UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to _______

Commission file number: 001-40161

DAVE INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)



Delaware	86-1481509
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1265 South Cochran Ave Los Angeles, CA	90019
(Address of principal executive offices)	Zip Code

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (844) 857-3283

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Class A common stock, par value $0.0001	DAVE	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Redeemable warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Class A common stock, each at an exercise price of $368 per share	DAVEW	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period than the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of April 28, 2025 there were 11,826,358 shares of Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value, and 1,514,082 shares of Class V common stock, $0.0001 par value, issued and outstanding.

DAVE INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Continued	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	43

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	44

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	44
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	44
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	44
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	45
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	45
Item 5.	Other Information	45
Item 6.	Exhibits	45
Signatures		47

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q” or this “report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements contained in this Form 10-Q other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations, financial position, market size and opportunity, our business strategy and plans, the factors affecting our performance, our objectives for future operations, our liquidity, borrowing capacity, our use of cash and cash requirements and the expected effects of new accounting pronouncements, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “can,” “expect,” “project,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “objective,” “plan,” “potential,” “seek,” “grow,” “target,” “if” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 4, 2025 (the “Annual Report”) and Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Form 10-Q may not occur, and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, risks related to:

•

the ability of Dave to compete in its highly competitive industry;

•

the ability of Dave to keep pace with the rapid technological developments in its industry and the larger financial services industry;

•

the ability of Dave to manage risks associated with providing ExtraCash;

•

the ability of Dave to retain its current customers, acquire new customers (collectively, "Members") and sell additional functionality and services to its Members;

•

the ability of Dave to protect intellectual property and trade secrets;

•

the ability of Dave to maintain the integrity of its confidential information and information systems or comply with applicable privacy and data security requirements and regulations;

•

the reliance by Dave on a single bank partner;

•

the ability of Dave to maintain or secure current and future key banking relationships and other third-party service providers, including its ability to comply with applicable requirements of such third parties;

•

the ability of Dave to comply with extensive and evolving laws and regulations applicable to its business;

•

changes in applicable laws or regulations and extensive and evolving government regulations that impact operations and business;

•

the ability to attract or maintain a qualified workforce;

•

the level of product service failures that could lead Members to use competitors’ services;

•

investigations, claims, disputes, enforcement actions, litigation and/or other regulatory or legal proceedings, including the Department of Justice’s lawsuit against Dave;

•

the ability to maintain the listing of Dave Class A Common Stock on The Nasdaq Stock Market; and

•

the possibility that Dave may be adversely affected by other macroeconomic factors, including regulatory uncertainty, fluctuating interest rates, inflation, tariffs, unemployment rates, consumer sentiment, market volatility and business, and/or competitive factors.

We caution you that the foregoing list of judgments, risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements may not be complete. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of

future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of

activity, performance or achievements. Except as required by law, we do not intend to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this report or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

You should read this report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

This report contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business and the markets for our products. We obtained the industry, market and similar data set forth in this report from our own internal estimates and research and from industry research, publications, surveys and studies conducted by third parties, including governmental agencies. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. While we believe that the data we use from third parties are reliable, we have not separately verified these data. You are cautioned not to give undue weight to any such information, projections and estimates.

As used in this report, the “Company,” “Dave,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to Dave Inc. (f/k/a VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings III, Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Dave Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands; except share data)


	As of March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,002		$	49,718
Marketable securities		98			97
ExtraCash receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $20,075 and $22,703 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively		194,672			175,857
Investments		40,977			40,473
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		16,035			16,127
Total current assets		298,784			282,272
Property and equipment, net		620			704
Lease right-of-use assets (related-party of $433 and $507 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)		433			507
Intangible assets, net		13,653			13,642
Debt facility commitment fee, long-term		122			163
Restricted cash		1,659			1,659
Other non-current assets		384			380
Total assets	$	315,655		$	299,327
Liabilities, and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	6,321		$	6,767
Accrued expenses		16,939			16,707
Lease liabilities, short-term (related-party of $280 and $350 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)		280			350
Legal settlement accrual		7,159			7,105
Other current liabilities		4,076			4,132
Total current liabilities		34,775			35,061
Lease liabilities, long-term (related-party of $189 and $204 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively)		189			204
Debt facility, long-term		75,000			75,000
Warrant and earnout liabilities		2,882			2,928
Other non-current liabilities		3,346			3,033
Total liabilities	$	116,192		$	116,226
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value per share $0.0001, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		-			-
Class A common stock, par value per share $0.0001, 500,000,000 shares authorized; 11,826,197 and 11,551,528 shares issued at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively; 11,776,634 and 11,501,965 shares outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024		1			1
Class V common stock, par value per share $0.0001, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 1,514,082 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively;		-			-
Additional paid-in capital		329,828			335,326
Treasury shares, at cost (81,370 Class A common stock)		(6,960	)		-
Accumulated other comprehensive gain		229			221
Accumulated deficit		(123,635	)		(152,447	)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	199,463		$	183,101
Total liabilities, and stockholders’ equity	$	315,655		$	299,327

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Dave Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Continued

(in thousands)

The following table presents the assets and liabilities of a consolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”), which are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets above. The assets in the table below may only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs and are in excess of those obligations. All intercompany accounts have been eliminated.


	As of March 31, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,544	$	46,106
Investments		19,352		19,163
ExtraCash receivables, net of allowance for credit losses		182,033		158,447
Debt facility commitment fee, current		159		155
Debt facility commitment fee, long-term		122		163
Total assets	$	209,210	$	224,034
Liabilities
Accounts payable		594		605
Long-term debt facility		75,000		75,000
Total liabilities	$	75,594	$	75,605

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Dave Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands; except per share data)

(unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025			March 31, 2024
Operating revenues:
Service based revenue, net	$	97,851		$	65,562
Transaction based revenue, net		10,128			8,068
Total operating revenues, net		107,979			73,630
Operating expenses:
Provision for credit losses		10,603			9,943
Processing and servicing costs		7,106			7,723
Advertising and marketing		10,315			9,097
Compensation and benefits		27,510			24,552
Other operating expenses		17,296			16,916
Total operating expenses		72,830			68,231
Other (income) expenses:
Interest income		(431	)		(1,495	)
Interest expense		1,758			2,217
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt		-			(33,442	)
Changes in fair value of earnout liabilities		(398	)		196
Changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities		352			477
Total other expense (income), net		1,281			(32,047	)
Net income before provision for income taxes		33,868			37,446
Provision for income taxes		5,056			3,203
Net income	$	28,812		$	34,243

