPOVIO and comparable foreign regulatory approvals and package inserts;

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our ability to comply with the FDA’s and comparable foreign regulatory authorities’ post-marketing requirements and commitments, including through successfully conducting, on a timely basis, additional studies that confirm clinical efficacy, effectiveness and safety of XPOVIO and acceptance of the same by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory bodies;

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acceptance of current indications of XPOVIO and future indications of XPOVIO and other product candidates, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

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obtaining and maintaining coverage, adequate pricing and reimbursement by third-party payors, including government payors, for XPOVIO and our product candidates, if approved;

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the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage or as co-pay amounts under third-party coverage; for example, multiple myeloma foundation closures during 2023 resulted in significantly increased use of our Patient Assistance Program (“PAP”), which adversely impacted our 2023 revenues;

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our ability to enforce intellectual property rights in and to our products to prohibit a third-party from marketing a competing product and our ability to avoid third-party patent interference or intellectual property infringement claims;

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current and future restrictions or limitations on our approved or future indications and patient populations or other adverse regulatory actions;

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the performance of our manufacturers, license partners, distributors, providers and other business partners, over which we have limited control;

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any significant misestimations of the size of the market and market potential for any of our products or product candidates;

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establishing and maintaining commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

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the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies or new treatment paradigms such as bridging therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies, based, in part, on their perception of our clinical trial data and/or the actual or perceived safety, tolerability and effectiveness profile;

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maintaining an acceptable safety and tolerability profile of our approved products, including the prevalence and severity of any side effects;

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the ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices;

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adverse publicity about our products or favorable publicity about competitive products; and

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our ability to maintain compliance with existing and new health care laws and regulations, including government pricing, price reporting and other disclosure requirements related to such laws and regulations, and the potential impact of such laws and regulations on physician prescribing practices and payor coverage.

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner, or at all, either on our own or with our collaborators, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize XPOVIO or our product candidates, if approved, which would materially harm our business.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than we do.

The discovery, development and commercialization of new drugs is highly competitive, particularly in the cancer field. We and our collaborators face competition with respect to XPOVIO and will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may seek to discover and develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies as well as public and private research institutions worldwide, many of which have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical studies, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. There are a number of major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell drugs and/or are pursuing the development of drugs for the treatment of cancer and the other disease indications for which we, and our collaborators, are developing our product candidates. Several new novel therapeutics have recently entered, and are expected to continue to enter, the multiple myeloma treatment landscape. For example, TECVAYLI™ (teclistamab-cqyv), the first bispecific T-Cell engager, was approved by the FDA in October 2022, followed by approvals of two more bispecifics, ELREXFIO™ (elranatamab-bcmm) and TALVEY™ (talquetamab-tgvs) in August 2023. Other T-cell engaging therapies, bispecifics with different targets, and immunomodulators are in clinical development and may be introduced into the multiple myeloma market in 2025 and beyond. CARVYKTI® (ciltacabtagene autoleucel; cilta-cel) and Abecma® (idecabtagene vicleucel; ide-cel) were approved in April 2024 for the treatment of multiple myeloma in earlier lines. In October 2025, BLENREP (belantamab mafodotin), a BCMA-targeted bispecific antibody, in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone was approved. In addition, new competitors and label expansions into earlier lines of existing therapies could also be approved in the future, which could negatively impact our product revenues. The approval of these anti-cancer agents, or any others which may receive regulatory approval, have had a significant impact and may continue to have a significant impact on the therapeutic landscape and our product revenues. See Item 1 under the heading Business - Competition in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 19, 2025 for more information on competition.

We are currently focused on developing and commercializing our products and product candidates for the treatment of cancer and there are a variety of available therapies marketed for cancer. In many cases, cancer drugs are administered in combination to enhance efficacy. Some of these drugs are branded and subject to patent protection, and others are available on a generic basis. Many of these approved drugs are well-established therapies and are widely accepted by physicians, patients and third-party payors. Insurers and other third-party payors may also encourage the use of generic drugs. Our products are priced at a significant premium over competitive generic drugs, which may make it difficult for us to achieve our business strategy of using our products in combination with existing therapies or replacing existing therapies with our products.

Further, our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize drugs that are or are perceived to be more effective, safer, more tolerable, more convenient and/or less costly than any of our currently approved products or product candidates or that would render our products obsolete or non-competitive. Our competitors may also obtain

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marketing approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities for their products more rapidly than we, or our collaborators, may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a stronger market position before we, or our collaborators, are able to enter the market or preventing us, or our collaborators, from entering into a particular indication at all.

Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or that may be necessary for, our programs.

If we are not able to compete effectively against current or potential competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer.

Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process, with uncertain timelines and outcomes. We or our collaborators may be unable to successfully enroll patients in our ongoing and planned clinical trials in a reasonable timeframe, or at all. In addition, if clinical trials of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and effectiveness to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we, or our collaborators, may incur additional costs, fail to secure regulatory approvals, or be unable to commercialize such product candidates.

Our long-term success depends in a large part on our ability to continue to successfully develop new indications of selinexor, our product candidates, or any new product candidates we may develop or acquire. Clinical testing is expensive, time consuming, difficult to design, implement and enroll, inherently uncertain as to outcome, and can fail at any stage of testing. Furthermore, the failure of any product candidates to demonstrate safety and effectiveness in any clinical trial could negatively impact the perception of selinexor or our other product candidates and/or cause the FDA or other regulatory authorities to require additional testing before any of our product candidates are approved.

Numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials could delay or prevent our or our collaborators’ ability to complete such clinical trials or receive marketing approval of our product candidates, including, but not limited to, the following:

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delays or failure to reach agreement with regulatory authorities on a trial design or the receipt of feedback requiring us to modify the design of our clinical trials, perform additional or unanticipated clinical trials to obtain approval or alter our regulatory strategy, as is the case in connection with the feedback we received from the FDA in February 2022 on our SIENDO trial and the feedback from the FDA that we announced in December 2024 regarding the appropriateness of our global, Phase 3 trial evaluating selinexor as a maintenance therapy following systemic therapy in patients with TP53 wild-type advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer (the “EC-042 Trial”) given the evolving treatment landscape for patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer;

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clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results or other patient safety concerns, including undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, and we may decide, or regulatory authorities may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials, suspend ongoing clinical trials or abandon drug development programs, including as a result of a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

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enrollment in our clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate, including as a result of competition with other ongoing clinical trials or recently approved agents, which could decrease the overall supply of patients, or decreasing interest from selected clinical trial sites, delays in site activation, higher than expected screen failure rates, newly approved competitive products for the same indications as our product candidates or new or amended regulations; for example, in August 2024, we announced expected delays in our top-line data readout for our EC-042 Trial due primarily to higher than expected screen failure rates, which has required us to screen a larger number of patients than originally planned;

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changes in the treatment landscape on which a clinical development plan was based, such as the approval of new therapies during the course of a clinical trial, can change the potential approvability of a drug even if the results of a pivotal, Phase 3 clinical trial are considered clinically meaningful and the primary endpoints achieve statistical significance since global regulatory agencies, including the FDA, often consider approvability in light of the current treatment landscape at the time of approval, and not at the time when a clinical trial is first designed; for example, in recent years three new novel agents (dostarlimab-gxly, pembrolizumab and durvalumab) have been approved for treatment in patients with endometrial cancer, which has evolved the treatment landscape;

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modifications of clinical trial protocols impacting the patient population under study, including any modifications to the eligibility criteria or the total number of patients targeted for enrollment;

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strategic revisions to clinical trial designs, including a change in primary endpoints or the total number of patients targeted for enrollment, which could negatively impact our ability to submit and/or receive regulatory approval for the indication sought; for example, in 2024 we decreased the number of total patients to be enrolled in the ongoing Phase 3 trial evaluating selinexor in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone versus elotuzumab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma;

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regulators may revise the requirements for approving our product candidates, even after providing a positive opinion on or otherwise reviewing and providing comments to a clinical trial protocol, and/or such requirements may not be as we anticipate;

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delays or failure in obtaining the necessary authorization from regulatory authorities or ethics committees, including institutional review boards, to permit us, our collaborators or our investigators to commence a clinical trial, conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site, or the suspension or termination of a clinical trial once commenced;

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delays or failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites or contract research organizations (“CROs”);

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the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate, which can increase the cost of our trials, extend clinical trial timelines and provide competitors with additional time to seek regulatory approval for their products prior to the finalization of our trials;

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we, our investigators, or our third-party contractors, including manufacturers or CROs, may fail to comply with regulatory requirements, which include requirements related to the implementation of clinical trials, such as requirements for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial, perform effectively, or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;

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the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

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the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may be insufficient or inadequate;

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for any biomarker driven clinical trial, the potential regulatory requirement to develop one or more companion diagnostics; for example, the required development of companion diagnostics for our ongoing clinical trial evaluating selinexor in patients with TP53 wild-type advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer;

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any partners or collaborators that help us conduct clinical trials may face any of the above issues, and may conduct clinical trials in ways they view as advantageous to them but that are suboptimal for us; and

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negative impacts resulting from a pandemic or other public health emergency, including impacts to healthcare systems and our trial sites’ ability to conduct trial.

If we, or our collaborators, are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates or a companion diagnostic beyond those that we currently contemplate or are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, on a timely basis or at all, if changes to the external landscape impact our planned patient population or current clinical trial protocols, and/or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we, or our collaborators, may:

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need to delay, limit or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials;

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be delayed in obtaining, or not obtain at all, marketing approval for the indication or product candidate;

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obtain marketing approval in some countries and not in others;

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obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;

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obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;

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be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements;

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not receive royalty or milestone revenue under our collaboration agreements for several years, or at all; or

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have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

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Further, we do not know whether clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. In addition, if we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies governing clinical trials, our development plans may be impacted. For example, in December 2022, with the passage of Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act (“FDORA”), Congress required sponsors to develop and submit a Diversity Action Plan (“DAP”) for each Phase 3 clinical trial or any other “pivotal study” of a new drug or biological product. These plans are meant to encourage the enrollment of more diverse patient populations in late-stage clinical trials of FDA-regulated products. In June 2024, as mandated by FDORA, the FDA issued draft guidance outlining the general requirements for DAPs. Unlike most guidance documents issued by the FDA, the DAP guidance when finalized will have the force of law because FDORA specifically dictates that the form and manner for submission of DAPs are specified in FDA guidance. The applicability of statutory obligations to submit DAPs and the FDA’s current thinking on best practices for clinical development remain unclear.

Similarly, the regulatory landscape related to clinical trials in the EU recently evolved. The Clinical Trials Regulation (“CTR”), which was adopted in April 2014 and repeals the EU Clinical Trials Directive, became applicable on January 31, 2022. While the Clinical Trials Directive required a separate clinical trial application to be submitted in each member state, to both the competent national health authority and an independent ethics committee, the CTR introduces a centralized process and only requires the submission of a single application to all member states concerned.

Any of these events could prevent us or our collaborators from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate, if approved, or could substantially increase costs and expenses of development or commercialization, which could delay or prevent us from generating sufficient revenue from the sale of our products and harm our business and results of operations. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our products, allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do or impair our ability to successfully commercialize our products, which would harm our business and results of operations. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, clinical trial delays may ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Serious adverse or unacceptable side effects related to XPOVIO, our product candidates or future products may delay or prevent their regulatory approval, cause us or our collaborators to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, limit the commercial value of approved indications or result in significant negative financial consequences following any marketing approval.

We are currently developing selinexor for the treatment of multiple types of cancer. Its risk of failure is high. If our current or future indications of XPOVIO, any of our product candidates or future products are associated with undesirable side effects or have characteristics that are unexpected in clinical trials or following approval and/or commercialization, we may need to abandon or limit their development or limit marketing to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective.

Adverse events (“AEs”) in our clinical trials for selinexor to date have been generally predictable and typically manageable, including through prophylactic care or dose reductions, although some patients have experienced more serious AEs. The most common drug-related AEs in our clinical trials for selinexor include fatigue, nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, peripheral neuropathy, upper respiratory tract infection, vomiting, cytopenias, hyponatremia, weight loss, decreased appetite, cataract, dizziness, syncope, depressed level of consciousness, and mental status changes. These side effects were generally mild or moderate in severity. The most common AEs that are Grade 3 or Grade 4, meaning they are more than mild or moderate in severity, include thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, hypophosphatemia, anemia, hyponatremia and neutropenia. To date, the most common AEs in the multiple myeloma patient population have been managed with supportive care and dose modifications. However, a number of patients had withdrawn from our clinical trials as a result of AEs and some patients across our clinical trials have experienced serious AEs deemed by us and the clinical investigator to be related to selinexor. Serious AEs generally refer to AEs that result in death, are life threatening, require hospitalization or prolonging of hospitalization, or cause a significant and permanent disruption of normal life functions, congenital anomalies or birth defects, or require intervention to prevent such an outcome.

The occurrence of AEs in either our clinical trials or following regulatory approval could result in a more restrictive label for any product candidates approved for marketing or could result in the delay or denial of approval to market any product candidates by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, which could prevent us from generating sufficient revenue from product sales or ultimately achieving profitability. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial, result in potential product liability claims or cause patients and/or healthcare providers to elect alternative courses of treatment. In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff. Inadequate training or education of healthcare professionals to recognize or manage the potential side effects of XPOVIO or our product candidates, if approved, could result in increased treatment-related side effects and cause patients to discontinue treatment. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

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Results of our trials could reveal an unacceptably high severity and prevalence of side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated by us or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us or our collaborators to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Many compounds that initially showed promise in early-stage trials for treating cancer or other diseases have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound. If such an event occurs after any of our or our collaborators’ product candidates are approved and/or commercialized, a number of potentially significant negative consequences may result, including:

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regulatory authorities may withdraw the approval of such drug, require additional warnings on the label or impose distribution or use restrictions and/or require one or more post-marketing studies;

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patients and/or healthcare providers may elect to utilize other treatment options that have or are perceived to have more tolerable side effects;

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we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

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we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

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our reputation may suffer.

Further, we, our collaborators and our clinical trial investigators, currently determine if serious adverse or unacceptable side effects are drug-related. The FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our, our collaborators’ or our clinical trial investigators’ interpretation of data from clinical trials and the conclusion by us, our collaborators or our clinical trial investigators that a serious adverse effect or unacceptable side effect was not drug-related. The FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may require more information related to the safety of our products or product candidates, including additional preclinical or clinical data to support approval, which may cause us to incur additional expenses, delay or prevent the approval of one of our product candidates, and/or delay or cause us to change our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the development of the product candidate altogether.

The results of previous clinical trials may not be predictive of future trial results, and interim or top-line data may be subject to change or qualification based on the complete analyses of data and, therefore, may not be predictive of the final results of a trial.

Clinical failure can occur at any stage of the clinical development process and, therefore, the outcome of preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later stage clinical trials. Finalization and cleaning of data from our clinical trials may change the conclusions drawn from uncleaned data provided by our clinical trial investigators. Further, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results between different trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial protocols, differences in size and type of the patient populations, starting dose, adherence to the dosing regimen and other trial protocols and the dropout rate among clinical trial participants. We do not know whether any Phase 2, Phase 3 or other clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety data sufficient to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, if approved. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials after achieving positive results in earlier development, and we could face similar setbacks.

We may publicly disclose preliminary, interim or top-line data from our clinical trials. These interim updates are based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change as further patient data become available and following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. For any trial for which we report preliminary, interim or top-line data, we make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data. We may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data or perform all analyses or our conclusions may differ from those of the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Consequently, the interpretation of preliminary, interim or top-line data results that we report may differ from future interpretations of the same studies once additional data have been received and fully evaluated or based on differing views from regulatory agencies. Preliminary, interim or top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, these early data points should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between previous preliminary or interim data and future interim or final data could significantly harm our business.

In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is typically selected from a more extensive amount of available information. Furthermore, we may report interim analyses of only certain endpoints rather than all endpoints. Investors may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular product, product candidate or our business.