Net income per share:
Basic	$	2.19		$	2.80
Diluted	$	1.97		$	2.60
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income per share
Basic		13,126,286			12,220,199
Diluted		14,646,526			13,182,517

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Dave Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025		March 31, 2024
Net income	$	28,812	$	34,243
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities		8		(646	)
Comprehensive income	$	28,820	$	33,597

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Dave Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)


	Common stock
	Class A					Class V				Additional paid-in capital					Treasury shares			Accumulated other comprehensive income		Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount
Balance at January 1, 2025		11,501,965		$	1		1,514,082	$	-	$	335,326		$	-	$	-		$	221	$	(152,447	)	$	183,101
Issuance of Class A common stock in connection with stock plans		488,351			-		-		-		304					-			-	-				304
Shares withheld related to net share settlement		(132,312	)		-		-		-		(13,319	)				-			-	-				(13,319	)
Repurchase of Class A common stock		(81,370	)		-		-		-		-					(6,960	)		-	-				(6,960	)
Stock-based compensation		-			-		-		-		7,517					-			-	-				7,517
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		-			-		-		-		-					-			8	-				8
Net income		-			-		-		-		-					-			-		28,812			28,812
Balance at March 31, 2025		11,776,634			1		1,514,082		-		329,828			-		(6,960	)		229		(123,635	)		199,463


	Common stock
	Class A				Class V				Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount
Balance at January 1, 2024		10,634,173	$	1		1,514,082	$	-	$	296,733	$	649		$	(210,320	)	$	87,063
Issuance of Class A common stock in connection with stock plans		185,550		-		-		-		524		-		-				524
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		6,130		-		-				6,130
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		-		-		-		-		-		(646	)	-				(646	)
Net income		-		-		-		-		-		-			34,243			34,243
Balance at March 31, 2024		10,819,723		1		1,514,082		-		303,387		3			(176,077	)		127,314

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Dave Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025			2024

Operating activities
Net income	$	28,812		$	34,243
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,537			1,734
Provision for credit losses		10,603			9,943
Changes in fair value of earnout liabilities		(398	)		196
Changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities		352			477
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt		-			(33,442	)
Stock-based compensation		7,517			6,130
Non-cash interest		-			251
Non-cash lease expense		(11	)		(5	)
Changes in fair value of marketable securities and investments		59			(163	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
ExtraCash receivables, service based revenue		(3,324	)		(454	)
Prepaid income taxes		-			148
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		96			(5,582	)
Accounts payable		(466	)		2,726
Accrued expenses		232			1,944
Legal settlement accrual		54			(2,640	)
Other current liabilities		(125	)		299
Other non-current liabilities		313			2,543
Other non-current assets		(4	)		(4	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		45,247			18,344

Investing activities
Payments for internally developed software costs		(1,370	)		(1,592	)
Purchase of property and equipment		(37	)		(12	)
Net originations and collections of ExtraCash receivables		(26,094	)		(1,566	)
Purchase of investments		(37,855	)		(20,889	)
Sale and maturity of investments		37,300			90,315
Purchase of marketable securities		(1	)		(59,165	)
Sale of marketable securities		-			59,034
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(28,057	)		66,125

Financing activities
Repurchases of Class A common stock		(6,891	)		-
Proceeds from issuance of common stock for stock option exercises		304			524
Payment of taxes for shares withheld related to net share settlement		(13,319	)		-
Repayment of borrowings on convertible debt, long-term		-			(71,000	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(19,906	)		(70,476	)

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(2,716	)		13,993
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period		51,377			43,078
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period	$	48,661		$	57,071


Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment purchases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	20		$	41
Accrued excise taxes for repurchases of Class A common stock	$	69		$	-

Supplemental disclosure of cash (received) paid for:
Income taxes	$	(33	)	$	-
Interest	$	1,733		$	1,933

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the same as shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,002		$	55,525
Restricted cash		1,659			1,546
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of the period	$	48,661		$	57,071

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 1 Organization and Nature of Business

Overview:

Dave ("the Company") was launched in 2017 to provide a faster, more transparent, and lower-cost alternative to traditional financial institutions, particularly for those living paycheck to paycheck. Inspired by the story of David vs. Goliath, the Company set out to challenge legacy banking by leveraging technology to expand financial access and improve consumer financial health. Through its fully integrated, mobile-first platform, the Company delivers innovative financial products designed to help underserved consumers manage their money more effectively. The Company's mission is to level the financial playing field by providing intuitive, transparent, and accessible solutions that empower its Members to navigate life’s financial challenges with confidence.

ExtraCash:

ExtraCash is an overdraft product offered through the Company's bank partner that provides Members with up to $500 of credit to bridge liquidity gaps between paychecks. Using its proprietary AI-powered underwriting system, CashAI, the Company analyzes a Member’s checking account transaction data to determine eligibility and set the credit amount. This fully automated process requires no credit check and does not rely on FICO or credit bureau data. Once an ExtraCash transaction is initiated, repayment is scheduled based on the Member’s forecasted next paycheck or deposit date.

The Company designs and manages the complete risk management value chain—including underwriting, fraud and risk mitigation, payment processing, servicing, and collections. Each ExtraCash transaction is underwritten by CashAI when a Member accesses the Dave App, enabling near real-time evaluation of transaction data. This approach determines the optimal amount a Member can responsibly repay, delivering benefits for both the Member and the business.

Dave Checking:

Dave Checking is a digital demand deposit account offered through its bank partner with premium features, no account minimums or corresponding fees, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") pass-through insurance. Members can open a Dave Checking account in minutes through the Dave mobile application, add funds to their account, and begin spending using a Dave Checking virtual debit card. Dave Checking accounts also include a physical Dave branded debit Mastercard (“Dave Card”) that can be used for everyday purchases and spending transactions as well as at any of the approximately 40,000 MoneyPass ATM network locations to make no-fee withdrawals at these in-network ATMs.

Dave Checking revenues are primarily driven by merchant interchange, incentives from Mastercard, interest on deposits paid by our partner bank, and other ancillary fees paid by customers (e.g., out of network ATM fees, instant withdrawal fees).

Personal Financial Management:

Budget: The Budget tool utilizes historical bank account data to identify recurring and common charges, enabling Members to anticipate upcoming transactions that may affect their account balances. It also provides timely notifications when there is a risk of an overdraft.

Side Hustle: Side Hustle is a streamlined job application portal for Dave Members to find supplemental or temporary work. The portal focuses on “gig economy,” part-time, seasonal, remote and other flexible types of employment opportunities. Members can apply to dozens of jobs in-app using saved information and credentials. A side hustle can be an important part of a Member’s long-term financial health, as it allows Members to quickly address unexpected expenses or cash needs with incremental income.

Surveys: The Company's Surveys product allows for additional earning opportunities, allowing Members to take paid surveys anytime within the Dave mobile application. This functionality drives engagement within the Dave ecosystem and deepens its relationship to its Members’ financial wellbeing.

The Company generates monthly subscription revenue from Members enrolled in the Company's Personal Financial Management service.

Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and a variable interest entity (“VIE”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

In accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation, the Company consolidates any VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest ownership is holding a majority of the voting interests of an entity; however, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as VIEs, through arrangements that do not involve controlling voting interests. ASC 810 requires a variable interest holder to consolidate a VIE if that party has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company does not consolidate a VIE in which it has a majority ownership interest when it is not considered the primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates its relationships with its VIEs on an ongoing basis to ensure that the Company continues to be the primary beneficiary. The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of Dave OD Funding I, LLC (“Dave OD”), as it has the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Dave OD and has the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant, in accordance with accounting guidance. As a result, the Company consolidated Dave OD and all intercompany accounts have been eliminated. The carrying value of Dave OD’s assets and liabilities, after elimination of any intercompany transactions and balances are shown in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The assets of Dave OD are restricted and may only be used to settle obligations of Dave OD.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. The Company’s estimates are based on its historical experience and various other factors that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The Company’s critical accounting estimates and assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis including those related to the:

(i) Allowance for credit losses; and

(ii) Income taxes.

Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Revenue Recognition

Below is detail of operating revenues (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Service based revenue, net
Processing and service fees, net	$	83,448	$	44,596
Tips		7,496		14,910
Subscriptions		6,817		5,943
Other		90		113
Transaction based revenue, net
Interchange revenue, net		5,885		4,742
ATM revenue, net		794		809
Other		3,449		2,517
Total operating revenues, net	$	107,979	$	73,630

Service Based Revenue, Net

Service based revenue, net primarily consists of optional processing fees, optional tips, service fees and subscriptions charged to Members, net of processor costs associated with ExtraCash originations. ExtraCash receivables are treated as financial receivables under ASC 310 Receivables (“ASC 310”) and processing and service fees, net and tips are also accounted for in accordance with ASC 310.

Processing and Service Fees, Net:

Processing and service fees apply in connection with a Member’s use of ExtraCash. At the Member’s election, the Company may expedite the funding of ExtraCash funds within hours of approval, as opposed to the standard delivery time of two to three business days via the ACH network. These fees are considered non-refundable loan origination fees and are recognized as revenue over the average expected contractual term of the related ExtraCash transactions.

Costs incurred by the Company to originate ExtraCash are treated as direct loan origination costs. These direct loan origination costs are netted against ExtraCash-related income over the average expected contractual term of an ExtraCash. Direct origination costs recognized as a reduction of ExtraCash-related income during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 were $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

Tips:

The Company encouraged, but did not contractually require its Members who receive ExtraCash to leave a discretionary tip. For accounting purposes, tips are treated as an adjustment of yield to ExtraCash and are recognized over the average expected contractual term of its ExtraCash receivables.

Subscriptions:

The Company accounts for subscriptions in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a Member, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligations. For revenue sources that are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company fully satisfies its performance obligations and recognizes revenue in the period it is earned as services are rendered. Transaction prices are typically fixed, charged on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying ASC 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with the Company’s Members.

Subscription fees are received on a monthly basis from Members who subscribe to the Company’s application. The Company continually fulfills its obligation to each Member over the subscription term. The series of distinct services represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue ratably as the Member receives and consumes the benefits of the platform throughout the monthly contract period.

Price concessions granted to Members who have insufficient funds when subscription fees are due and not collected are forms of variable consideration under the Company’s contracts with Members. For price concessions, the Company has elected, as an accounting policy, to account for price concessions for the month at the end of the reporting month based on the actual amounts collected from Members.

Other service based revenue consists of lead generation fees from the Company’s Side Hustle advertising partners and revenue share from the Company's Surveys partners.

Transaction Based Revenue, Net

Transaction based revenue, net primarily consists of interchange and ATM revenues from the Company’s Checking Product, net of certain interchange and ATM-related fees, fees earned from funding and withdrawal-related transactions, volume support from a certain co-branded agreement, fees earned related to the Rewards Product for Members who make debit card spending transactions at participating merchants and deposit referrals and are recognized at the point in time the transactions occur, as the performance obligations are satisfied and the variable consideration is not constrained. The Company earns interchange fees from Members spend on Dave-branded debit cards, which are reduced by interchange-related costs payable to fulfillment partners. Interchange revenue is remitted by merchants and represents a percentage of the underlying transaction value processed through a payment network. ATM fees earned from Member’s usage of out-of-network ATMs reduced by related ATM transaction costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were both $0.8 million. ATM-related fees recognized as a reduction of transaction based revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were both $0.5 million.

Processing and Servicing Costs

Processing and servicing costs consist of amounts paid to third party processors for the recovery of ExtraCash, tips, processing fees, service fees and subscriptions. These expenses also include fees paid for services to connect Member’s bank accounts to the Company’s application. Except for processing and servicing costs associated with ExtraCash originations, which are recorded net against revenue, all other processing and servicing costs are expensed as incurred.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less as cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily represents cash held at financial institutions that is pledged as collateral for specific accounts that may become overdrawn.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of a publicly traded money market mutual fund. The underlying money market instruments are primarily comprised of certificates of deposit and financial company asset backed commercial paper.

Investments

Investments consist of corporate bonds and notes, asset backed securities, and government securities and are classified as “available-for-sale” as the sale of such securities may be required prior to maturity to implement the Company’s strategies. The fair value of investments is determined by quoted prices in active markets with unrealized gains and losses (other than credit related impairment) reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. For securities with unrealized losses, any credit related portion of the loss is recognized in earnings. If it is more likely than not that the Company will be unable or does not intend to hold the security to recovery of the non-credit related unrealized loss, the loss is recognized in earnings. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Any related amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to earnings (on a pre-tax basis).