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If the interim or top-line data that we report differ from future or more comprehensive data, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for and commercialize our product candidates, our business, operating results, prospects, or financial condition may be harmed.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional potential product candidates, or our decisions to prioritize the development of certain product candidates over others may later prove wrong.

Part of our strategy involves identifying and developing product candidates to build a pipeline of product candidates. Our drug discovery efforts may not be successful in identifying compounds that are useful in treating cancer or other diseases. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including:

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the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential product candidates;

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potential product candidates may, on further study, be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be drugs that will receive marketing approval and/or achieve market acceptance; or

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potential product candidates may not be effective in treating their targeted diseases.

We are currently advancing multiple clinical development studies of selinexor, which may create a strain on our limited human and financial resources. As a result, we may not be able to provide sufficient resources to any single product candidate to permit the successful development and commercialization of such product candidate, which could result in material harm to our business. Further, because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates that we identify for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. For example, as announced in January 2024, further clinical development of our eltanexor program continues to remain on hold in an effort to focus our resources on our prioritized late-stage programs. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any additional commercially-viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate.

If we are unable to maintain or expand our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we may not be successful in commercializing XPOVIO or any of our products or product candidates, if approved, that we may acquire or develop.

We have built a commercial infrastructure in the U.S. for XPOVIO, our first commercial product, in hematological malignancies and our company did not previously have any prior experience in the sales, marketing or distribution of pharmaceutical drugs. If XPOVIO or any of our product candidates is approved for additional indications beyond hematological malignancies, such as solid tumors, we may need to evolve our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and we may not be able to do so successfully or on a timely basis. In the future, we may choose to expand our sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to market or co-promote one or more of our product candidates, if and when they are approved, or enter into additional collaborations with respect to the sale, marketing and distribution of our product candidates. We are working with existing and potential partners to establish the commercial infrastructure to support the sale of selinexor outside of the U.S. For example, we entered into a license agreement with Menarini in December 2021, and as amended in March 2023, to, among other things, develop and commercialize NEXPOVIO® for all human oncology indications in Europe (including the United Kingdom (“UK”)), Latin America, certain Middle East and Africa regions and other key countries. For additional risks associated with commercializing our products outside of the U.S., please see the risk factor entitled “We depend on collaborations with third parties for certain aspects of the development, marketing and/or commercialization of XPOVIO and/or our product candidates. If those collaborations are not successful, or if we are not able to maintain our existing collaborations or establish additional collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans and may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of XPOVIO or our product candidates” below.

There are risks involved with establishing and maintaining our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any commercial launch of a product candidate or negatively impact ongoing commercialization efforts for our approved products. Further, we may underestimate the size of the sales force required for a successful product launch and we may need to expand our sales force earlier and at a higher cost than we anticipated. If the commercial launch of any of our product candidates is delayed or does not occur for any reason, including if we do not receive marketing approval in the timeframe we expect, we may have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

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Factors that may inhibit our efforts to successfully commercialize XPOVIO or any product candidates, if approved, on our own include:

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existing or new competitors taking share from XPOVIO or any other future product or preventing XPOVIO or any other future product from gaining share in its approved indications;

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our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales, market access, market analytics, operations and marketing personnel;

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the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe current or future products;

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the lack of complementary drugs, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive drug lines;

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unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales, marketing and distribution organization;

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our inability to obtain sufficient coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors and governmental agencies; and

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our ability to supply sufficient inventory of our products for commercial sale.

Even if we, or our collaborators, are able to effectively commercialize XPOVIO or any approved products that we may develop or acquire, the products may not receive coverage or may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, all of which would harm our business.

The legislation and regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. As a result, we or our collaborators might obtain marketing approval for a drug in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay the commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we, or our collaborators, are able to generate from product sales in that country. In the U.S., approval and reimbursement decisions are not linked directly, but there is increasing scrutiny from the Congress, regulatory authorities, payers, patients and pathway organizations of the pricing of pharmaceutical products. Adverse pricing limitations may also hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval.

Our, and our collaborators’, ability to successfully commercialize XPOVIO and any other products that we may develop or acquire will depend, in part, on the extent to which reimbursement for these products is available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement for XPOVIO and any of our product candidates, if approved, may be difficult. Moreover, the process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price of a product or for establishing the reimbursement rate that such a payor will pay for the product. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage and reimbursement for our products. Even with payer coverage, patients may be unwilling or unable to pay the copay required and may choose not to take XPOVIO.

A primary trend in the healthcare industry in the U.S. and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Third-party payors may also seek, with respect to an approved product, additional clinical evidence that goes beyond the data required to obtain marketing approval. They may require such evidence to demonstrate clinical benefits and value in specific patient populations or they may call for costly pharmaceutical studies to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of reimbursement relative to other therapies before covering our products. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that reimbursement will be or will continue to be available for XPOVIO and any product that we, or our collaborators, commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, we cannot be sure as to the level of reimbursement and whether it will be adequate. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for or the price of XPOVIO or any product candidate for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we, or our collaborators, may not be able to successfully commercialize XPOVIO or any other approved products.

There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly-approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the indications for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient

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to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved drugs that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize our products and our overall financial condition.

Product liability lawsuits against us could divert our resources, cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of XPOVIO or any other products that we may develop or acquire.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to our commercialization of XPOVIO and the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials as the administration of our products to humans may expose us to liability claims, whether or not our products are actually at fault for causing any harm or injury. As XPOVIO is used over longer periods of time by a wider group of patients taking numerous other medicines or by patients with additional underlying conditions, the likelihood of adverse drug reactions or unintended side effects, including death, may increase. For example, we may be sued if any drug we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our products or product candidates caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for XPOVIO and any other products that we may develop or acquire;

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injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

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initiation of investigations by regulators;

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product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;

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significant costs to defend the related litigation;

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substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

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loss of revenue;

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reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and

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the inability to successfully commercialize XPOVIO and any other products that we may develop or acquire.

We currently hold clinical trial and general product liability insurance coverage, but that coverage may not be adequate to cover any and all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

The business that we or our collaborators conduct outside of the U.S. may be adversely affected by international risks and uncertainties.

Although our operations are primarily based in the U.S., we and our collaborators conduct business outside of the U.S. and expect to continue to do so in the future. For instance, many of the sites at which our clinical trials are being conducted are located outside of the U.S. In addition, we and our collaborators are seeking and continue to plan to seek approvals to sell our and their products in foreign countries. Any business that we, or our collaborators, conduct outside of the U.S. is subject to additional risks that may materially adversely affect our or their ability to conduct business in international markets, including:

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potentially reduced protection of our intellectual property rights;

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the potential for so-called parallel importing, which is what happens when a local seller, faced with high or higher local prices, opts to import goods from a foreign market (with low or lower prices) rather than buying them locally;

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unexpected regulatory requirements;

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impacts of changes in tariffs that the U.S. and other countries have announced or implemented, as well as any additional new tariffs, trade restrictions or export regulations that may be implemented or reversed in the future;

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economic weakness, including the uncertainty associated with worldwide economic conditions as a result of tariffs, inflation, sustained high interest rates, natural disasters and military conflicts, including the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, volatility in currency exchange rates, pandemics or other public health emergencies, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

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workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the U.S.;

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production shortages resulting from any events affecting a product candidate and/or finished drug product supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;

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business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, such as the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, pandemics or other public health emergencies, climate change or natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons, floods and fires; and

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failure to comply with Office of Foreign Asset Control rules and regulations and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”).

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

Even if we, or our collaborators, complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates, the regulatory approval process is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain and we or they may not receive approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our or their product candidates in a timely manner, or at all.

Our long-term success and ability to sustain and grow revenue depends on our and our collaborators’ ability to continue to successfully develop our product candidates and obtain regulatory approval to market our or their products both in and outside of the U.S. In order to market and sell our products in the EU and many other jurisdictions, we and our collaborators must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, whose laws and regulations may differ from country to country, impose substantial requirements on the development of product candidates to become eligible for marketing approval and have substantial discretion in the process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that the data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical studies, clinical trials or other studies and testing. The time required to obtain approval outside of the U.S. may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. For example, in many countries outside of the U.S., it is required that the drug be approved for reimbursement before the drug can be approved for sale in that country. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside of the U.S. does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries. For additional risks related to conducting business outside of the U.S., please see the risk factor above entitled “The business that we or our collaborators conduct outside of the U.S. may be adversely affected by international risks and uncertainties.”

In addition, the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities retain broad discretion in evaluating the results of our clinical trials and in determining whether the results demonstrate that selinexor or any other product candidate is safe and effective. If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials of selinexor or other product candidates prior to approval of additional indications, in earlier lines of therapy or in combination with other drugs, including additional earlier phase clinical trials that may be required prior to commencing any later phase clinical trials, or additional clinical trials following completion of our current and planned later phase clinical trials, we may need substantial additional funds, and there is no assurance that the results of any such additional clinical trials will be sufficient for approval.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the U.S. and abroad, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. It may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information, including manufacturing information, to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and effectiveness. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application.

The FDA or other regulatory authorities may determine that (i) our product candidates do not have an overall positive benefit-risk profile; (ii) the dose used in a clinical trial has not been optimized and require us to conduct additional dose optimization studies; or (iii) the comparator arm and/or endpoint in a trial is no longer the appropriate comparator or endpoint due to the evolution of the

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competitive landscape or subsequent data of the comparator product, even if the FDA or other regulatory authority had previously approved the trial design, and we may be required to amend the trial or we may not receive approval of the indication. For example, in December 2024, we announced that we were engaged in discussions with the FDA regarding the evolving treatment landscape in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer, particularly the approval of checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab, dostarlimab-gxly and durvalumab). We have submitted to the FDA and other relevant global regulatory authorities an amendment to the EC-042 Trial protocol incorporating modifications, which we believe are responsive to certain of the FDA’s concerns. However, the FDA may not agree that some or all of our proposed modifications to the EC-042 Trial adequately address their concerns, which may ultimately impact approvability. In addition, the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence has a number of projects to advance the development and regulation of medical products for patients with cancer, such as Project Optimus to reform the dose optimization and dose selection paradigm in oncology drug development to emphasize selection of an optimal dose. These projects exemplify the emphasis the FDA is placing on various elements in the drug development process and therefore may require sponsors to spend additional time and resources either pre- or post-approval, and our ability to complete existing trials or initiate new trials may be delayed.

Moreover, clinical investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under certain circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a clinical investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected interpretation of the trial. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority, as the case may be, and may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of one or more of our product candidates.

Further, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act (“PREA”), an New Drug Application (“NDA”) or supplement to an NDA for certain drugs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective, unless the sponsor receives a deferral or waiver from the FDA. A deferral may be granted for several reasons, including a finding that the product or therapeutic candidate is ready for approval for use in adults before pediatric trials are complete or that additional safety or effectiveness data needs to be collected before the pediatric trials begin. The law requires the FDA to send a PREA Non-Compliance letter to sponsors who have failed to submit their pediatric assessments required under PREA, have failed to seek or obtain a deferral or deferral extension or have failed to request approval for a required pediatric formulation. It further requires the FDA to publicly post the PREA Non-Compliance letter and sponsor’s response. The applicable legislation in the EU also requires sponsors to either conduct clinical trials in a pediatric population in accordance with a Pediatric Investigation Plan approved by the Pediatric Committee of the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) or to obtain a waiver or deferral from the conduct of these studies by this Committee. For any of our product candidates for which we or our collaborators are seeking regulatory approval in the U.S. or the EU, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain a waiver or alternatively complete any required studies and other requirements in a timely manner, or at all, which could result in an issuance and publication of a PREA Non-Compliance letter and associated reputational harm, our product candidate being considered misbranded and subject to relevant enforcement action, invalidation of the marketing application, and/or financial penalties. Our collaborators are also subject to similar requirements outside of the U.S. and the EU and thus the attendant risks and uncertainties.

Our ability to develop and market new drug products may also be impacted by litigation challenging the FDA’s approval of another company’s drug product. In April 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas invalidated the approval by the FDA of mifepristone, a drug product which was originally approved in 2000 and whose distribution is governed by various measures adopted under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”). The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit declined to order the removal of mifepristone from the market but did hold that plaintiffs were likely to prevail in their claim that changes allowing for expanded access of mifepristone, which the FDA authorized in 2016 and 2021, were arbitrary and capricious. In June 2024, the Supreme Court reversed that decision after unanimously finding that the plaintiffs (anti-abortion doctors and organizations) did not have standing to bring this legal action against the FDA. On October 11, 2024, the Attorneys General of three states (Missouri, Idaho and Kansas) filed an amended complaint in the district court in Texas challenging FDA’s actions. On January 16, 2025, the District Court agreed to allow these states to file an amended complaint and continue to pursue this challenge. Depending on the outcome of this litigation, our ability to develop new drug product candidates and to maintain approval of existing drug products could be delayed, undermined or subject to protracted litigation.

The approval of our and our collaborators’ current or future product candidates for commercial sale could be delayed, limited or denied or we or they may be required to conduct additional studies for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, the following:

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regulatory authorities may determine that our or our collaborators’ product candidates do not demonstrate safety and effectiveness in accordance with regulatory agency standards based on a number of considerations, including AEs that are

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reported during clinical trials or the FDA determines that the patient population enrolled is either (i) not consistent with the demographics of the patient population in the U.S. or (ii) does not reflect the U.S. standard of care;

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regulatory authorities could analyze and/or interpret data from clinical trials and preclinical testing in different ways than we, or our collaborators, interpret them and determine that our data is insufficient for approval;

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regulatory authorities may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data or trials, to support approval, as in the case of our initiation of the EC-042 Study for patients with TP53 wild-type advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer following discussions with the FDA in early 2022 on our SIENDO trial;

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regulatory authorities could determine that our manufacturing processes are not properly designed, are not conducted in accordance with federal or other laws or otherwise not properly managed, and we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for a commercially viable manufacturing process for our product candidates in a timely manner, or at all;

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the supply or quality of our or our collaborators’ product candidates for our clinical trials may be insufficient, inadequate or delayed;

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the size of the patient population required to establish the effectiveness of our or our collaborators’ product candidates to the satisfaction of regulatory agencies may be larger than we or they anticipated;

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our failure or the failure of clinical investigational sites and the records kept at the respective locations, including clinical trial data, to be in compliance with the FDA’s current good clinical practices regulations (“GCP”) or comparable regulations outside of the U.S., including the failure to pass inspections of our corporate site or our clinical trial sites;

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regulatory authorities may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations;

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regulatory authorities may not be able to undertake reviews, applicable inspections or approval processes in a timely manner including as the result of the implementation of policies by the current Trump administration that may affect the FDA review process, such as efforts to downsize the U.S. federal workforce, remove job elimination protections for U.S. federal workers, limit certain communications, and potentially interfere with user fee reauthorization;

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the results of our earlier clinical trials may not be representative of our future, larger trials;

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regulatory authorities may not agree with our or our collaborators’ regulatory approval strategies or components of our or their regulatory filings, such as the design or implementation of the relevant clinical trials, including the proportion of patients enrolled in our clinical trials from outside of the U.S. compared to U.S. patients or the demographics of the population; for example, the FDA identified multiple risks related to our decision to decrease the total number of patients to be enrolled in our ongoing Phase 3 multiple myeloma trial, including the ability to adequately assess benefit-risk with a limited number of patients; or

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a product may not be approved for the indications that we, or our collaborators, request or may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved drug not commercially viable.

As of January 1, 2025, a new International Recognition Procedure (“IRP”) applies, which intends to facilitate approval of pharmaceutical products in the UK. The IRP is open to applicants that have already received an authorization for the same product from one of the MHRA’s specified Reference Regulators (“RRs”). The RRs notably include EMA and regulators in the EU/European Economic Area (“EEA”) member states for approvals in the EU centralized procedure and mutual recognition procedure as well as the FDA (for product approvals granted in the U.S.). However, the concrete functioning of the IRP is currently unclear. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any marketing approvals, may force us or our collaborators to restrict or delay efforts to seek regulatory approval in the UK for our product candidates, which could significantly and materially harm our business.