ExtraCash Receivables

ExtraCash Receivables include ExtraCash, processing and service fees, and tips, net of certain direct origination costs and allowance for credit losses. Management’s intent is to hold ExtraCash Receivables until the earlier of repayment or payoff date. Members’ ExtraCash Receivables are treated as financial receivables under ASC 310.

ExtraCash Receivables to Members are not interest-bearing. The Company recognizes these ExtraCash Receivables at the origination amount and does not use discounting techniques to determine present value of originations due to their short-term nature.

The Company does not provide modifications to ExtraCash and does not charge late fees.

Allowance for Credit Losses

ExtraCash receivables from contracts with Members as of the balance sheet dates are recorded at their original origination amounts, inclusive of outstanding processing fees, service fees and tips, and reduced by an allowance for expected credit losses. The Company pools its ExtraCash receivables, all of which are short-term (average term of approximately 11 days) in nature and arise from contracts with Members, based on shared risk characteristics to assess their risk of loss, even when that risk is remote. The Company uses an aging method and historical loss rates as a basis for estimating the percentage of current and delinquent ExtraCash receivables balances that will result in credit losses to derive the allowance for credit losses. The Company considers whether the conditions at the measurement date and reasonable and supportable forecasts about future conditions warrant an adjustment to its historical loss experience. In assessing such adjustments, the Company primarily evaluates current economic conditions, expectations of near-term economic trends and changes in customer payment terms, collection trends and cash collections subsequent to the balance sheet date. For the measurement dates presented herein, given its methods of collecting funds, and that the Company has not observed meaningful changes in its customers’ payment behavior, it determined that its historical loss rates remain most indicative of its lifetime expected losses. The Company immediately recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses at the time of the ExtraCash origination. Adjustments to the allowance each period for changes in the estimate of lifetime expected credit losses are recognized in operating expenses—provision for credit losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

When the Company determines that an ExtraCash receivable is not collectible, or after 120 days from origination has passed, the uncollectible amount is written-off as a reduction to both the allowance and the gross asset balance. Based on the average ExtraCash receivables term of approximately 11 days, ExtraCash receivables outstanding 12 or more days from origination may be considered

past due. Subsequent recoveries are recorded when received and are recorded as a recovery of the allowance for expected credit losses. Any change in circumstances related to a specific Member ExtraCash receivables may result in an additional allowance for expected credit losses being recognized in the period in which the change occurs.

Internally Developed Software

Internally developed software is capitalized when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used as intended. Capitalized costs consist of salaries and other compensation costs for employees incurred for time spent on upgrades and enhancements to add functionality to the software and fees paid to third-party consultants who are directly involved in development efforts. These capitalized costs are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as intangible assets, net. Other costs are expensed as incurred and included within other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Capitalized costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $1.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

Amortization of internally developed software commences when the software is ready for its intended use (i.e., after all substantial testing is complete). Internally developed software is amortized over its estimated useful life of 3 years.

The Company’s accounting policy is to perform annual reviews of capitalized internally developed software projects to determine whether any impairment indicators are present as of December 31, or whenever a change in circumstances suggests an impairment indicator is present. If any impairment indicators are present, the Company will perform a recoverability test by comparing the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows attributed to the asset group to their carrying value. If the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the remaining use of the asset (i.e., cash flows when testing recoverability) are less than the asset group’s carrying value, the Company will determine the fair value of the asset group and recognize an impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its fair value. If based on the results of the recoverability test, no impairment is indicated as the remaining undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value of the software asset group, the carrying value of the asset group as of the assessment date is deemed fully recoverable. In addition, the Company evaluates the remaining useful life of an intangible asset that is being amortized each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying value of the intangible asset shall be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 7 years using the straight-line method. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to operations as incurred and included within other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets, primarily property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets, whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that carrying amounts of the assets may not be fully recoverable. If the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows from an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, the Company estimates the fair value of the assets. The Company measures the loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value calculated using the present value of estimated net future cash flows.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), provides a single definition of fair value and a common framework for measuring fair value as well as disclosure requirements for fair value measurements used in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Under ASC 820, fair value is determined based upon the exit price that would be received by a company to sell an asset or paid by a company to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, exclusive of any transaction costs. Fair value measurements are determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. The principal market is the market with the greatest level of activity and volume for the asset or liability. Absent a principal market to measure fair value, the Company uses the most advantageous market, which is the market from which the Company would receive the highest selling price for the asset or pay the lowest price to settle the liability, after considering transaction costs. However, when using the most advantageous market, transaction costs are only considered to determine which market is the most advantageous and these costs are then excluded when applying a fair value measurement. ASC 820 creates a three-level hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values. The basis for fair value measurements for each level within the hierarchy is described below, with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest.

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets and liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Valuations are based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the assets or liabilities. Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, principally consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, ExtraCash receivables, and accounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in excess of the FDIC insured limits were $46.3 million at March 31, 2025 and $61.1 million at December 31, 2024. The Company’s payment processors also collect cash on the Company’s behalf and will hold these cash balances temporarily until they are settled the next business day. Also, the Company does not believe its marketable securities are exposed to any significant credit risk due to the quality and nature of the securities in which the money is held.

The Company relies on agreements with Evolve, currently its only active bank partner, to provide ExtraCash and other deposit accounts, debit card services and other transaction services to it and its Members. Given the size and consistent growth of the Company's Member base as well as how its product capabilities have been expanding, the Company recently announced an additional financial institution with which it will partner. Refer to Note 20, Subsequent Events for further details regarding the Program Agreement entered into with Coastal Community Bank to become a sponsor for the Company's banking and ExtraCash products.

No Member individually exceeded 10% or more of the Company’s ExtraCash receivables balance as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Leases

ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) requires lessees to recognize most leases on the condensed consolidated balance sheet with a corresponding right-of-use asset. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. Leases are classified as financing or operating which will drive the expense recognition pattern. Lease payments on short-term leases are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. At the time of a lease abandonment, the operating lease right-of-use asset is derecognized, while the corresponding lease liability is evaluated by the Company based any remaining contractual obligations as of the lease abandonment date.

The Company leases office space under two separate leases, both of which are considered operating leases. Options to extend or terminate a lease are considered as part of calculating the lease term to the extent that the option is reasonably certain of exercise. The leases do not include the options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term. Covenants imposed by the leases include letters of credit required to be obtained by the lessee.

The incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) represents the rate of interest the Company would expect to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. When determinable, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to determine the present value of lease payments. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Option Awards:

ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), requires the estimate of the fair value of all stock-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in the statement of operations over the requisite service period. Under ASC 718, employee option grants are generally valued at the grant date and those valuations do not change once they have been established. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. As allowed by ASC 718, the Company’s estimate of expected volatility is based on its peer company average volatilities, including industry, stage of life cycle, size, and financial leverage. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant valuation. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. Subsequent modifications to outstanding awards result in incremental cost if the fair value is increased as a result of the modification.

Restricted Stock Unit Awards:

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are valued on the grant date. The fair value of the RSUs that vest based solely on a service condition is equal to the estimated fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the grant date. This compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For RSUs that contain both a market condition and a service condition, market volatility and other factors are taken into consideration in determining the grant date fair value and the related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each separately vesting tranche, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided. These costs are a component of stock-based compensation expense, presented within compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Awards:

Performance-based RSUs are valued on the grant date and the compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period if and when the Company concludes it is probable that the performance metrics will be satisfied. The grant-date fair value of the awards are not subsequently remeasured; however, the Company reassesses the probability of vesting at each reporting period and records a cumulative adjustment to compensation expense based on the likelihood the performance metric will be achieved. These costs are a component of stock-based compensation expense, presented within compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, was $10.3 million and $9.1 million, respectively, and is presented within advertising and marketing in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

The Company follows ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the condensed consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the condensed consolidated financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more-likely-than-not that the asset will not be realized.

ASC 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained in a court of last resort, based on the technical merits. If more-likely-than-not, the amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination, including compromise settlements. For tax positions not meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company has estimated $2.2 million and $2.0 million of uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, related to state income taxes and federal and state research and development tax credits.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest expense and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense within the statement of operations. The Company recognized $0.006 million and $0.005 million of interest expense and penalties as a component of income tax expense during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were $0.04 million and $0.02 million of accrued interest expense and penalties as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Segment Information

The Company determines its operating segment based on how its chief operating decision makers manage operations, make operating decisions, and evaluate operating performance. The Company has determined that the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is a joint role shared by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon the way the CODM reviews financial information and makes operating decisions and considering that the CODM reviews financial information on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance, the operations of the Company constitute a single operating segment and reportable segment. Refer to Note 18 Segment Information for further details.

Net Income Per Share Attributable to Stockholders

The Company has two classes of participating securities (Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class A Common Stock") and Class V common stock, par value $0.0001 per share ("Class V Common Stock")) issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 (the Class V Common Stock and together with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”). The rights, including the

liquidation and dividend rights, of the holders of the Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock are identical, except with respect to voting.

Basic net income attributable to holders of Common Stock per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to holders of Common Stock by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.

Diluted net income per share attributable to holders of common stock is computed by dividing net income per share attributable to stockholders and the weighted-average number of shares outstanding and the effect of potentially dilutive stock options, warrants, and restricted stock using the treasury stock method.

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income per share attributable to holders of common stock (in thousands, except share data):


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
		2025		2024
Numerator
Net income attributed to common stockholders—basic and diluted	$	28,812	$	34,243

Denominator
Weighted-average shares of common stock—basic		13,126,286		12,220,199
Dilutive effect of stock options		415,521		225,904
Dilutive effect of RSU		1,104,719		736,414
Weighted-average shares of common stock—diluted		14,646,526		13,182,517

Net income per share
Basic	$	2.19	$	2.80
Diluted	$	1.97	$	2.60

The following potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
		2025	2024
Equity incentive awards		225,876	1,090,941
Total		225,876	1,090,941

The Company also excluded 11,444,235 public and private warrants and 49,653 earnout shares that were potentially dilutive from the computation of diluted net income for the three ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as including them would have been antidilutive. Refer to Note 9 Warrant Liabilities and Note 13 Fair Value of Financial Instruments for further details.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted:

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments require enhanced disclosures in connection with an entity's effective tax rate reconciliation, income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, and clarification on uncertain tax positions and related financial statement impacts. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses and in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Clarifying the Effective Date. The amendments require entities to disclose the following amounts in each relevant income statement expense captions: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Entities are also required to disclose the total amount of selling expense and the entities definition of selling expenses. The amendments, as clarified by ASU No. 2025-01, are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption

permitted, and may be applied retrospectively or prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statement disclosures.

Note 3 Marketable Securities

Below is a detail of marketable securities (in thousands):


	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Marketable securities	$	98	$	97
Total	$	98	$	97

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s marketable securities consisted of investments in a publicly traded money market mutual fund. The underlying money market instruments were primarily comprised of certificates of deposit and financial company asset backed commercial paper. At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the investment portfolio had a weighted-average maturity of 18 days. The gain recognized in connection with the investment in marketable securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.001 million and $0.07 million, respectively, and recorded as a component of interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Note 4 Investments

Below is a summary of investments, which are measured at fair value as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands):


	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Corporate bonds	$	3,482	$	2	$	(24	)	$	3,460
Government securities		37,266		251		-			37,517
Total	$	40,748	$	253	$	(24	)	$	40,977

Below is a summary of investments, which are measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


	Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Corporate bonds	$	4,249	$	1	$	(38	)	$	4,212
Government securities		36,003		258		-			36,261
Total	$	40,252	$	259	$	(38	)	$	40,473

The gross unrealized losses and fair values of available-for-sale investment securities that were in unrealized loss positions were as follows (in thousands):


	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
March 31, 2025
Corporate bonds	$	3,291	$	(24	)	$	-	$	-		$	3,291	$	(24	)
Total	$	3,291	$	(24	)	$	-	$	-		$	3,291	$	(24	)

	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss			Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
December 31, 2024
Corporate bonds	$	2,257	$	(19	)	$	1,043	$	(19	)	$	3,300	$	(38	)
Total	$	2,257	$	(19	)	$	1,043	$	(19	)	$	3,300	$	(38	)

The net realized gain recorded in connection with the investments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 was $0.006 million and $0.8 million, respectively, and was recorded as a component of interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest of $0.04 million and $0.2 million is included in investments within the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Unrealized losses on the available-for-sale investment securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are primarily the result of increases in interest rates as a significant portion of the investments were purchased prior to the Federal Reserve commenced interest rate increases in 2022. The Company does not intend to sell nor anticipate that it will be required to sell these investments before recovery of the amortized cost basis. As such, unrealized losses were determined not to be related to credit losses and the Company did not record any credit-related impairment losses on the available-for-sale investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

As of March 31, 2025, the contractual maturities of available-for-sale investment securities were as follows (in thousands):


	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	40,748	$	40,977
Due after one year through five years	$	-	$	-
Total	$	40,748	$	40,977

Note 5 ExtraCash Receivables, Net

ExtraCash receivables, net, represent outstanding originations, processing fees, tips and service fees, net of direct origination costs, less an allowance for credit losses.