We, or our collaborators, may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our or their products in any market. Any failure, delay or setback in obtaining regulatory approval for our or our collaborators’ product candidates could materially adversely affect our or our collaborators’ ability to generate revenue from a particular product candidate, which could result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our stock price.

We, or our collaborators, may seek approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to use accelerated development pathways for our product candidates. If we, or our collaborators, are not able to use such pathways, we, or they, may be required to conduct additional clinical trials beyond those that are contemplated, which would increase the expense of obtaining, and delay the receipt of, necessary marketing approvals, if we, or they, receive them at all. In addition, even if an

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accelerated approval pathway is available to us, or our collaborators, it may not lead to expedited approval of our product candidates, or approval at all.

Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and implementing regulations, the FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product candidate to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit over available therapies, upon a determination that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease, such as irreversible morbidity or mortality. For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit measurement of a therapeutic effect that is considered reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a drug. The accelerated approval pathway may be used in cases in which the advantage of a new drug over available therapy may not be a direct therapeutic advantage, but is a clinically important improvement from a patient and public health perspective. Similar risks to those described above are also applicable to any application that we, or our collaborators, have submitted or may submit in other jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Prior to seeking such accelerated approval, we, or our collaborators, will continue to seek feedback from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies and otherwise evaluate our, or their, ability to seek and receive such accelerated approval.

There can be no assurance that the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies will agree with our, or our collaborators’, surrogate endpoints or intermediate clinical endpoints in any of our, or their, clinical trials, or that we, or our collaborators, will decide to pursue or submit any additional NDA for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval. Similarly, there can be no assurance that, after feedback from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies, we, or our collaborators, will continue to pursue or apply for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval. Furthermore, for any submission of an application for accelerated approval or application under another expedited regulatory designation, there can be no assurance that such submission or application will be accepted for filing or that any expedited development, review or approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

Finally, there can be no assurance that we will satisfy all FDA requirements, including new provisions, that govern accelerated approval. For example, with passage of the FDORA in December 2022, Congress modified certain provisions governing accelerated approval of drug and biologic products. Specifically, the new legislation authorized the FDA to require a sponsor to have its confirmatory clinical trial underway before accelerated approval is awarded and to submit progress reports on its post-approval studies to FDA every six months until the study is completed. Moreover, FDORA established expedited procedures authorizing FDA to withdraw an accelerated approval if certain conditions are met, including where a required confirmatory study fails to verify and describe the predicted clinical benefit or where evidence demonstrates the product is not shown to be safe or effective under the conditions of use. The FDA may also use such procedures to withdraw an accelerated approval if a sponsor fails to conduct any required post-approval study of the product with due diligence, including with respect to “conditions specified by the Secretary.” The new procedures include the provision of due notice and an explanation for a proposed withdrawal, and opportunities for a meeting with the Commissioner or the Commissioner’s designee and a written appeal, among other things. We will need to fully comply with these and other requirements in connection with the development and approval of any product candidate that qualifies for accelerated approval.

In March 2023, the FDA issued draft guidance that outlines its current thinking and approach to accelerated approval. The FDA indicated that the accelerated approval pathway is commonly used for approval of oncology drugs due to the serious and life-threatening nature of cancer. Although single-arm trials have been commonly used to support accelerated approval, a randomized controlled trial is the preferred approach as it provides a more robust efficacy and safety assessment and allows for direct comparisons to an available therapy. To that end, the FDA outlined considerations for designing, conducting, and analyzing data for trials intended to support accelerated approvals of oncology therapeutics. Subsequently, in December 2024 and January 2025, the FDA issued additional draft guidances relating to accelerated approval. These guidances describe FDA’s latest thinking on what it means to conduct a confirmatory trial with due diligence and how the FDA plans to interpret whether such a study needs to be underway at the time of approval. While these guidances are currently only in draft form and will ultimately not be legally binding even when finalized, sponsors typically observe the FDA’s guidance closely to ensure that their investigational products qualify for accelerated approval.

Accordingly, a failure to obtain and maintain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval for our product candidates, or withdrawal of a product candidate, would result in a longer time period until commercialization of such product candidate, could increase the cost of development of such product candidate and could harm our competitive position in the marketplace.

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Additionally, the U.S. federal government has been shut down since October 1, 2025. During the shutdown, the FDA has operated on a reduced basis with many non-essential functions suspended. While reviews tied to already paid user fees are continuing, companies may experience slower communications and selective deferrals. If this shutdown continues, it may prevent the FDA from conducting their regular inspections, reviews or other regulatory activities, and could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. For example, during the shutdown, the FDA does not currently have legal authority to accept user fees assessed for fiscal year 2026 until a fiscal year 2026 appropriation or continuing resolution for the FDA is enacted, which means that the FDA will not be able to accept any regulatory submissions for fiscal year 2026 that require a fee payment and that are submitted during the shutdown. Further, in our operations as a U.S. public company, future government shutdowns or delays could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

XPOVIO and any of our product candidates for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval in the future are subject to post-marketing regulatory requirements, including following accelerated or conditional approvals of our product candidates, and could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we, and our collaborators, may be subject to substantial penalties if we, or they, fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we, or they, experience unanticipated problems with our products following approval.

Once marketing approval has been granted, an approved product and its manufacturer and marketer are subject to ongoing review and extensive regulation. XPOVIO and any of our product candidates for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval in the future, as well as the manufacturing processes, post-approval studies and measures, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such drug, among other things, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, and requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and record keeping. For example, as a condition of the XPOVIO accelerated approvals by the FDA for the multiple myeloma and DLBCL indications, we are required to complete certain post-marketing commitments. There is no assurance that we will be able to timely complete such obligations. Failure to comply with such requirements may have an adverse impact on the accelerated approval status of selinexor in DLBCL. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a REMS, which could include requirements for a restricted distribution system.

The FDA also imposes requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials to maintain approval of any products that received accelerated or conditional approval. For drugs approved under the FDA’s Accelerated Approval Program, the FDA typically requires post-marketing confirmatory trials to evaluate the anticipated effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. These confirmatory trials must be completed with due diligence. For example, in June 2020, the FDA approved XPOVIO to treat DLBCL under the FDA’s accelerated approval regulations and as a condition of the accelerated approval for this indication we are required to comply with a number of post-approval requirements. We may not be able to successfully and timely complete these post-approval requirements, obtain an extension, if needed, or complete any other post-marketing confirmatory study as required to maintain approval or achieve full approval of our products. If required post-approval studies fail to verify the clinical benefits of our products or confirm that the surrogate marker used for accelerated approval of our products showed an adequate correlation with clinical outcomes, if a sufficient number of participants cannot be enrolled, or if we fail to perform the required post-approval studies with due diligence or on a timely basis, the FDA has the authority to withdraw approval of the drug following a hearing conducted under the FDA’s regulations, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. We cannot be certain of the results of the confirmatory clinical studies for the DLBCL indication or any other future conditional approval we receive or what action the FDA may take if the results of those studies are not as expected based on clinical data that FDA has already reviewed.

Similar risks to those described above are also applicable to any application that we, or our collaborators, have submitted or may submit in other jurisdictions outside of the U.S., including applications submitted to the EMA to support approval of selinexor to treat patients with multiple myeloma or any other cancer indication. For medicinal products where the benefit of immediate availability outweighs the risk of less comprehensive data than normally required, based on the scope and criteria defined in legislation and guidelines, it is possible to obtain a conditional marketing authorization for a new drug in the EU with a 12-month validity period and annual renewal pursuant to Regulation No 507/2006. These are granted only if the EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) finds that all four of the following requirements are met: (i) the benefit-risk balance of the product is positive; (ii) it is likely that the sponsor will be able to provide comprehensive data; (iii) unmet medical needs will be fulfilled; and (iv) the benefit to public health of the medicinal product’s immediate availability on the market outweighs the risks due to the need for further data.

Once a conditional marketing authorization has been granted, the marketing authorization holder must fulfill specific obligations within defined timelines. These obligations could include completing ongoing or new studies or collecting additional data to confirm

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the medicine’s benefit-risk balance remains positive. For example, the July 2022 marketing authorization from the European Commission (“EC”) for NEXPOVIO to treat adult patients with multiple myeloma after at least one prior therapy satisfied the conditional approval obligation for NEXPOVIO for patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior therapies and whose disease is refractory to at least two proteasome inhibitors, two immunomodulatory agents, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, and who have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy. Conditional marketing authorization is valid for a period of one year and can be renewed/prolonged if the conditions set out in the conditional marketing authorization are met. Further, as discussed above, under FDORA, modifications to regulations governing accelerated approval require a sponsor to have the confirmatory clinical trial underway before accelerated approval is awarded as well as other requirements following accelerated approval. If we, or our collaborators, are not able to fulfill the specific obligations set out in any conditional marketing authorization requirements, the conditional marketing authorization may not be prolonged and we, or our collaborators, will no longer be able to market the product for the indication receiving conditional approval.

The FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may also impose requirements for costly surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of an approved drug. The FDA and other U.S. or foreign agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure that they are manufactured, marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use, and if we, or our collaborators communicate about any of our product candidates for which we, or they, receive marketing approval in a way that regulators assert goes beyond their approved indications, we, or they, may be subject to warnings or enforcement action for off-label marketing. Alleged violations of the FDCA or other statutes, including the False Claims Act (the “FCA”), relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws.

We will need to carefully monitor and navigate the FDA’s various regulations, guidance and policies, along with recently enacted legislation, to ensure compliance with restrictions governing promotion of our products. Promotion of prescription products is currently an area of government scrutiny, and the applicable statutes, regulations and guidance and policies are complex, subject to changing interpretation, and subject to amendment. For example, new FDA regulations and guidance have been issued in recent years, current Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and FDA officials have expressed interest in new restrictions on direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) advertising, and bills have been introduced in Congress related to disclosure of price information in DTC advertisements, restrictions on DTC advertising, promotion by social media influencers and telehealth companies, and tax deductions available for DTC promotion expenses.

In addition, manufacturers of approved products and those manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive requirements by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”), which include requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and reporting requirements. We, our contract manufacturers, our collaborators and their contract manufacturers could be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities to monitor and ensure compliance with cGMPs or other regulations.

Post-approval discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, reduced effectiveness of our products, or relating to our manufacturing processes, data integrity issues with regulatory filings, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including:

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litigation involving patients taking our drug;

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restrictions on our manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

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restrictions on the labeling or marketing of our products;

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restrictions on the distribution or use of our products;

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requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

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warning letters or untitled letters;

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withdrawal, recall or seizure of our products from the market;

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refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

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fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

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suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

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damage to relationships with our current or potential collaborators;

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unfavorable press coverage and damage to our reputation;

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refusal to permit the import or export of our products; or

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Similar restrictions apply to the approval of our products in the EU. The holder of the marketing authorization is required to comply with a range of requirements applicable to the manufacturing, marketing, promotion and sale of medicinal products. These include:

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compliance with the EU’s stringent pharmacovigilance or safety reporting rules, which can impose post-authorization studies and additional monitoring obligations;

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the manufacturing of authorized medicinal products, for which a separate manufacturer’s license is mandatory, must also be conducted in strict compliance with the applicable EU laws, regulations and guidance, including Directive 2001/83/EC, Directive 2003/94/EC, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 and the EC Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice. These requirements include compliance with EU cGMP standards when manufacturing medicinal products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (“API”), including the manufacture of APIs outside of the EU with the intention to import the APIs into the EU; and

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the marketing and promotion of authorized drugs, including industry-sponsored continuing medical education and advertising directed toward the prescribers of drugs and/or the general public, are strictly regulated in the EU notably under Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, and are also subject to EU Member State laws. Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines is prohibited across the EU.

Finally, we or our collaborators are also subject to other regulations in various jurisdictions, including the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (the “DSCSA”) in the U.S., the Falsified Medicines Directive in the EU and similar laws and regulations in other countries that require us or them to develop electronic systems to serialize, track, trace and authenticate units of our products through the supply chain and distribution system. Compliance with these regulations may result in increased expenses for us or our collaborators or impose greater administrative burdens on our or their organizations, and any failure on our or our collaborators’ part to meet these requirements could result in fines or other penalties or reputational harm.

Accordingly, in connection with our currently approved products and assuming we, or our collaborators, receive marketing approval for one or more of our product candidates, we, and our collaborators, and our and their contract manufacturers will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance and quality control. If we, and our collaborators, are not able to comply with post-approval regulatory requirements, our or our collaborators’ ability to market any future products could be limited, which could adversely affect our ability to achieve or sustain profitability. Further, the cost of compliance with post-approval regulations may have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition.

If we, or our collaborators, are required by the FDA, EMA or comparable regulatory authority to obtain clearance or approval of one or more companion diagnostic tests in connection with approval of any of our product candidates or a group of therapeutic products, and we or they do not obtain or there are delays in obtaining clearance or approval of a diagnostic test, we may not be able to commercialize the product candidate and our ability to generate revenue may be materially impaired.

In connection with our ongoing development of selinexor in patients whose endometrial cancer is TP53 wild-type, we are utilizing a companion diagnostic to identify patients whose tumors are TP53 wild-type. We may be required to develop a second companion diagnostic pending the ultimate patient population included in the potential label for our endometrial indication. To be successful in developing and commercializing product candidates in combination with companion diagnostics, we or our collaborators will need to address a number of scientific, technical, regulatory and logistical challenges. According to FDA guidance, if the FDA determines that a companion diagnostic device is essential to ensuring the safety and effectiveness of a novel therapeutic product or new indication, the FDA generally will not approve the therapeutic product or new therapeutic product indication if the companion diagnostic is not also approved or cleared. In certain circumstances (for example, when a therapeutic product is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition for which no satisfactory available therapy exists or when the labelling of an approved product needs to be revised to address a serious safety issue), however, the FDA may approve a therapeutic product without the prior or contemporaneous marketing authorization of a companion diagnostic. In this case, approval of a companion diagnostic may be a post-marketing requirement or commitment.

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If the FDA requires clearance or approval of a companion diagnostic for any of our product candidates, whether before, concurrently with approval, or post-approval of the product candidate, we, and/or our collaborators, may encounter difficulties in developing and obtaining clearance or approval for these companion diagnostics. The process of obtaining or creating such diagnostic is time consuming and costly. The FDA previously has required in vitro companion diagnostics intended to select the patients who will respond to a product candidate to obtain pre-market approval (“PMA”), simultaneously with approval of the therapeutic candidate.

The PMA process, including the gathering of clinical data and the submission and review by the FDA, can take several years or longer. It involves a rigorous pre-market review during which the sponsor must prepare and provide the FDA with reasonable assurance of the device’s safety and effectiveness and information about the device and its components regarding, among other things, device design, manufacturing, and labeling. After a device is placed on the market, it remains subject to significant regulatory requirements, including requirements, such as the Quality Management System Regulation as part of 21 CFR 820, which governs development, testing, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, promotion, labeling, import, export, record-keeping, and adverse event reporting. Similar risks to those described above are also applicable to any companion diagnostic that we, or our collaborators, utilize in our clinical trials in connection with approval of a product candidate outside of the U.S. For example, in the EU, until May 25, 2022, in vitro diagnostic medical devices were regulated by Directive 98/79/EC (the “IVDD”), which has been repealed and replaced by Regulation (EU) No 2017/746 (the “IVDR”). The regulation of companion diagnostics is now subject to further requirements set forth in the IVDR. Companion diagnostics will have to undergo a conformity assessment by a notified body. Before it can issue an EU certificate, the notified body must seek a scientific opinion from the EMA on the suitability of the companion diagnostic to the medicinal product concerned if the medicinal product falls exclusively within the scope of the centralized procedure for the authorization of medicines, or the medicinal product is already authorized through the centralized procedure, or a marketing authorization application for the medicinal product has been submitted through the centralized procedure. As part of the process to obtain a CE-mark for the FMI FoundationOne®CDx for the purpose of determining TP53 wild-type status for use of selinexor in the maintenance treatment of TP53 wild-type endometrial cancer patients, a performance study is required which leverages our EC-042 Trial (e.g., using the unapproved FoundationOne®CDx IVD to screen for TP53 wild-type patients in the EC-042 Trial and using the data generated to validate the CDx itself). As the regulations are relatively new, the industry is gaining experience in the compilation of these submissions while the national Competent Authorities and the respective Ethics Committees are also gaining expertise in assessing these applications. As a result, the assessment deadlines of these performance study submissions and amendments are often not met. These new regulations have and could continue to negatively impact the pace of enrollment in our clinical trials. For example, in 2023, site activation for our Phase 3 clinical trial in endometrial cancer was delayed in the EU due to the new IVDR regulations. Consequently, the ability to use the FoundationOne®CDx in vitro diagnostic medical devices to screen patients for TP53 status in the EC-042 Trial has been delayed in various countries in the EU.

We may rely on third parties for the design, development and manufacture of companion diagnostic tests for our product candidates, such as in the case of our ongoing Phase 3 trial evaluating selinexor in patients with TP53 wild-type advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. If we enter into such collaborative agreements, we will be dependent on the sustained cooperation and effort of our future collaborators in developing and obtaining clearance or approval for these companion diagnostics. It may be necessary to resolve issues such as selectivity/specificity, analytical validation, reproducibility, or clinical validation of companion diagnostics during the development and regulatory clearance or approval processes. Moreover, even if data from preclinical studies and early clinical trials appear to support development of a companion diagnostic for a product candidate, data generated in later clinical trials may fail to support the analytical and clinical validation of the companion diagnostic. We and our future collaborators may encounter difficulties in developing, obtaining regulatory clearance or approval for, manufacturing and commercializing companion diagnostics similar to those we face with respect to our product candidates themselves, including issues with achieving regulatory clearance or approval, production of sufficient quantities at commercial scale and with appropriate quality standards, and in gaining market acceptance.

If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for our product candidates, or experience delays in doing so, the development of our product candidates may be adversely affected, our product candidates may not obtain marketing approval, and we may not realize the full commercial potential of any of our product candidates that obtain marketing approval. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, a diagnostic company with whom we contract may decide to discontinue selling or manufacturing the companion diagnostic test that we anticipate using in connection with development and commercialization of product candidates or our relationship with such diagnostic company may otherwise terminate. We may not be able to enter into arrangements with another diagnostic company to obtain supplies of an alternative diagnostic test for use in connection with the development and commercialization of our product candidates or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect and/or delay the co-development or commercialization of our companion diagnostic and therapeutic product candidates.

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We or our collaborators may seek certain designations for our product candidates in or outside of the U.S., including Breakthrough Therapy, Fast Track and Priority Review designations, and PRIME Designation in the EU, but we, or they, might not receive such designations, and even if we, or they, do, such designations may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

We may seek certain designations for one or more of our product candidates that could expedite review and approval by the FDA. A Breakthrough Therapy product is defined as a product that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For products that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens.

The FDA may also designate a product for Fast Track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one or more other products, for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and it demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. For Fast Track products, sponsors may have greater interactions with the FDA and the FDA may initiate review of sections of a Fast Track product’s application before the application is complete. This rolling review may be available if the FDA determines, after preliminary evaluation of clinical data submitted by the sponsor, that a Fast Track product may be effective.

We may also seek a Priority Review designation for one or more of our product candidates. If the FDA determines that a product candidate would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness, the FDA may designate the product candidate for priority review. A Priority Review designation means that the goal for the FDA to review an application is six months, rather than the standard review period of ten months.

These designations are within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that one of our product candidates meets the criteria for these designations, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. Further, even if we receive a designation, such as the receipt of Fast Track designation for selinexor to treat myelofibrosis, the receipt of such designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development or regulatory review or approval process compared to products considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualifies for these designations, the FDA may later decide that the product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification and rescind the designation or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

In the EU, we or our collaborators may seek PRIME designation for some of our product candidates in the future. PRIME is a voluntary program aimed at enhancing the EMA’s role to reinforce scientific and regulatory support in order to optimize development and enable accelerated assessment of new medicines that are of major public health interest with the potential to address unmet medical needs. The program focuses on medicines that target conditions for which there exists no satisfactory method of treatment in the EU or even if such a method exists, it may offer a major therapeutic advantage over existing treatments. PRIME is limited to medicines under development and not authorized in the EU and the sponsor intends to apply for an initial MAA through the centralized procedure. To be accepted for PRIME, a product candidate must meet the eligibility criteria with respect to its major public health interest and therapeutic innovation based on information that is capable of substantiating the claims. The benefits of a PRIME designation include the appointment of a CHMP rapporteur to provide continued support and help to build knowledge ahead of a MAA, early dialogue and scientific advice at key development milestones, and the potential to qualify products for accelerated review, meaning reduction in the review time for an opinion on approvability to be issued earlier in the application process. PRIME enables a sponsor to request parallel EMA scientific advice and health technology assessment advice to facilitate timely market access. Even if we or our collaborators receive PRIME designation for any of our product candidates, the designation may not result in a materially faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional EMA procedures. Further, obtaining PRIME designation does not assure or increase the likelihood of the EMA’s grant of a marketing authorization.

We, or our collaborators, may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for any product candidates we, or they, may develop, and even if we do, that exclusivity may not prevent the FDA or the EMA from approving other competing products.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition. A similar regulatory scheme governs approval of orphan products by the EMA in the EU. Generally, if a product candidate with an Orphan Drug Designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA, as applicable, from approving another marketing application for the same product for the same therapeutic indication for that time period. The applicable period is seven years in the U.S. and ten years in the EU. The exclusivity period in the EU can be reduced to six years if a

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product no longer meets the criteria for Orphan Drug Designation, in particular if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified.

In order for the FDA to grant orphan drug exclusivity to one of our products, the agency must find that the product is indicated for the treatment of a condition or disease with a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the U.S. The FDA may conclude that the condition or disease for which we seek orphan drug exclusivity does not meet this standard. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, such as the recent receipt of orphan drug exclusivity for selinexor for the treatment of myelofibrosis, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different products can be approved for the same condition. In addition, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, such as the EMA, can subsequently approve the same product for the same condition if the FDA or such other authorities conclude that the later product is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug exclusivity may also be lost if the FDA or EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of the patients with the rare disease or condition.

In 2017, the Congress passed the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (the “FDARA”). The FDARA, among other things, codified the FDA’s pre-existing regulatory interpretation, to require that a drug sponsor demonstrate the clinical superiority of an orphan drug that is otherwise the same as a previously approved drug for the same rare disease in order to receive orphan drug exclusivity. Under omnibus legislation signed by former President Trump in December 2020, the requirement for a product to show clinical superiority applies to drugs and biologics that received Orphan Drug Designation before the enactment of the FDARA in 2017, but have not yet been approved or licensed by the FDA.

The FDA and Congress may further reevaluate the Orphan Drug Act and its regulations and policies. This may be particularly true in light of a decision from the Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit in September 2021. In Catalyst Pharms, Inc. v. Becerra (“Catalyst”), the court held that, for the purpose of determining the scope of orphan drug exclusivity, the term “same disease or condition” in the statute means the designated “rare disease or condition” and could not be interpreted by the FDA to mean the “indication or use.” Thus, the court concluded, orphan drug exclusivity applies to the entire designated disease or condition rather than the approved “indication or use.” Although there have been legislative proposals to overrule this decision, they have not been enacted into law. On January 23, 2023, the FDA announced that, in matters beyond the scope of the Catalyst court order, the FDA will continue to apply its existing regulations tying orphan-drug exclusivity to the uses or indications for which the orphan drug is approved. More recently however, on February 14, 2025, a federal district court in Washington, D.C. fully embraced the reasoning of the Catalyst decision in another decision challenging the scope of orphan drug exclusivity. On April 17, 2025, the FDA appealed this decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. The implications of this decision, and its impact on the FDA’s implementation of the Orphan Drug Act, are unclear at this point.

We do not know if, when, or how the FDA may change the orphan drug regulations and policies in the future or whether Congress will take legislative action, and it is uncertain how any changes might affect our business. Depending on what changes the FDA or Congress may make to orphan drug regulations and policies, our business could be adversely impacted.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us, or any collaborators, to obtain marketing approval and commercialize our or their product candidates, if approved, and affect the prices we, or they, may obtain.

In the U.S. and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could, among other things, prevent or delay marketing approval of our or our collaborators’ product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability, or the ability of any collaborators, to profitably sell or commercialize XPOVIO or any product candidate for which we, or they, obtain marketing approval. We expect that current laws, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we, or any collaborators, may receive for any approved products. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope, our business could be materially harmed.

In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (collectively the “PPACA”). In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. These changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and will remain in effect through 2031. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. Further, with the passage of

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the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”) in August 2022, Congress extended the expansion of PPACA premium tax credits through 2025.

These and other laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any of our products or product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product is prescribed or used.

Since enactment of the PPACA, there have been, and continue to be, numerous legal challenges and Congressional actions to repeal and replace provisions of the law. For example, with the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “TCJA”), Congress repealed the “individual mandate” provision. The repeal of this provision, which requires most Americans to carry a minimal level of health insurance, became effective in 2019. Further, in December 2018, a U.S. District Court judge in the Northern District of Texas ruled that the individual mandate portion of the PPACA is an essential and inseverable feature of the PPACA, and therefore because the mandate was repealed as part of the TCJA, the remaining provisions of the PPACA are invalid as well. In June 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed this action after finding that the plaintiffs did not have standing to challenge the constitutionality of the PPACA. Litigation and legislation over the PPACA are likely to continue, with unpredictable and uncertain results.

In the EU, on December 13, 2021, Regulation No 2021/2282 on Health Technology Assessment (“HTA”), amending Directive 2011/24/EU, was adopted. While the Regulation entered into force in January 2022, it began to apply from January 2025 onward. The Regulation will have a phased implementation depending on the concerned products. The Regulation intends to boost cooperation among EU member states in assessing health technologies, including new medicinal products as well as certain high-risk medical devices, and provide the basis for cooperation at the EU level for joint clinical assessments in these areas. It will permit EU member states to use common HTA tools, methodologies, and procedures across the EU, working together in four main areas, including joint clinical assessment of the innovative health technologies with the highest potential impact for patients, joint scientific consultations whereby developers can seek advice from HTA authorities, identification of emerging health technologies to identify promising technologies early, and continuing voluntary cooperation in other areas. Individual EU member states will continue to be responsible for assessing non-clinical (e.g., economic, social, ethical) aspects of health technology, and making decisions on pricing and reimbursement.

We expect that these healthcare reforms, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria and new payment methodologies that govern XPOVIO or any other approved product and/or the level of reimbursement physicians receive for administering XPOVIO or any other approved product we, or our collaborators, might bring to market. Reductions in reimbursement levels may negatively impact the prices we receive or the frequency with which our products are prescribed or administered. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. Accordingly, such reforms, if enacted, could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from XPOVIO or from product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop or commercialize product candidates.

The prices of prescription pharmaceuticals in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions are subject to considerable legislative and executive actions and could impact the prices we obtain for our products, if and when licensed.

The prices of prescription pharmaceuticals have also been the subject of considerable discussion in the U.S. There have been several recent U.S. congressional inquiries, as well as proposed and enacted state and federal legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to pharmaceutical pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reduce the costs of pharmaceuticals under Medicare and Medicaid. In 2020, former President Trump issued several executive orders intended to lower the costs of prescription products and certain provisions in these orders have been incorporated into regulations. These regulations include an interim final rule implementing a most favored nation model for prices that would tie Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered pharmaceuticals to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries, effective January 1, 2021. That rule, however, has been subject to a nationwide preliminary injunction and, on December 29, 2021, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) issued a final rule to rescind it. With issuance of this rule, CMS stated that it will explore all options to incorporate value into payments for Medicare Part B pharmaceuticals and improve beneficiaries’ access to evidence-based care.

In addition, in October 2020, HHS and the FDA published a final rule allowing states and other entities to develop a Section 804 Importation Program to import certain prescription drugs from Canada into the U.S. That regulation was challenged in a lawsuit by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (“PhRMA”) but the case was dismissed by a federal district court in February 2023 after the court found that PhRMA did not have standing to sue HHS. Seven states (Colorado, Florida, Maine, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Texas and Vermont) have passed laws allowing for the importation of drugs from Canada. North

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Dakota and Virginia have passed legislation establishing workgroups to examine the impact of a state importation program. As of October 2024, five states (Colorado, Florida, Maine, New Hampshire and New Mexico) had submitted Section 804 Importation Program proposals to the FDA. Vermont has submitted a concept letter to HHS. On January 5, 2024, the FDA approved Florida’s plan for Canadian drug importation. That state now has authority to import certain drugs from Canada for a period of two years once certain conditions are met. Florida will first need to submit a pre-import request for each drug selected for importation, which must be approved by the FDA. The state will also need to relabel the drugs and perform quality testing of the products to meet FDA standards.

Further, in November 2020, HHS finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers. The final rule would also eliminate the current safe harbor for Medicare drug rebates and create new safe harbors for beneficiary point-of-sale discounts and pharmacy benefit manager service fees. It originally was set to go into effect on January 1, 2022, but with passage of the IRA has been delayed by Congress to January 1, 2032.

On August 16, 2022, the IRA was signed into law by former President Biden. The new legislation has implications for Medicare Part D, which is a program available to individuals who are entitled to Medicare Part A or enrolled in Medicare Part B to give them the option of paying a monthly premium for outpatient prescription drug coverage. Among other things, the IRA requires manufacturers of certain drugs to engage in price negotiations with Medicare (beginning in 2026), with prices that can be negotiated subject to a cap; imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation (first due in 2023); and replaces the Part D coverage gap discount program with a new discounting program (beginning in 2025). The IRA permits the Secretary of HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. Further, the legislation subjects drug manufacturers to civil monetary penalties and a potential excise tax for failing to comply with the legislation by offering a price that is not equal to or less than the negotiated “maximum fair price” under the law or for taking price increases that exceed inflation. The legislation also requires manufacturers to pay rebates for drugs in Medicare Part D whose price increases exceed inflation. The new law also caps Medicare out-of-pocket drug costs at an estimated $4,000 a year in 2024 and, thereafter beginning in 2025, at $2,000 a year.

Specifically, with respect to price negotiations, Congress authorized Medicare to negotiate lower prices for certain costly single-source drug and biologic products that do not have competing generics or biosimilars and are reimbursed under Medicare Part B and Part D. CMS may negotiate prices for ten high-cost drugs paid for by Medicare Part D starting in 2026, followed by 15 Part D drugs in 2027, 15 Part B or Part D drugs in 2028, and 20 Part B or Part D drugs in 2029 and beyond. This provision applies to drug products that have been approved for at least nine years and biologics that have been licensed for 13 years, but it does not apply to drugs and biologics that have been approved for a single rare disease or condition. The first cycle of negotiations for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program commenced in the summer of 2023. On August 15, 2024, HHS published the results of the first Medicare drug price negotiations for ten selected drugs that treat a range of conditions, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. The prices of these ten drugs will become effective January 1, 2026. On January 17, 2025, CMS announced its selection of 15 additional drugs covered by Part D for the second cycle of negotiations. Thereafter, following the change in administrations, CMS issued a public statement on January 29, 2025, declaring that lowering the cost of prescription drugs is a top priority of the new administration and CMS is committed to considering opportunities to bring greater transparency in the negotiation program. The second cycle of negotiations with participating drug companies will occur during 2025, and any negotiated prices for this second set of drugs will be effective starting January 1, 2027.