Below is a detail of ExtraCash receivables, net as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands):


Days From Origination	Gross ExtraCash Receivables		Allowance for Credit Losses			ExtraCash Receivables, Net
1-10	$	165,294	$	(2,341	)	$	162,953
11-30		32,209		(5,257	)		26,952
31-60		7,077		(4,391	)		2,686
61-90		5,041		(3,852	)		1,189
91-120		5,126		(4,234	)		892
Total	$	214,747	$	(20,075	)	$	194,672

Below is a detail of ExtraCash receivables, net as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


Days From Origination	Gross ExtraCash Receivables		Allowance for Credit Losses			ExtraCash Receivables, Net
1-10	$	142,623	$	(2,112	)	$	140,511
11-30		36,198		(6,223	)		29,975
31-60		7,882		(4,937	)		2,945
61-90		6,140		(4,712	)		1,428
91-120		5,717		(4,719	)		998
Total	$	198,560	$	(22,703	)	$	175,857

The roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses is as follows (in thousands):


Opening allowance balance at January 1, 2025	$	22,703
Plus: provision for credit losses		10,603
Plus: amounts recovered		3,707
Less: amounts written-off		(16,938	)
Ending allowance balance at March 31, 2025	$	20,075

Opening allowance balance at January 1, 2024	$	20,310
Plus: provision for credit losses		9,943
Plus: amounts recovered		3,074
Less: amounts written-off		(15,999	)
Ending allowance balance at March 31, 2024	$	17,328

The provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was higher compared to the period ended March 31, 2024, due primarily to an increase of ExtraCash origination volume from approximately $1.05 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.53 billion for the period ended March 31, 2025, despite improved collections performance throughout the year. The increase in amounts written-off for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to period ended March 31, 2024 was also primarily a result of the increase in ExtraCash origination volume, offset by improved collections performance period over period.

Note 6 Intangible Assets, Net

The Company’s intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


		March 31, 2025							December 31, 2024
	Weighted Average Useful Lives	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Internally developed software	3.0 Years	$	28,871	$	(15,273	)	$	13,598	$	27,501	$	(13,917	)	$	13,584
Domain name	15.0 Years		121		(66	)		55		121		(63	)		58
Intangible assets, net		$	28,992	$	(15,339	)	$	13,653	$	27,622	$	(13,980	)	$	13,642

The future estimated amortization expenses as of March 31, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 was $1.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively. No significant impairment charges were recognized related to long-lived assets for the for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Company did not incur any amortization expense related to any changes in useful life of its definite-lived intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Note 7 Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued Expenses

The Company’s accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Income taxes payable		6,158		1,476
Accrued professional and program fees	$	4,300	$	4,718
Accrued compensation		2,870		5,166
Accrued charitable contributions		1,580		2,223
Sales tax payable		1,123		1,021
Accrued negative account balances		523		1,786
Other		385		317
Total	$	16,939	$	16,707

Accrued charitable contributions includes amounts the Company has pledged related to charitable meal donations. The Company uses a portion of tips received to make charitable cash donations to third parties who use the funds to provide meals to those in need. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company pledged approximately $0.5 million and $0.9 million related to charitable donations, respectively. These costs are expensed as incurred and are presented within other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Other Current Liabilities

The Company’s other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Deferred transaction costs	$	3,150	$	3,150
Other		926		982
Total	$	4,076	$	4,132

Other current liabilities includes deferred transaction costs associated with the transactions consummated on January 5, 2022 as contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 7, 2021 among VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings III, Inc. (“VPCC”), Dave Inc., a Delaware corporation and other entities (the “Business Combination”). These transaction costs were also capitalized and included within additional paid in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 8 Convertible Note

On March 21, 2022, the Company entered into a Convertible Note Purchase Agreement (“Note Purchase Agreement”) with FTX Ventures Ltd. (the “Purchaser”), owner of FTX US (“FTX”), providing for the purchase and sale of a convertible note in the initial principal amount of $100.0 million (the “Note”). The Note bore interest at a rate of 3.00% per year (compounded semi-annually), payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30th and December 31st of each year. Interest may be paid in-kind or in cash, at the Company’s option. Forty-eight months (the “Maturity Date”) after the date of the initial issuance of the Note (the “Issuance Date”), the Company would pay the Purchaser the sum of (i) the outstanding principal amount of the Note, plus (ii) all accrued but unpaid interest thereon, plus (iii) all expenses incurred by the Purchaser (the “Redemption Price”). Payment of the Redemption Price on the Maturity Date will constitute a redemption of the Note in whole.

On January 29, 2024, the Company repurchased the $105.7 million outstanding balance of the Note as of January 29, 2024 for $71.0 million. The Company reduced the net carrying amount of debt by unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.03 million at the extinguishment date. The Company also incurred third-party costs totaling $1.3 million in conjunction with the settlement of the Note.

The third-party costs are included in the reacquisition price and the gain on extinguishment of $33.4 million was calculated as the difference between the net carrying amount of debt and the reacquisition price.

Note 9 Warrant Liabilities

As of March 31, 2025, there were 6,344,021 public warrants (“Public Warrants”) outstanding and 5,100,214 private placement warrants (“Private Warrants”) outstanding. Public Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional Public Warrants were issued upon separation of the units into their component parts upon the closing of the Business Combination and only whole Public Warrants trade. The Public Warrants are exercisable, provided that the Company continues to have an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current prospectus relating to them is available (or the Company permits holders to exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis and such cashless exercise is exempt from registration under the Securities Act).