On June 6, 2023, Merck & Co. filed a lawsuit against HHS and CMS asserting that, among other things, the IRA’s Drug Price Negotiation Program for Medicare constitutes an uncompensated taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. Subsequently, a number of other parties, including the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, the PhRMA, Astellas, Novo Nordisk, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Teva also filed lawsuits in various courts with constitutional and Administrative Procedure Act claims against HHS and CMS. There have been various decisions by the courts considering these cases since they were filed. HHS has generally won the substantive disputes in these cases or succeeded in getting claims dismissed for lack of standing. Most of these cases are now on appeal. On October 30, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit heard oral argument in three of these cases. In April 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit heard argument in an additional three cases. On May 8, 2025, the Third Circuit rejected AstraZeneca’s challenge to the Medicare price negotiation program, finding that the program did not violate the company’s due process rights under the Constitution since there is no protected property interest in selling goods to Medicare beneficiaries at a price higher than what the government is willing to pay in reimbursement.

Accordingly, while it is currently unclear how the IRA will be effectuated, we cannot predict with certainty what impact any federal or state health reforms will have on us, but such changes could impose new or more stringent regulatory requirements on our activities or result in reduced reimbursement for our products, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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More recently, on April 15, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order which directs HHS to take steps to reduce the prices of pharmaceutical products. The new Order repeats many of the proposals advanced during the first Trump Administration, including directing the FDA to streamline and improve its existing drug importation program so as to make it easier for states to obtain approval without sacrificing the safety or quality of drug products. Other provisions of the Executive Order relate to the 340B program. Specifically, one provision calls on the Secretary of HHS to determine the hospital acquisition cost for covered outpatient drugs at hospital outpatient departments and to consider and propose any appropriate adjustments for Medicare payment. The other provision directs HHS to condition grant funding to certain health centers on those centers passing through the 340B discounts they receive on insulin and injectable epinephrine products to patients who meet certain requirements. With respect to the IRA’s Medicare drug pricing program, the Executive Order, among other things, calls for alignment in “the treatment of small molecule prescription drugs with that of biological products, ending the distortion that undermines relative investment in small molecule prescription drugs, coupled with other reforms to prevent any increase in overall costs to Medicare and its beneficiaries.”

At the state level, individual states are increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional healthcare organizations and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. These measures could reduce the ultimate demand for our products, once approved, or put pressure on our product pricing. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures. This may be increasingly true with respect to products approved pursuant to the accelerated approval pathway. State Medicaid programs and other payers are developing strategies and implementing significant coverage barriers, or refusing to cover these products outright, arguing that accelerated approval drugs have insufficient or limited evidence despite meeting the FDA’s standards for accelerated approval.

Finally, outside of the U.S., in some nations, including those of the EU, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control and access. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we, or our collaborators, may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product to other available therapies.

These measures, as well as others adopted in the future, may result in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for XPOVIO or any other approved product we or our collaborators might bring to market. Accordingly, such reforms, if enacted, could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenue from XPOVIO or from product candidates that we, or our collaborators, may successfully develop and for which we, or they, may obtain marketing approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop or commercialize product candidates.

Our relationships with healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payers will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare professionals, including but not limited to physicians, nurses, medical directors, hospitals, pharmacies, pharmacy benefit managers, group purchasing organizations, wholesalers, insurers, and all individuals employed by such entities (collectively, “HCPs”), may influence the recommendation and prescription of our approved products. Our arrangements with HCPs and others who have the ability to influence the recommendation and prescription of our products may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute our medicines for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

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the federal healthcare anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order, or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid;

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the FCA imposes criminal and civil penalties, including civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other government payers that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government, with potential liability including mandatory treble damages and significant per-claim penalties;

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the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), as further amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, which imposes certain requirements, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization by entities subject to the rule, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and healthcare providers;

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the federal false statements statute, which prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;

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the federal transparency requirements under the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report to HHS, information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare providers and teaching hospitals and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members and applicable group purchasing organizations; and

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analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payers, including private insurers, and certain state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other government regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. Liabilities they incur pursuant to these laws could result in significant costs or an interruption in operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and other governmental drug pricing programs are complex and may involve subjective decisions. Any failure to comply with those obligations could subject us to penalties and sanctions.

As a condition of reimbursement by various federal and state health insurance programs, we are required to calculate and report certain pricing information to federal and state agencies. The regulations governing the calculations, price reporting and payment obligations are complex and subject to interpretation by various government and regulatory agencies, as well as the courts. Reasonable assumptions have been made where there is lack of regulations or clear guidance and such assumptions involve subjective decisions and estimates. We are required to report any revisions to our calculation, price reporting and payment obligations previously reported or paid. Such revisions could affect our liability to federal and state payers and also adversely impact our reported financial results of operations in the period of such restatement. Further, a number of states have either implemented or are considering implementation of drug price transparency legislation that may prevent or limit our ability to take price increases at certain rates or frequencies. Requirements under such laws include advance notice of planned price increases, reporting price increase amounts and factors considered in taking such increases, wholesale acquisition cost information disclosure to prescribers, purchasers, and state agencies, and new product notice and reporting. Such legislation could limit the price or payment for certain drugs, and a number of states are authorized to impose civil monetary penalties or pursue other enforcement mechanisms against manufacturers for the untimely, inaccurate, or incomplete reporting of drug pricing information or for otherwise failing to comply with drug price transparency requirements. If we are found to have violated state law requirements, we may become subject to significant penalties or other enforcement mechanisms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Uncertainty exists as new laws, regulations, judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, or regulations related to our calculations, price reporting or payments obligations increases the chances of a legal challenge, restatement or investigation. If we become subject to investigations, restatements, or other inquiries concerning our compliance with price reporting laws and regulations, we could be required to pay or be subject to additional reimbursements, penalties, sanctions or fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, it is possible that future healthcare reform measures could be adopted, which could result in increased pressure on pricing and reimbursement of our products and thus have an adverse impact on our financial position or business operations.

Further, state Medicaid programs may be slow to invoice pharmaceutical companies for calculated rebates resulting in a lag between the time a sale is recorded and the time the rebate is paid. This results in us having to carry a liability on our consolidated balance sheets for the estimate of rebate claims expected for Medicaid patients. If actual claims are higher than current estimates, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition to retroactive rebates and the potential for 340B Program refunds, if we are found to have knowingly submitted any false price information related to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to CMS, we may be liable for civil monetary penalties. Such failure could also be grounds for CMS to terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement, pursuant to which we participate in the Medicaid program. In the event that CMS terminates our rebate agreement, federal payments may not be available under government programs, including Medicaid or Medicare Part B, for our covered outpatient drugs.

Additionally, if we overcharge the government in connection with the Federal Supply Schedule pricing program or Tricare Retail Pharmacy Program, whether due to a misstated Federal Ceiling Price or otherwise, we are required to refund the difference to the government. Failure to make necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges can result in allegations against us under the FCA and other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responding to a government investigation or enforcement action, would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our collaborators are also subject to similar requirements outside of the U.S. and thus the attendant risks and uncertainties. If our collaborators suffer material and adverse effects from such risks and uncertainties, our rights and benefits for our licensed products could be negatively impacted, which could have a material and adverse impact on our revenues.

We are subject to stringent privacy laws, information security laws, regulations, policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security and changes in such laws, regulations, policies and contractual obligations, and failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to significant fines and penalties and other consequences, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are subject to data privacy and protection laws and regulations that apply to the collection, transmission, storage and use of personally-identifying information, which among other things, impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of personal information, including comprehensive regulatory systems in the U.S., EU, UK and other countries in which we may conduct business. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve in jurisdictions worldwide, and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business. Failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

There are numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of personal information. In particular, regulations promulgated pursuant to HIPAA establish privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information, or protected health information, and require the implementation of administrative, physical and technological safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information. Determining whether protected health information has been handled in compliance with applicable privacy standards and our contractual obligations can be complex and may be subject to changing interpretation.

If we fail to comply with applicable privacy laws, including applicable HIPAA privacy and security standards, we could face civil and criminal penalties. HHS enforcement activity can result in financial liability and reputational harm, and responses to such enforcement activity can consume significant internal resources. In recent months, the Officer of Civil Rights (“OCR”) has been especially active in enforcing the HIPAA rules. In addition, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations that threaten the privacy of state residents. We cannot be sure how these regulations will be interpreted, enforced or applied to our operations. In addition to the risks associated with enforcement activities and potential contractual liabilities, our ongoing efforts to comply with evolving laws and regulations at the federal and state level may be costly

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and require ongoing modifications to our policies, procedures and systems. Additionally, OCR is looking to amend the HIPAA Security Rule, which (if and when finalized) could create additional compliance obligations and risk for our business.

In addition to potential enforcement by HHS, we could also be potentially subject to privacy enforcement from the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”). The FTC has been particularly focused on the unpermitted processing of health and genetic data through its recent enforcement actions and is expanding the types of privacy violations that it interprets to be “unfair” under Section 5 of the FTC Act, as well as the types of activities it views to trigger the Health Breach Notification Rule (which the FTC also has the authority to enforce). The agency is also in the process of developing rules related to commercial surveillance and data security. We will need to account for the FTC’s evolving rules and guidance for proper privacy and data security practices in order to mitigate risk for a potential enforcement action, which may be costly. Finally, both the FTC and HHS’s enforcement priorities (as well as those of other federal regulators) may be impacted by the change in administration and new leadership. These shifts in enforcement priorities may also impact our business.

There are also increased restrictions at the federal level relating to transferring sensitive data outside of the U.S. to certain foreign countries. For example, in 2024, Congress passed H.B. 815, which included the Protecting Americans’ Data from Foreign Adversaries Act of 2024. This law creates certain restrictions for entities that disclose sensitive data (including potential health data) to countries such as China. Failure to comply with these rules can lead to a potential FTC enforcement action. Additionally, the Department of Justice recently finalized a rule implementing Executive Order 14117, which creates similar restrictions related to the transfer of sensitive US data to countries such as China. These data transfer restrictions (and others that may pass in the future) may create operational challenges and legal risks for our business.

States are also active in creating specific rules relating to the processing of personal information. In 2018, California passed into law the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020 and imposed many requirements on businesses that process the personal information of California residents. Many of the CCPA’s requirements are similar to those found in the European General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which is further described below, including requiring businesses to provide notice to data subjects regarding the information collected about them and how such information is used and shared, and providing data subjects the right to request access to such personal information and, in certain cases, request the erasure of such personal information. The CCPA also affords California residents the right to opt-out of “sales” of their personal information. The CCPA contains significant penalties for companies that violate its requirements.

In November 2020, California voters passed a ballot initiative for the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2023 and significantly expanded the CCPA to incorporate additional GDPR-like provisions including requiring that the use, retention and sharing of personal information of California residents be reasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes of collection or processing, granting additional protections for sensitive personal information, and requiring greater disclosures related to notice to residents regarding retention of information. The CPRA also created a new enforcement agency – the California Privacy Protection Agency – the sole responsibility of which is to enforce the CPRA and other California privacy laws, which will further increase compliance risk. The provisions in the CPRA may apply to some of our business activities.

In addition to California, at least eighteen other states have passed comprehensive privacy laws similar to the CCPA and CPRA. These laws are either in effect or will go into effect over the next few years. Like the CCPA and CPRA, these laws create obligations related to the processing of personal information, as well as special obligations for the processing of “sensitive” data, which includes health data in some cases. Some of the provisions of these laws may apply to our business activities. There are also states that are strongly considering or have already passed comprehensive privacy laws during the 2024 legislative sessions that will go into effect in 2025 and beyond, including New Hampshire and New Jersey. Other states will be considering these laws in the future, and Congress has also been debating passing a federal privacy law. There are also states that are specifically regulating health information that may affect our business. For example, Washington state passed a health privacy law in 2023 that regulates the collection and sharing of health information, and the law also has a private right of action, which further increases the relevant compliance risk. Connecticut and Nevada have also passed similar laws regulating consumer health data, and more states are considering such legislation in 2025. These laws may impact our business activities, including our identification of research subjects, relationships with business partners and ultimately the marketing and distribution of our products.

Plaintiffs’ lawyers are also increasingly using privacy-related statutes at both the state and federal level to bring lawsuits against companies for their data-related practices. In particular, there have been a significant number of cases filed against companies for their use of pixels and other web trackers. These cases often allege violations of the California Invasion of Privacy Act and other state laws regulating wiretapping, as well as the federal Video Privacy Protection Act. The rise in these types of lawsuits creates potential risk for our business.

Similar to the laws in the U.S., there are significant privacy and data security laws that apply in Europe and other countries. The collection, use, disclosure, transfer, or other processing of personal data, including personal health data, regarding individuals who are

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located in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), and the processing of personal data that takes place in the EEA, is regulated by the GDPR, which went into effect in May 2018 and which imposes obligations on companies that operate in our industry with respect to the processing of personal data and the cross-border transfer of such data. The GDPR imposes onerous accountability obligations requiring data controllers and processors to maintain a record of their data processing and policies. If our or our partners’ or service providers’ privacy or data security measures fail to comply with the GDPR requirements, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, enforcement notices requiring us to change the way we use personal data and/or fines of up to 20 million Euros or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the group of companies of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, as well as compensation claims by affected individuals, negative publicity, reputational harm and a potential loss of business and goodwill.

The GDPR places restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data from the EU to countries that have not been found by the EC to offer adequate data protection legislation. There are ongoing concerns about the ability of companies to transfer personal data from the EU to other countries. In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU (the “CJEU”) invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, one of the mechanisms used to legitimize the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the U.S. The CJEU decision also drew into question the long-term viability of an alternative means of data transfer, the standard contractual clauses, for international transfers of personal data from the EEA. This CJEU decision resulted in increased scrutiny on data transfers and increased our costs of compliance with data privacy legislation as well as our costs of negotiating appropriate privacy and security agreements with our vendors and business partners.

In October 2022, former President Biden signed an executive order to implement the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which serves as a replacement to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield. The EC adopted the adequacy decision on July 10, 2023. The adequacy decision permits U.S. companies who self-certify to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework to rely on it as a valid data transfer mechanism for data transfers from the EU to the U.S. However, some privacy advocacy groups have already suggested that they will be challenging the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework. If these challenges are successful, they may not only impact the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, but also further limit the viability of the standard contractual clauses and other data transfer mechanisms. The uncertainty around this issue has the potential to impact our business. Following the withdrawal of the UK from the EU, the UK Data Protection Act 2018 applies to the processing of personal data that takes place in the UK and includes parallel obligations to those set forth by GDPR. In relation to data transfers, both the UK and the EU have determined, through separate “adequacy” decisions, that data transfers between the two jurisdictions are in compliance with the UK Data Protection Act and the GDPR, respectively. The UK and the U.S. have also agreed to a U.S.-UK “Data Bridge”, which functions similarly to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework and provides an additional legal mechanism for companies to transfer data from the UK to the U.S.

Switzerland has also approved an adequacy decision in relation to the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (which functions similarly to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework and the U.S.-UK Data Bridge in relation to data transfers from Switzerland to the U.S.). Any changes or updates to these developments have the potential to impact our business.

Beyond GDPR, there are privacy and data security laws in a growing number of countries around the world. While many loosely follow GDPR as a model, other laws contain different or conflicting provisions. These laws will impact our ability to conduct our business activities, including both our clinical trials and the sale and distribution of commercial products, through increased compliance costs, costs associated with contracting and potential enforcement actions.

While we continue to address the implications of the recent changes to data privacy regulations, data privacy remains an evolving landscape at both the domestic and international level, with new regulations coming into effect and continued legal challenges, and our efforts to comply with the evolving data protection rules may be unsuccessful. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. We must devote significant resources to understanding and complying with this changing landscape. Failure to comply with laws regarding data protection would expose us to risk of enforcement actions taken by data protection authorities in the EEA and elsewhere and carries with it the potential for significant penalties if we are found to be non-compliant. Similarly, failure to comply with federal and state laws in the U.S. regarding privacy and security of personal information could expose us to penalties under such laws. Any such failure to comply with data protection and privacy laws could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, claims for damages or other liabilities, regulatory investigations and enforcement action, litigation and significant costs for remediation, any of which could adversely affect our business. Even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant resources and generate negative publicity, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

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Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, collaborators and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and/or requirements and insider trading, which could cause significant liability for us and harm our reputation.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, collaborators and vendors. Misconduct by these partners could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or unauthorized activities that violate FDA regulations or similar regulations of comparable foreign regulatory authorities; provide inaccurate information to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities; fail to comply with manufacturing standards, federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established and enforced by comparable foreign regulatory authorities; fail to comply with state drug pricing transparency filing requirements; fail to report financial information or data accurately; or fail to disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. This could include violations of HIPAA, other U.S. federal and state laws, and requirements of foreign jurisdictions, including the GDPR. We are also exposed to risks in connection with any insider trading violations by employees or others affiliated with us. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee or third-party misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent these activities may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from significant penalties, governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws, standards, regulations, guidance or codes of conduct. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations and the operations of our third-party vendors also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or commercialization efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Laws and regulations governing international operations we may have in the future may preclude us from developing, manufacturing and selling certain products outside of the U.S. and require us to develop and implement costly compliance programs.

We are subject to numerous laws and regulations in each jurisdiction outside of the U.S. in which we operate. The creation, implementation and maintenance of international business practices compliance programs is costly and such programs are difficult to enforce, particularly where reliance on third parties is required.

The FCPA prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring us to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. The FCPA is enforced by the DOJ and the SEC.

Compliance with the FCPA is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, the FCPA presents particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals, clinics, universities and similar institutions are operated by the government, and doctors and other healthcare professionals are considered

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foreign officials. Certain payments to healthcare professionals in connection with clinical trials, regulatory approvals, sales and marketing, and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to government officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions. Because the FCPA applies to indirect payments, the use of third parties and other collaborators can increase potential FCPA risk, as we could be held liable for the acts of third parties that do not comply with the FCPA’s requirements.

The failure to comply with laws governing international business practices may result in substantial penalties, including suspension or debarment from government contracting. Violation of the FCPA can result in significant civil and criminal penalties. Indictment alone under the FCPA can lead to suspension of the right to do business with the U.S. government until the pending claims are resolved. Conviction of a violation of the FCPA can result in long-term disqualification as a government contractor. The termination of a government contract or relationship as a result of our failure to satisfy any of our obligations under laws governing international business practices would have a negative impact on our operations and harm our reputation and ability to procure government contracts. The SEC also may suspend or bar issuers from trading securities on U.S. exchanges for violations of the FCPA’s accounting provisions.

Like the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws throughout the world similarly prohibit offers and payments made to obtain improper business advantages, including offers or payments to healthcare professionals and other government and non-government officials. These other anti-corruption laws also can result in substantial financial penalties and other collateral consequences.

Various laws, regulations and executive orders also restrict the use and dissemination outside of the U.S., or the sharing with certain non-U.S. nationals, of information classified for national security purposes, as well as certain products and technical data relating to those products. Our expansion outside of the U.S., has required, and will continue to require, us to dedicate additional resources to comply with these laws, and these laws may preclude us from developing, manufacturing, or selling certain drugs and product candidates outside of the U.S., which could limit our growth potential and increase our development costs.

With the passage of the CREATES Act, we are exposed to possible litigation and damages by competitors who may claim that we are not providing sufficient quantities of our approved products on commercially reasonable, market-based terms for testing in support of their ANDAs and 505(b)(2) applications.

In December 2019, former President Trump signed legislation intended to facilitate the development of generic and biosimilar products. The bill, previously known as the CREATES Act, authorizes sponsors of Abbreviated New Drug Applications (“ANDAs”) and 505(b)(2) applications to file lawsuits against companies holding NDAs that decline to provide sufficient quantities of an approved reference drug on commercially reasonable, market-based terms. Drug products on the FDA’s drug shortage list are exempt from these new provisions unless the product has been on the list for more than six continuous months or the FDA determines that the supply of the product will help alleviate or prevent a shortage.

To bring an action under the statute, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) sponsor must take certain steps to request the reference product, which, in the case of products covered by a REMS with elements to assure safe use, include obtaining authorization from the FDA for the acquisition of the reference product. If the sponsor does bring an action for failure to provide a reference product, there are certain affirmative defenses available to the NDA holder, which must be shown by a preponderance of evidence. If the sponsor prevails in litigation, it is entitled to a court order directing the NDA holder to provide, without delay, sufficient quantities of the applicable product on commercially reasonable, market-based terms, plus reasonable attorney fees and costs.

Additionally, the new statutory provisions authorize a federal court to award the product developer an amount “sufficient to deter” the NDA holder from refusing to provide sufficient product quantities on commercially reasonable, market-based terms if the court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the NDA holder did not have a legitimate business justification to delay providing the product or failed to comply with the court’s order. For the purposes of the statute, the term “commercially reasonable, market-based terms” is defined as (1) the nondiscriminatory price at or below the most recent wholesale acquisition cost for the product, (2) a delivery schedule that meets the statutorily defined timetable, and (3) no additional conditions on the sale.

In June 2025, we received three requests for drug product under the CREATES Act. We have responded to such requests and we believe our responses are in compliance with the CREATES Act. Although we have and intend to comply fully with the terms of these statutory provisions, we are still exposed to potential litigation and damages by competitors who may claim that we are not providing sufficient quantities of our approved products on commercially reasonable, market-based terms for testing in support of ANDAs and 505(b)(2) applications. Such litigation would subject us to additional litigation costs, damages and reputational harm, which could lead to lower revenues. The CREATES Act may enable generic competition with XPOVIO and any of our product candidates, if approved, which could impact our ability to maximize product revenue.

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We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our or our collaborators’ ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us or them to liability if we or they are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Our products are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Exports of our products outside of the U.S. must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we or our collaborators fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we or they and certain of our or their employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us or our collaborators and the respective responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

In addition, changes in our products or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction, provision, or sale of our products in international markets, prevent customers from using our products or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any limitation on our ability to export, provide, or sell our products could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in and uncertainty surrounding U.S. trade policy could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of numerous changes in tariffs and trade restrictions that have been announced and/or implemented by the Trump administration since taking office, and other countries in response to Trump administration actions, and the underlying uncertainty currently surrounding international trade, we could experience a negative impact on our costs of materials or supply chain disruptions and delays. If we are unable to obtain necessary raw materials or product components in sufficient quantity and in a timely manner due to disruptions in the global supply chain caused by macroeconomic events and conditions, the development, testing and clinical trials of our product candidates may be delayed or rendered infeasible, and regulatory approval or commercial launch of any resulting product may be delayed, which could significantly harm our business. We cannot yet predict the effect of recently imposed U.S. tariffs, or of possible future U.S. tariffs, including, but not limited to, tariffs on pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical ingredients, including finished drug products, medical countermeasures, critical inputs such as APIs and key starting materials, and derivative products of those items, on imports, or the extent to which other countries will impose quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes or other similar restrictions upon imports or exports in the future, nor can we predict future trade policy or the terms of any renegotiated trade agreements and their impact on our business.

Changes in U.S. and international trade policies, particularly with respect to China, may adversely impact our business and operating results.

Some of our manufacturers and suppliers are located in China. Trade tensions and conflicts between the U.S. and China have been escalating in recent years and, as such, we are exposed to the possibility of product supply disruption and increased costs and expenses in the event of changes to the laws, rules, regulations and policies of the governments of the U.S. or China, or as a result of geopolitical unrest or unstable economic conditions. Certain Chinese biotechnology companies may become subject to trade restrictions, sanctions, other regulatory requirements or proposed legislation by the U.S. government, which could restrict or even prohibit our ability to work with such entities, thereby potentially disrupting their supply of material to us. For example, in February 2024, U.S. lawmakers called for investigations into and the imposition of possible trade sanctions against certain Chinese biotechnology companies, including WuXi AppTec and WuXi Biologics (collectively “WuXi”), over alleged ties to the Chinese military. Sustained uncertainty about or further escalating trade and political tensions between the U.S. and China may prevent or hinder the export of materials or technical information between us and our contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs”) and third parties, such as pharmaceutical partners, or could result in trade or retaliatory restrictions that may hinder or potentially inhibit our ability to rely on CDMOs and other service providers that operate in China. These third parties may voluntarily require compliance or supply chain requirements that go above and beyond potential legislation to address perceived risk of “pass through,” which would make it difficult for us to operate our business.

In addition, in September 2024 during the 118th Congress, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the BIOSECURE Act (H.R. 8333). This bill names the following as biotechnology companies of concern: “BGI, MGI, Complete Genomics, WuXi AppTec, and WuXi Biologics. The Senate advanced a substantially similar bill (S. 3558) but it did not pass. The Senate bill named the following as biotechnology companies of concern: “BGI, MGI, Complete Genomics, WuXi AppTec, and any subsidiary, parent affiliate, or successor of such entities. If this legislation had been enacted into law, and while both bills had certain grandfather provision, the legislation would have potentially restricted the ability of U.S. biotechnology companies like ours to purchase services or products from, or otherwise collaborate with, specifically named Chinese biotechnology companies, including WuXi, and it would have authorized the U.S. government to impose such restrictions on entities' transactions with additional Chinese biotechnology

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companies as a condition of U.S. government contract, grant and loan funding. We anticipate these bills will be reintroduced during the 119th Congress but, as of September 30, 2025, they have not been introduced in either chamber. If these bills become law, or similar laws are passed, they would have the potential to severely restrict the ability of companies like ours to contract with certain Chinese biotechnology companies of concern without losing the ability to contract with, or otherwise received funding from, the U.S. government. Such disruptions could have adverse effects on the development of our product candidates and our business operations.

Any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as export controls, capital controls or tariffs, may increase the cost of manufacturing our product candidates and platform materials, affect the demand for our drug products (if and once approved), the competitive position of our product candidates, and the import or export of raw materials and finished product candidate used in our and our collaborators’ preclinical studies and clinical trials, particularly with respect to any product candidates and materials that we import from China, including pursuant to our manufacturing service arrangements with a Chinese-based supplier of raw materials used to manufacture our API. If any new tariffs, export controls, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, in particular, if either the U.S. or Chinese government takes retaliatory trade actions due to the recent trade tension, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The biopharmaceutical industry is subject to extensive regulatory obligations and policies that may be subject to change, including due to judicial challenges, election cycles, and resulting regulatory updates and changes in policy priorities.

On June 28, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion holding that courts reviewing agency action pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act “must exercise their independent judgment” and “may not defer to an agency interpretation of the law simply because a statute is ambiguous.” The decision will have a significant impact on how lower courts evaluate challenges to agency interpretations of law, including those by the FDA, HHS, CMS and other agencies with significant oversight of the biopharmaceutical industry. The new framework is likely to increase both the frequency of such challenges and their odds of success by eliminating one way in which the government previously prevailed in such cases. As a result, significant regulatory policies will be subject to increased litigation and judicial scrutiny.

In addition, federal agency priorities, leadership, policies, rulemaking, communications, spending and staffing may be significantly impacted by election cycles. For example, the current presidential administration aims to significantly reduce government spending through cuts to federal healthcare programs and reductions in the workforces of key government agencies, such as the FDA, HHS, and CMS. Efforts by the current administration to limit federal agency budgets or personnel may result in reductions to agency budgets, employees and operations, which may lead to slower response times and longer review periods, potentially affecting our ability to progress development of our product candidates or obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. Any resulting changes in regulation may result in unexpected delays, increased costs, or other negative impacts on our business that are difficult to predict.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

We depend on collaborations with third parties for certain aspects of the development, marketing and/or commercialization of XPOVIO and/or our product candidates. If those collaborations are not successful, or if we are not able to maintain our existing collaborations or establish additional collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans and may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of XPOVIO or our product candidates, if approved.

Our drug development programs and the commercialization of our products and product candidates, if approved, require local expertise and substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We expect to maintain our existing collaborations and collaborate with additional pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for certain aspects of the development, marketing and/or commercialization of our products and product candidates. For example, we are party to license arrangements with Antengene and Menarini and distribution agreements with Promedico Ltd. and FORUS Therapeutics Inc. for the development, marketing and/or commercialization of selinexor in certain geographies outside of the U.S., and we expect to rely on additional partners to develop and commercialize our products outside of the U.S. In addition, we intend to seek one or more collaborators to aid in the further development, marketing and/or commercialization of selinexor and our other compounds for indications both within and outside of oncology. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also apply to the activities, including activities in any country or territory outside of the U.S. and EU, as applicable, of our collaborators.

Potential collaborators include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies and we face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, including as a result of a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have reduced the number of potential collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon the assessment of the potential collaborator’s expertise, its current and expected resources and competing priorities, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or

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results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, the potential market for the product or product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product or product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of intellectual property, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. A potential collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us.

Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate, document and manage. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, or we may be restricted under then-existing collaboration agreements from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. If we are unable to maintain our current collaboration agreements or enter into new collaboration agreements, we may have to curtail, reduce or delay the development or commercialization programs for our products or product candidates, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements, and our collaboration agreements may not lead to the development or commercialization of our products or product candidates in the most efficient manner, or at all, and may result in lower product revenues or profitability to us than if we were to market and sell these products ourselves. In connection with any such arrangements with third parties, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development, marketing and/or commercialization of our products or product candidates. Further, if our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of our products or product candidates or if any one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, the development and commercialization of our products or product candidates could be delayed and we may need additional resources to develop product candidates.

Collaborations involving our products and product candidates pose the following risks to us:

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collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;

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collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected or in compliance with applicable local and national laws and regulatory requirements;

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collaborators may not pursue development, marketing and/or commercialization of our products or product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development, marketing or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborator’s strategic focus or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

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collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

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collaborators may pursue a clinical and/or regulatory strategy for registration outside of the U.S. that would require our assistance and we may not have the resources to meet their or the regulators’ timelines and/or expectations, which could delay or limit the development, commercialization or approval of our products outside of the U.S.;

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collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products or product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

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a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products or product candidates may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our products or product candidates;

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disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development or commercialization, might cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of products or product candidates, might lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to our products or product candidates, or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time-consuming and expensive;

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collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

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collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;

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we may lose certain valuable rights under circumstances identified in any collaboration arrangement that we enter into, such as if we undergo a change of control;

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collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development, marketing and/or commercialization of the applicable products or product candidates or to enter into new collaboration agreements;

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collaborators may learn about our discoveries and use this knowledge to compete with us in the future; and

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the number and type of our collaborations could adversely affect our attractiveness to other collaborators or acquirers.

If any of these events occurs, the market potential of our products and product candidates, if approved, could be reduced, and our business could be materially harmed.

If we are unable to establish and maintain our agreements with third parties to distribute XPOVIO to patients, our results of operations and business could be adversely affected.

We rely on third parties to commercially distribute XPOVIO to patients. For example, we have contracted with a limited number of specialty pharmacies, which sell XPOVIO directly to patients, and specialty distributors, which sell XPOVIO to healthcare entities who then resell XPOVIO to patients. While we have entered into agreements with each of these pharmacies and distributors to distribute XPOVIO in the U.S., they may not perform as agreed or they may terminate their agreements with us. We may also need to enter into agreements with additional pharmacies or distributors, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so on a timely basis, at commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to maintain and, if needed, expand, our network of specialty pharmacies and specialty distributors, we would be exposed to substantial distribution risk.

The use of specialty pharmacies and specialty distributors involves certain risks, including, but not limited to, risks that these organizations will:

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not provide us accurate or timely information regarding their inventories, the number of patients who are using XPOVIO or serious adverse reactions, events and/or product complaints regarding XPOVIO;

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not effectively sell or support XPOVIO or communicate publicly concerning XPOVIO in a manner that is contrary to FDA rules and regulations;

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reduce their efforts or discontinue to sell or support, or otherwise not effectively sell or support, XPOVIO;

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not devote the resources necessary to sell XPOVIO in the volumes and within the timeframes that we expect;

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be unable to satisfy financial obligations to us or others; or

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cease operations.