The Company filed a registration statement covering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and the Private Warrants. If the Company’s shares of Class A Common Stock are at the time of any exercise of a warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of a “covered security” under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act, the Company may, at its option, require holders of Public Warrants who exercise their warrants to do so on a “cashless basis” in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act and, in the event the Company so elects, it will not be required to file or maintain in effect a registration statement, and in the event the Company does not so elect, it will use its best efforts to register or qualify the shares under applicable blue sky laws to the extent an exemption is not available.

The Public Warrants and the Private Warrants have an exercise price of $368.00 per share, subject to adjustments and will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Redemption of Public Warrants when the price per share of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $576.00:

Once the Public Warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants for cash:

• in whole and not in part;

• at a price of $0.01 per warrant;

• upon a minimum of 30 days prior written notice of redemption; and if, and only if, the closing price of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $576.00 per share (as adjusted) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

The Company will not redeem the Public Warrants as described above unless an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants is effective and a current prospectus relating to those shares of Class A Common Stock is available throughout the 30-day redemption period.

Redemption of Public Warrants for when the price per share of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $320.00:

Once the Public Warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants:

• in whole and not in part;

• at $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption and receive that number of shares determined by reference to an agreed table based on the redemption date and the “fair market value” (as defined below) of the Class A Common Stock; and

• if, and only if, the closing price of Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $320.00 per Public Share (as adjusted) for any 20 trading days within the 30-trading day period ending three trading days before the Company sends notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis,” as described in the warrant agreement. The exercise price and number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the Public Warrants will not be adjusted for issuance of Class A Common Stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the Public Warrants.

The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that the Private Placement Warrants will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings Sponsor III, LLC, which was the sponsor of VPCC and an affiliate of certain of VPCC’s officers and directors prior to the Business Combination, (the “Sponsor”) or its permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants

are held by someone other than the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

Contemporaneously with the execution of the Debt Facility, the Company issued warrants to the various lenders (the “Lenders”) associated with Victory Park Management, LLC as consideration for entering into the Debt Facility, representing a loan commitment fee. The warrants vest and become exercisable based on the Company’s aggregated draw on the Debt Facility in incremental $10.0 million tranches and terminate upon the earliest to occur of (i) the fifth anniversary of the occurrence of a qualified financing event and (ii) the consummation of a liquidity event. The holders of the warrants have the ability to exercise their right to acquire a number of common shares equal to 0.2% of the fully diluted equity of the Company as of the closing date (“Equity Closing Date”) of the Company’s next equity financing with proceeds of at least $40.0 million (“Qualified Financing Event”) or immediately prior to the consummation of a liquidity event. The exercise price of the warrants is the greater of (i) 80% of the fair market value of each share of Common Stock at the Equity Closing Date and (ii) $120.0656 per share, subject to certain down-round adjustments. The warrants meet the definition of a derivative under ASC 815 and will be accounted for as a liability at fair value and subsequently remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting period with the changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The initial offsetting entry to the warrant liability was an asset recorded to reflect the loan commitment fee. The loan commitment fee asset will be amortized to interest expense over the commitment period of four years. The Company estimated the fair value of the warrants at the issuance date to be $0.1 million using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Determining the fair value of these warrants under this model requires subjective assumptions. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

Immediately prior to the close of the Business Combination, all, or 1,664,394 of the vested warrants were exercised and net settled for 14,087 shares of Legacy Dave’s Class A Common Stock after applying the Exchange Ratio.

Note 10 Debt Facility

In January 2021, Dave OD Funding I, LLC (“Borrower”) entered into a delayed draw senior secured loan facility (the “Debt Facility”) with Victory Park Management, LLC (“Agent”), and allowed the Borrower to draw up to $100 million from the Lenders. The Debt Facility had an interest rate of 6.95% annually plus a base rate defined as the greater of the three-month London interbank offered rate ("LIBOR") as of the last business day of each calendar month and 2.55%. Interest is payable monthly in arrears. The Debt Facility contained certain financial covenants, including a requirement to maintain a minimum cash, cash equivalents, or marketable securities balance of $15.0 million.

On September 13, 2023, the Company executed the Third Amendment to the Debt Facility with the existing Lenders. The Third Amendment, among other things: (i) increases the secured loan facility commitment amount by $50 million to a total of $150 million; (ii) extends the maturity date of the Debt Facility from January 2025 to December 2026; (iii) adds a liquidity trigger threshold, measured as of the last day of any calendar month, equal to the lesser of (a) the trailing six-month EBITDA as of such date, (b) the product of (A) the trailing three-month EBITDA as of such date, multiplied by (B) two (2), and (c) zero ($0); (iv) increases the minimum liquidity threshold, a requirement to maintain a minimum cash, cash equivalents, or marketable securities balance, from $8.0 million to $15 million (v) replaces LIBOR with the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") and updates interest rates to the base rate (or if greater, SOFR for such date for a 3-month tenor and 3.00%) plus 5.00% per annum on that portion of the aggregate outstanding principal balance that is less than or equal to $75 million, plus the base rate plus 4.50% per annum on that portion of the aggregate outstanding principal balance, if any, that is greater than $75 million; (vi) updates prepayment premiums for early or voluntary principal repayments and (vii) the Company's guaranty (the limited guaranty was secured by a first-priority lien against substantially all of the Company's assets) of up to $25 million of the Borrower's obligations under the Debt Facility has been terminated.

Payments of the loan draws are due at the following dates: (i) within five business days after the date of receipt by the Borrower of any net cash proceeds in excess of $0.25 million in the aggregate during any fiscal year from any asset sales (other than certain permitted dispositions), Borrower must prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of such net cash proceeds; (ii) within five business days after the date of receipt by Borrower, or the Agent as loss payee, of any net cash proceeds from any destruction or taking, the Borrower must prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of such net cash proceeds; (iii) within three business days after the date of receipt by Borrower of any net cash proceeds from the incurrence of any indebtedness of Borrower (other than with respect to permitted borrower indebtedness), the Borrower will prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of such net cash proceeds; and (iv) (a) if extraordinary receipts are received by Borrower in the aggregate amount in any fiscal year in excess of $0.25 million or (b) if an event of default has occurred and is continuing at any time when any extraordinary receipts are received by Borrower, then within five business days of the receipt by Borrower of any such extraordinary receipts, the Borrower must prepay the loans or remit such net cash proceeds in an aggregate amount equal to (x) 100% of such extraordinary receipts in excess of $0.25 million in respect of clause (a) above and (y) 100% of such extraordinary receipts in respect of clause (b) above.