Any such events may result in decreased product sales, which would harm our results of operations and business.

We rely on third parties as we conduct our clinical trials and some aspects of our research and preclinical studies, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including not meeting local regulatory submission requirements or failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research or testing.

We rely on third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, as we conduct our clinical trials. We currently rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our research and preclinical studies. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our drug development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCP

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standards when conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. The EMA also requires us to comply with comparable standards. Regulatory authorities ensure compliance with these requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of the third parties that we rely on in connection with our clinical trials fail to comply with applicable requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with such requirements. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, such as clinicaltrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our products. In such an event, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our products or product candidates, if approved, could be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed, impaired or foreclosed.

We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of such third parties could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

We rely on third parties to conduct investigator-sponsored clinical trials of selinexor and our other product candidates. Any failure by a third party to meet its obligations with respect to the clinical development of our product candidates may delay or impair our ability to obtain regulatory approval for selinexor and our other product candidates.

We rely on academic and private non-academic institutions to conduct and sponsor clinical trials relating to selinexor and our other product candidates, such as the European Myeloma Network, which is the sponsor of our ongoing randomized global Phase 3 trial evaluating selinexor in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone versus elotuzumab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. We do not solely control the design or conduct of the investigator-sponsored trials, and it is possible that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will not view these investigator-sponsored trials as providing adequate support for future clinical trials, whether controlled by us or third parties, for any one or more reasons, including elements of the design, execution of the trials, safety concerns or other trial results.

Such arrangements will provide us certain information rights with respect to the investigator-sponsored trials, such as access to and the ability to use and reference the data, including for our own regulatory filings, resulting from the investigator-sponsored trials. However, we do not have control over the timing and reporting of the data from investigator-sponsored trials, nor do we own the data from the investigator-sponsored trials. If we are unable to confirm or replicate the results from the investigator-sponsored trials or if negative results are obtained, we would likely be further delayed or prevented from advancing clinical development of our product candidates. Further, if investigators or institutions breach their obligations with respect to the clinical development of our product candidates, or if the data proves to be inadequate compared to the first-hand knowledge we might have gained had the investigator-sponsored trials been sponsored and conducted by us, then our ability to design and conduct any future clinical trials ourselves may be adversely affected.

Additionally, the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the sufficiency of our right to reference the preclinical, manufacturing or clinical data generated by these investigator-sponsored trials, or our interpretation of preclinical, manufacturing or clinical data from these investigator-sponsored trials. If so, the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may require us to obtain and submit additional preclinical, manufacturing, or clinical data before we may initiate our planned trials and/or may not accept such additional data as adequate to initiate our planned trials.

We are completely dependent on third parties for the manufacture of our products and product candidates and any difficulties, disruptions, delays or unexpected costs, or the need to find alternative sources, could adversely affect our results of operations, profitability and future business prospects.

We do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities for our products or product candidates. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture our products and product candidates for our commercial and clinical use.

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Facilities used by our third-party manufacturers may be inspected by the FDA after we submit a marketing application and before potential approval of the product candidate and are also subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA for compliance with cGMP and other regulatory requirements following approval. Similar regulations apply to manufacturers of our product candidates for use or sale in foreign countries. We do not control the manufacturing processes of, and are completely dependent on, our third-party manufacturers for compliance with the applicable regulatory requirements for the manufacture of our products and product candidates. Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the U.S. If our manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA and any applicable foreign regulatory authority, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. If these facilities are not approved for commercial manufacture or are not able to maintain approval, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which could significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our products or product candidates as alternative qualified manufacturing facilities may not be available on a timely or cost-efficient basis, or at all. Failure by any of our manufacturers to comply with applicable cGMP regulations or other regulatory requirements could result in sanctions being imposed on us or the contract manufacturer, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspensions or withdrawals of approvals, operating restrictions, interruptions in supply and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products or product candidates and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The clinical and commercial supplies of the drug product for XPOVIO are currently manufactured pursuant to a combination of long-term supply agreements and as-needed purchase order agreements with our third-party manufacturers. Our ability to have our products manufactured in sufficient quantities and at acceptable costs to meet our commercial demand and clinical development needs is dependent on the uninterrupted and efficient operation of our third-party contract manufacturers’ facilities. Further, through our third-party contract manufacturers and data service providers, we provide serialized commercial products as required to comply with the DSCSA and its foreign equivalents where applicable. If our third-party contract manufacturers or data service providers fail to support our efforts to continue to serialize, track, trace and authenticate units of our products in compliance with these requirements and their and their foreign equivalents, as well as any future requirements, we may face legal penalties or be restricted from selling our products.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails other risks, including:

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reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance;

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the possible breach, termination or nonrenewal of a manufacturing agreement by the third party, including at a time that is costly or inconvenient to us;

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the possible failure of the third party to manufacture our products or product candidates according to our schedule, or at all, including if the third-party manufacturer gives greater priority to the supply of other products over our products and product candidates, or otherwise does not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of the manufacturing agreement;

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equipment malfunctions, power outages or other general disruptions experienced by our third-party manufacturers to their respective operations and other general problems with a multi-step manufacturing process; and

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the possible misappropriation or disclosure by the third party or others of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how.

We currently rely on a single source supplier for our API and our drug product manufacturing requirements. The API for XPOVIO is manufactured in France, and the XPOVIO drug product and finished goods are manufactured in the U.S. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development, marketing approval or commercialization of our products or product candidates. If our suppliers or contract manufacturers are so affected, our supply chain could be disrupted, our product shipments could be delayed, our costs could be increased and our business could be adversely affected. If our current contract manufacturers cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace those manufacturers. Although we believe that there are several potential alternative manufacturers who could manufacture our products and product candidates, we could incur added costs and delays in identifying and qualifying any such replacement. Consequently, we may not be able to reach agreement with third-party manufacturers on satisfactory terms, which could negatively impact our XPOVIO revenues or delay commercialization of any product candidates that are subsequently approved.

If, because of the factors discussed above, we are unable to have our products manufactured on a timely or sufficient basis, we may not be able to meet clinical development needs or commercial demand for our products or product candidates or we may not be able to manufacture our products in a cost-effective manner. As a result, we may lose sales, fail to generate projected revenues or suffer development or regulatory setbacks, any of which could have an adverse impact on our profitability and future business prospects.

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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our products or product candidates and other discoveries, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize drugs and other discoveries similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products or product candidates and other discoveries may be adversely affected.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the U.S. and other countries with respect to our proprietary products and product candidates and other discoveries. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications related to our novel products and product candidates and other discoveries that are important to our business. As of October 30, 2025, 192 patents were in force that relate to exportin 1 inhibitors, including composition of matter patents for selinexor, verdinexor and eltanexor in the U.S., and their use in targeted therapeutics. In addition, 34 patents were in force that relate to our PAK4/NAMPT inhibitors, including four composition of matter patents for KPT-9274 in the U.S. and its use in targeted therapeutics. With respect to our KPT-1200 program, as of October 30, 2025, 13 patents were in force that relate to IL-12 compositions and uses of IL-12 in targeted therapeutics. We cannot be certain that any other patents will issue with claims that cover any of our key products, product candidates or other discoveries.

The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our product candidates or other discoveries, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive drugs and discoveries. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the U.S. and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. For example, in some foreign jurisdictions, our ability to secure patents based on our filings in the U.S. may depend, in part, on our ability to timely obtain assignment of rights to the invention from the employees and consultants who invented the technology. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 2013, in the U.S., the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside of the U.S., the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. In March 2013, the U.S. transitioned to a first-inventor-to-file system in which, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. We may be subject to a third-party preissuance submission of prior art to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) or become involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, or post-grant or inter partes review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our discoveries or drugs and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize drugs without infringing third-party patent rights.

Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative discoveries or drugs in a non-infringing manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical discoveries and drugs, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our products, product candidates and discoveries. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing drugs similar or identical to ours.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents and other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

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Competitors or commercial supply companies or others may infringe our patents and other intellectual property rights. For example, we are aware of third parties selling a version of our lead product candidate for research purposes, which may infringe our intellectual property rights. To counter such infringement, we may advise such companies of our intellectual property rights, including, in some cases, intellectual property rights that provide protection for our lead product candidates, and demand that they stop infringing those rights. Such demand may provide such companies the opportunity to challenge the validity of certain of our intellectual property rights, or the opportunity to seek a finding that their activities do not infringe our intellectual property rights. We may also be required to file infringement actions, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In an infringement proceeding, a defendant may assert and a court may agree with a defendant that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the intellectual property at issue. An adverse result in any litigation could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of any current and future collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell XPOVIO and our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products or product candidates and technology, including interference proceedings before the USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. No litigation asserting such infringement claims is currently pending against us, and we have not been found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. If we are found to infringe or think there is a risk we may be found to infringe, a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required or choose to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing, marketing and selling our products, product candidates and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same intellectual property licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing intellectual property or product or to cease using the infringing technology. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our products or product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Although we have no knowledge of any such claims being alleged to date, if such claims were to arise, litigation may be necessary to defend against any such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to the USPTO and various foreign patent offices at various points over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees when due. Additionally, the USPTO and various foreign patent offices require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply with such provisions, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with rules applicable to the particular jurisdiction. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If such an event were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If our product candidates or any of our future product candidates obtain regulatory approval, additional competitors could enter the market with generic versions of such products, which may result in a material decline in sales of our competing products.

Under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (the “Hatch-Waxman Amendments”) to the FDCA, a company may file an ANDA, seeking approval of a generic version of an approved innovator product. Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, a company may also submit an NDA under section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA that references the FDA’s prior approval of the innovator product or preclinical studies and/or clinical trials that were not conducted by, or for, the sponsor and for which the sponsor has not obtained a right of reference. A 505(b)(2) NDA product may be for a new or improved version of the original innovator product. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments also provide for certain periods of regulatory exclusivity, which preclude FDA approval (or in some circumstances, FDA filing and review) of an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA.

In certain circumstances, third parties may file an ANDA or NDA under Section 505(b)(2) as early as the so-called “NCE-1” date that is one year before the expiry of the five-year period of New Chemical Entity exclusivity or more generally four years after NDA approval. The third parties are allowed to rely on the safety and effectiveness data of the innovator’s product, may not need to conduct clinical trials and can market a competing version of a product after the expiration or loss of patent exclusivity or the expiration or loss of regulatory exclusivity and often charge significantly lower prices. Upon the expiration or loss of patent protection or the expiration or loss of regulatory exclusivity for a product, the major portion of revenues for that product may be dramatically reduced in a very short period of time. If we are not successful in defending our patents and regulatory exclusivities, we will not derive the expected benefit from them. For example, the NCE-1 date for selinexor was July 3, 2023 after which a third party could be positioned to market an ANDA or Section 505(b)(2) product that competes with selinexor prior to the expiry of our patents if the third party successfully challenged the validity of our patents protecting the product.

In addition to the benefits of regulatory exclusivity, an innovator NDA holder may have patents claiming the active ingredient, product formulation or an approved use of the drug, which would be listed with the product in the FDA publication “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” known as the Orange Book. If there are patents listed in the Orange Book for the applicable, approved innovator product, a generic or 505(b)(2) sponsor that seeks to market its product before expiration of the patents must include in their applications what is known as a “Paragraph IV” certification, challenging the validity or enforceability, or claiming non-infringement, of the listed patent or patents. Notice of the certification must be given to the patent owner and NDA holder and if, within 45 days of receiving notice, either the patent owner or NDA holder sues for patent infringement, approval of the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA is stayed for up to 30 months.

Accordingly, if any of our product candidates that are regulated as drugs are approved, competitors could file ANDAs for generic versions of these products or 505(b)(2) NDAs that reference our products. If there are patents listed for such drug products in the Orange Book, those ANDAs and 505(b)(2) NDAs would be required to include a certification as to each listed patent indicating whether the ANDA sponsor does or does not intend to challenge the patent. We cannot predict which, if any, patents in our current portfolio or patents we may obtain in the future will be eligible for listing in the Orange Book, how any generic competitor would address such patents, whether we would sue on any such patents or the outcome of any such suit.

If we do not successfully extend the term of patents covering our product candidates under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar foreign legislation, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of FDA marketing approval, if any, of our products or product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years for one patent covering an approved product as compensation for effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, we may

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not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than we request. The total patent term, including the extension period, may not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. Accordingly, the length of the extension, or the ability to even obtain an extension, depends on many factors.

In the U.S., only a single patent can be extended for each qualifying FDA approval, and any patent can be extended only once and only for a single product. Laws governing analogous patent term extensions in foreign jurisdictions vary widely, as do laws governing the ability to obtain multiple patents from a single patent family. Because both selinexor and verdinexor are protected by a single family of patents and applications, we may not be able to secure patent term extensions for both of these product candidates in all jurisdictions where these product candidates are approved.

If we are unable to obtain a patent term extension for a product or product candidate or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we can enforce our patent rights for that product or product candidate, if any, in that jurisdiction will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner. As a result, our revenue could be materially reduced.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for our products, product candidates and other discoveries, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. To the extent that we are unable to timely enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants, our ability to protect our business through trade secrets and patents may be harmed. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside of the U.S. are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed. To the extent inventions are made by a third party under an agreement that does not grant us an assignment of their rights in inventions, we may choose or be required to obtain a license.

Not all of our trademarks are registered. Failure to secure those registrations could adversely affect our business.

As of October 30, 2025, we have trademark registrations in the U.S. for KARYOPHARM, KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS, our color logo, our logo in grayscale, KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS with the color logo, XPOVIO, PORE for our online research portal, and KARYFORWARD and our KARYFORWARD logo for our financial aid and charitable services. Outside of the U.S., XPOVIO is registered or pending in 46 additional jurisdictions, and is registered in Katakana in Japan, Hangul in South Korea, and Chinese characters in Taiwan. KARYOPHARM, the greyscale logo, KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS with the color logo, and the KARYFORWARD logo are each registered in four jurisdictions outside of the U.S. NEXPOVIO is registered or pending in 45 jurisdictions outside the U.S. and pending in Cyrillic characters in Russia. We also have registrations or applications for seven additional possible drug names in one or more foreign jurisdictions. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would, which could adversely affect our business. During trademark registration proceedings in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, we may receive rejections. We are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, but we may not be able to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings.

In addition, any proprietary name we propose to use with our key product candidates in the U.S. must be approved by the FDA, regardless of whether we have registered it, or applied to register it, as a trademark. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed drug names, including an evaluation of potential for confusion with other drug names. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed proprietary drug names for any of our product candidates, if approved, we may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable proprietary drug name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA.

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Risks Related to Our Operations and Employee Matters

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key members of our management team and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the management, technical and scientific expertise of principal members of our management and scientific teams, including our President and Chief Executive Officer. Although we have entered into formal employment agreements with our executive officers, these agreements do not prevent them from terminating their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. The loss of the services of any of our key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development, commercialization and other business objectives.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel is critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategies. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.

On August 2, 2023, we announced that we had reduced our workforce by approximately 20%, in August 2024, we reduced our workforce by approximately 7% and on July 11, 2025, we announced that we had further reduced our workforce by approximately 20% as part of the Company’s ongoing careful management of operating expenses. Reductions in force may decrease employee morale and productivity and lead to increased turnover, and they may have a negative effect on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Departures may be disruptive to our operations and ability to retain employees and increase our dependency on other employees who are not contractually obligated to remain employed with us, and those employees may leave at any time. Our competitors may use these transitions or potential disruptions to gain competitive advantage over us.

Our business and operations may be materially adversely affected in the event of information technology system failures or security breaches, and the costs and consequences of implementing data protection measures could be significant.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of our CROs and other third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage or other impacts from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, sabotage, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Such systems are also vulnerable to service interruptions or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, third-party vendors and/or business partners, or from cyber incidents initiated by malicious third parties. Cyber incidents continue to increase in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect, respond to and recover from. Cyber incidents could include the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, unauthorized access to or deletion of files, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Cyber incidents also could include phishing attempts or e-mail fraud to cause payments or information to be transmitted to an unintended recipient. We could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or intentional or accidental release or loss of information maintained in the information systems and networks of our company, including personal data of our employees. In addition, outside parties may attempt to penetrate our systems or those of our vendors or fraudulently induce our employees or employees of our vendors to disclose sensitive information to gain access to our data. Like other companies, we may experience threats to our data and systems, including malicious codes and viruses, and other cyber-attacks. In addition, we face other kinds of risks related to our commercial and personal data, including lost or stolen devices or other systems (including paper records) that collect and store our personal and commercial information. Furthermore, our manufacturing vendors could also be subject to a cyber-attack that could negatively impact the manufacturing process of our products and/or product candidates, which could, in turn, harm our patients, result in a product recall, or provide uncertain medical or trial results.

We are aware of certain vendors who have been impacted by cyber-attacks, inclusive of but not limited to ransomware, phishing, and spam. While such events have not directly impacted us, similar events in the future could have a material impact on us. If a cyber-attack or other security incident were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development and commercialization programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions, in addition to possibly requiring substantial expenditures of resources to remedy. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our reputation or competitive position could be damaged, and the further development and commercialization of our products or product candidates could be delayed or halted. We may not have adequate

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insurance coverage to provide compensation for any losses associated with such events. In addition, we may in certain instances be required to provide notification to individuals or others in connection with the loss of their personal or commercial information.

Additionally, global tensions continue to raise the possibility of nation state attacks on critical infrastructure like power, telecommunications, and water in the U.S. and around the world. Attacks on telecommunications infrastructure in particular could impact our business operations globally, and would likely be outside our ability to detect or respond to, beyond noting that telecommunications services had been impacted.

If a material breach of our security or that of our vendors occurs, our financial or other confidential information could be compromised, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, we could lose business, our reputation and credibility could be damaged and we could be subject to legal proceedings. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of implementing further data protection measures could be significant. We could be required to expend significant amounts of money and other resources to repair or replace information systems or networks. The development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. Moreover, despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If we fail to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted from trading, which would adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock and our ability to raise additional capital.

We must satisfy Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, including, among other things, a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share, or risk delisting, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. In the past, we have received written notification from the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) informing us that we were not in compliance with certain continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Global Select Market. As previously disclosed, on September 16, 2024, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq notifying us that, for the prior 32 consecutive business days, the bid price of our common stock had closed below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Select Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the “Bid Price Rule”).

On February 25, 2025, we effected a 1-for-15 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). On March 13, 2025 we received a letter from the Staff notifying us that we regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

There can be no assurances that we will continue to maintain compliance with the requirements for listing our common stock on Nasdaq. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Global Select Market would likely result in decreased liquidity and increased volatility for our common stock and would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital or to enter into strategic transactions. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Global Select Market would make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell our common stock in the public market. There are many factors that may adversely affect our minimum bid price, including those described throughout this “Risk Factors” section. Many of these factors are outside of our control. As a result, we may not be able to sustain compliance with the Bid Price Rule in the long term. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Global Select Market would likely result in decreased liquidity and increased volatility for our common stock and would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital or to enter into strategic transactions. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Global Select Market would make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell our common stock in the public market.

We have a substantial number of warrants to purchase common stock outstanding and may in the future issue additional warrants. The exercise of our outstanding warrants will dilute existing stockholders and could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

Following the consummation of the Financing Transactions, we have outstanding warrants to purchase, without regard to any beneficial ownership limitations, and excluding pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock up to 9,622,478 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $12.50 share. The exercise of our outstanding warrants could result in significant dilution to existing stockholders, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. Moreover, the expectation of such exercises could encourage the short selling of our common stock, which could place further downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. In connection with any capital raising transactions that we may consummate, we may determine to issue additional warrants, which could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

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The liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected by our Reverse Stock Split.

On February 25, 2025, we effected the Reverse Stock Split. The liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected by the Reverse Stock Split given the reduced number of shares that are outstanding following the Reverse Stock Split, which may lead to reduced trading and a smaller number of market makers for our common stock. In addition, the Reverse Stock Split may have increased the number of stockholders who own “odd lots” of less than 100 shares of our common stock. Odd lot shares may be more difficult to sell, and brokerage commissions and other costs of transactions in odd lots may be higher than the costs of transactions in “round lots” of even multiples of 100 shares.

Despite the Reverse Stock Split, the resulting per-share trading price of our common stock may nevertheless fail to attract institutional investors and may not satisfy the investing guidelines of such investors and, consequently, the trading liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected. Accordingly, the Reverse Stock Split may not achieve the desired results of increasing marketability of our common stock.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:

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establish a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time;

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allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;

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limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board;

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establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;

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require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;

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limit who may call stockholder meetings;

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authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a “poison pill” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors; and

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require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and your investment in our stock could decline in value or fluctuate significantly, including as a result of analysts’ activities.

Our stock price has been, and may continue to be, volatile and your investment in our stock could decline or fluctuate significantly. Our common stock price has ranged from $3.54 to $14.85 in the 52-week period ended October 30, 2025. On October 30, 2025, the closing sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market was $5.96 per share. The stock market in general and the market for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies, such as the response to world-wide economic disruptions related to tariffs and other trade restrictions, the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, inflation and sustained high interest rates. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

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our failure or perceived failure to successfully execute on our commercialization strategy for XPOVIO or our product candidates, if approved;

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the level of success of competitive products or technologies;

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results, delays in, or the halting of our clinical trials or those of our competitors, including reports of AEs related to the use of our products;

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our ability to raise additional capital and/or refinance our debt and the terms on which we can raise capital and/or refinance debt;

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market assumptions regarding the feasibility of a strategic alternative;

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announcements by us or our competitors of new products or data, significant mergers, acquisitions, licenses or joint ventures;

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commencement or termination of collaborations for our development programs and the commercialization of our products;

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adverse regulatory or legal developments in the U.S. and other countries;

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developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;

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additions or departures of key personnel or reductions in force;

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the level of expenses related to the commercialization of XPOVIO and clinical development programs for any of our product candidates;

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the results of our efforts to discover, develop, acquire or in-license additional products or product candidates;

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actual or anticipated changes in estimates of financial results or guidance, clinical development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual financial results;

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changes in healthcare laws affecting pricing, reimbursement or access;

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market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, including as the result of uncertainties due to or impacts from pandemics or other public health emergencies;

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general economic, industry and market conditions, such as those caused by tariffs and other trade restrictions, the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, inflation and fluctuations in interest rates;

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sales of large blocks of our common stock, including by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders, or substantial changes in short interest in our common stock; and

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the other risks and uncertainties described in this “Risk Factors” section.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions in the financial markets and also impacted the volatility of our stock price and trading in our stock. In addition, U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, inflation and sustained high interest rates. A continuation or worsening of the levels of market disruption and volatility could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, the trading market for our common stock relies, in part, on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. Our stock price could decline significantly if we fail to meet or exceed analysts’ forecasts and expectations or if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock. Further, if one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

Securities or other litigation could result in substantial costs and may divert management’s time and attention from our business.

Securities class action litigation is often brought against a company following a decline or periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we are therefore a target of this type of litigation. For example, we were subject to a class action lawsuit and a shareholder derivative lawsuit alleging federal securities laws violations, both of which have been dismissed. We may face additional securities class action litigation or other litigation in the future, including

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if we fail to successfully commercialize XPOVIO, or if we cannot obtain regulatory approvals for, or if we otherwise fail to successfully commercialize and launch, our product candidates.

The outcome of litigation is necessarily uncertain, and we could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of such suits, and we may not prevail. Monitoring and defending against legal actions is time-consuming for our management and detracts from our ability to fully focus our internal resources on our business activities. In addition, we may incur substantial legal fees and costs in connection with any such litigation. We have not established any reserves for any potential liability relating to any such potential lawsuits. It is possible that we could, in the future, incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims for monetary damages. We currently maintain insurance coverage for some of these potential liabilities. Other potential liabilities may not be covered by insurance, insurers may dispute coverage or the amount of insurance may not be enough to cover damages awarded. In addition, certain types of damages may not be covered by insurance, and insurance coverage for all or certain forms of liability may become unavailable or prohibitively expensive in the future. A decision adverse to our interests on one or more legal matters or litigation could result in the payment of substantial damages, or possibly fines, and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We have broad discretion in the use of our cash, cash equivalents and investments and may not use them effectively.

Our management has broad discretion to use our cash, cash equivalents and investments to fund our operations and could spend these funds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use to fund our operations, we may invest our cash and cash equivalents in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

We are a “smaller reporting company”, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We would cease to be a smaller reporting company if (i) we have a public float of $250 million or more and have annual revenues in excess of $100 million or (ii) if we have a public float of $700 million or more, determined on an annual basis.

As a smaller reporting company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies. These exemptions include:

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reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation;

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being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements in our annual report on Form 10-K, with corresponding reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure; and

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not being required to furnish a stock performance graph in our annual report.

We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive as a result of any reliance by us on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

If we identify a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, it could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results and our ability to meet our reporting obligations could be negatively affected, each of which could negatively affect the trading price of our common stock.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Accordingly, a material weakness increases the risk that the financial information we report contains material errors.

We regularly review and update our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies. In addition, we are required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to report annually on our internal control over financial reporting. Any system of internal controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. If we, or our independent registered public accounting firm, determine that our internal control over our financial reporting is not effective, or we discover areas that need improvement in

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the future, or we experience high turnover of our personnel in our financial reporting functions, these shortcomings could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results, and the price of our common stock could be negatively affected.

If we cannot conclude that we have effective internal control over our financial reporting, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide an unqualified opinion regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could lead to a decline in our stock price. Failure to comply with reporting requirements could also subject us to sanctions and/or investigations by the SEC, the Nasdaq Stock Market or other regulatory authorities.

If the estimates we make, or the assumptions on which we rely, in preparing our consolidated financial statements, our projected guidance and/or our projected market opportunities prove inaccurate, our actual results may vary from those reflected in our projections and accruals.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues, including product rebates, chargeback and return reserves, and expenses, the amounts of charges accrued by us and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.

We cannot assure you, however, that our estimates, or the assumptions underlying them, will be correct. For example, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, we increased our reserve for product returns by $4.8 million due to higher than expected returns of expired product, which had a corresponding decrease to our net product revenue. Further, from time to time we issue guidance on our expected financial performance for future periods, such as our expectations regarding our revenue, non-GAAP research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses, and cash, cash equivalents and investments available for operations, which guidance is based on estimates and the judgment of management. If, for any reason, our actual results differ materially from our guidance, we may have to adjust our publicly announced financial guidance. If we fail to meet, or if we are required to change or update any element of, our publicly disclosed financial guidance or other expectations about our business, our stock price could decline.

Further our estimates of the potential market opportunities for XPOVIO and our product candidates include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, these assumptions involve the exercise of significant judgment on the part of our management, are inherently uncertain and the reasonableness of these assumptions has not been assessed by an independent source. If any of our assumptions or estimates, or these publications, research, surveys or studies prove to be inaccurate, then the actual market for XPOVIO or any other products or product candidates may be smaller than we expect, and as a result our product revenue may be limited and it may be more difficult for us to achieve profitability.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service (and state tax authorities under relevant state tax rules). In addition, as described below in “Changes in tax laws or in their implementation or interpretation may adversely affect our business and financial condition,” the TCJA, as amended by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates and the rules governing net operating loss carryforwards that may significantly impact our ability to utilize our net operating losses to offset taxable income in the future. Furthermore, the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, respectively, and similar state provisions in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant stockholders in excess of 50 percent over a three-year period. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the value of a company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. Our company has completed several financings since its inception which resulted in an ownership change under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in ownership changes in the future. For these reasons, we may not be able to use some or all of our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, even if we attain profitability.

Changes in tax laws or in their implementation or interpretation may adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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Changes in tax law may adversely affect our business or financial condition. For example, the TCJA, as amended by the CARES Act, significantly revised the Code. The TCJA, as amended by the CARES Act, among other things, contained significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21% and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, limitation of the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income for losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 (though any such net operating losses may be carried forward indefinitely). In addition, beginning in 2022, the TCJA eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires corporations to capitalize and amortize them over five years or 15 years for expenditures attributable to foreign research.

In addition to the CARES Act, as part of Congress’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic, economic relief legislation was enacted in 2020 and 2021 containing tax provisions. Further, as of August 2022, the IRA introduced new tax provisions, including a one percent excise tax imposed on certain stock repurchases by publicly traded companies. The one percent excise tax generally applies to any acquisition of stock by the publicly traded company (or certain of its affiliates) from a stockholder of the company in exchange for money or other property (other than stock of the company itself), subject to a de minimis exception. Thus, the excise tax could apply to certain transactions that are not traditional stock repurchases. Regulatory guidance under the TCJA and such additional legislation is and continues to be forthcoming, and such guidance could ultimately increase or lessen their impact on our business and financial condition. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the TCJA and additional tax legislation.

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Item 5. Other Information.

A portion of the compensation of our directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) is in the form of equity awards and, from time to time, directors and officers engage in open-market transactions with respect to the securities acquired pursuant to such equity awards or other securities of our company, including to satisfy tax withholding obligations when equity awards vest or are exercised, and for diversification or other personal reasons.

Transactions in our securities by directors and officers are required to be made in accordance with our Insider Trading Policy, which requires that the transactions be in accordance with applicable U.S. federal securities laws that prohibit trading while in possession of material nonpublic information. Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act provides an affirmative defense that enables directors and officers to prearrange transactions in our securities in a manner that avoids concerns about initiating transactions while in possession of material nonpublic information.

During the third quarter of 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

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Item 6. Exhibits.


4.1		Indenture (including form of Note) with respect to the Company’s 9.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028, dated October 10, 2025,between the Company, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

4.2		Indenture (including form of Note) with respect to the Company’s 9.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2029, dated October 10, 2025,between the Company, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

4.3		Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

4.4		Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

4.5		Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

4.6		Form of Pre-Funded Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.1		First Amendment and Waiver to Credit and Guaranty Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as administrative agent for the lenders party thereto and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.2		Note Purchase Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.3		Form of Exchange Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.4		Form of Exchange Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.5		Form of Exchange Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.6		Sixth Amendment to the Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the investors party thereto, HealthCare Royalty Management, LLC as the investor representative, and HCR Karyopharm SPV, LLC, as the collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.7		Securities Purchase Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.8		Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 10, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.9		Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 7, 2025, by and among the Company and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36167) filed with the SEC on October 14, 2025).

10.10		Third Amendment to Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, dated as of August 14, 2025 by and among Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P., Healthcare Royalty Partners IV, L.P., HCRX Investments Holdco, LLC, HCR Canary Fund, L.P., HCR Molag Fund, L.P., Healthcare Royalty Management, LLC and HCR Karyopharm SPV, LLC.

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10.11		Fourth Amendment to Revenue Interest Financing Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2025 by and among Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P., Healthcare Royalty Partners IV, L.P., HCRX Investments Holdco, LLC, HCR Canary Fund, L.P., HCR Molag Fund, L.P., Healthcare Royalty Management, LLC and HCR Karyopharm SPV, LLC.

10.12		Amendment No. 4 to License Agreement, dated August 7, 2025, by and between the Registrant and Berlin-Chemie AG.

31.1		Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2		Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32.1		Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2		Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document. The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	KARYOPHARM THERAPEUTICS INC.

Date: November 3, 2025	By:	/s/ Richard Paulson
		Richard Paulson
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal executive officer)

Date: November 3, 2025	By:	/s/ Lori Macomber
		Lori Macomber
		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
		(Principal financial officer)