On October 18, 2024, the Company executed the Fourth Amendment to the Debt Facility with the existing Lenders to expand the Company's borrowing capacity. The amendment also updates interest rates to the sum of the base rate plus 5.00% per annum on the

aggregate outstanding principal balance and updates prepayment premiums for early or voluntary principal repayments, among other administrative terms. The Fourth Amendment was accounted for as a debt modification and, accordingly, the Company incurred $0.03 million in associated costs which will be recognized within the consolidated statement of operations evenly through maturity date of the Debt Facility, and no gain or loss was recognized. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was not in compliance with a specific debt covenant under its existing Debt Facility. In particular, a breach existed relating to the Minimum Receivable Loan-to-Value ("LTV Ratio"), which exceeded the allowable limits set forth in the covenant. The Agent, on behalf of the Lenders, provided a one-time limited waiver of this covenant, effective from October 18, 2024 until June 30, 2025. This waiver is solely for that period and for addressing this specific breach, and does not constitute a waiver of any default or event of default under the Debt Facility.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had drawn $75.0 million on the Debt Facility and had made no repayments.

Note 11 Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims, either asserted or unasserted, that arise in the ordinary course of business. Other than as described below, management does not believe that any of these proceedings or claims will have a significant adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, legal proceedings and claims are subject to many factors that are difficult to predict, so there can be no assurance that, in the event of a material unfavorable result in one or more claims, the Company will not incur material costs.

1. United States of America v. Dave, Inc. and Jason Wilk (filed December 30, 2024 in the United States District Court for the Central District of California)

In January 2023, the Company received a Civil Investigative Demand from the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) staff seeking information in connection with the sale, offering, advertising, marketing or other promotion of cash advance products and online financial services. In response, the Company cooperated with the FTC staff while seeking to engage constructively with the FTC to resolve this matter.

On August 21, 2024, the FTC staff sent the Company a proposed consent order and draft complaint, alleging that the Company had violated Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTC Act") which prohibits "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce" and certain provisions of the Restore Online Shoppers’ Confidence Act related to the Company’s platform and offering of the ExtraCash Product (the “Complaint”), and advising that it would recommend the filing of a Complaint if the Company did not settle the FTC’s claims. The Company engaged in good faith negotiations with the FTC staff to settle the claims but these negotiations were unsuccessful, and on November 5, 2024, the FTC filed the Complaint in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against the Company. The Complaint sought a permanent injunction, monetary relief for an unspecified amount and “other relief as the court determines to be just and proper.” The FTC then referred the case to the Department of Justice (the “DOJ”), and on December 30, 2024, the DOJ filed an amended civil complaint in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, naming the Company and our Chief Executive Officer, Jason Wilk as defendants (the "Amended Complaint"). The Amended Complaint alleges that Dave violated Section 5(a) of the FTC Act as well as the Restore Online Shoppers' Confidence Act. The DOJ is seeking injunctive relief, civil penalties, monetary relief and other relief. On February 28, 2025, we filed a motion to dismiss the DOJ’s Amended Complaint. On April 7, 2025, the DOJ filed an opposition to the Company's motion to dismiss and on April 21, 2025 the Company filed its reply in support of the Company's motion to dismiss. The hearing on the Company's motion to dismiss is anticipated to take place during the second quarter of 2025.

Although the Company believes that its practices have at all times been in compliance with applicable law, the outcome of any case in litigation is uncertain. Therefore, as of the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company has recorded a $7.0 million litigation and settlement accrual for this matter. Significant changes in the accrual may be required in future periods as the case progresses and additional information becomes available. At this time, the Company is unable to reasonably predict the possible outcome of this matter due to, among other things, the fact that it raises difficult factual and legal issues and is subject to many uncertainties and complexities. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in the litigation, and the Company may incur a loss in excess of the amount accrued. The defense or resolution of this matter could involve significant monetary costs and have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial results and operations.

Note 12 Leases

In January 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement with PCJW Properties LLC ("PCJW") for office space located in Los Angeles, California. The lease term is seven years, beginning January 1, 2019 and ending December 31, 2025. The current monthly lease payment is $0.02 million, subject to an annual escalation of 5%.

In December 2018, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with PCJW, controlled by Company’s founders (including the Company’s CEO), for general office space next to the aforementioned leased property in Los Angeles, California. The lease term was five years subject to early termination by either party, beginning November 2018 and ending October 2023. In November 2023, the

Company extended the sublease for five more years ending October 2028. Under the terms of the sublease, the current monthly rent is $0.006 million, subject to an annual escalation of 4%.

All leases were classified as operating and operating lease expenses are presented within Other operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not have any finance leases or sublease arrangements where the Company is the sublessor. The Company’s leasing activities are as follows (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended,
	March 31, 2025		March 31, 2024
Operating lease cost	$	87	$	86
Short-term lease cost		-		-
Total lease cost	$	87	$	86


	For the Three Months Ended,
	March 31, 2025			March 31, 2024
Other information:
Cash paid for operating leases	$	96		$	91
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating lease		2.23			2.79
Weighted-average discount rate - operating lease		10	%		10	%

The future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):


Year	Related-Party Commitment
2025	$	290
2026		79
2027		83
2028		71
Total minimum lease payments	$	523
Less: imputed interest		(54	)
Total lease liabilities	$	469

Note 13 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following are the major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1), significant other observable inputs (Level 2), and significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands):


March 31, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Marketable securities	$	98	$	—	$	—	$	98
Investments		—		40,977		—		40,977
Total assets	$	98	$	40,977	$	—	$	41,075
Liabilities
Warrant liabilities - public warrants	$	1,185	$	—	$	—	$	1,185
Warrant liabilities - private warrants		—		—		1,099		1,099
Earnout liabilities		—		—		598		598
Total liabilities	$	1,185	$	—	$	1,697	$	2,882


December 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Marketable securities	$	97	$	—	$	—	$	97
Investments		—		40,473		—		40,473
Total assets	$	97	$	40,473	$	—	$	40,570
Liabilities
Warrant liabilities - public warrants	$	1,016	$	—	$	—	$	1,016
Warrant liabilities - private warrants		—		—		916		916
Earnout liabilities		—		—		996		996
Total liabilities	$	1,016	$	—	$	1,912	$	2,928

The Company had no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company also has financial instruments not measured at fair value. The Company has evaluated cash (Level 1), restricted cash (Level 1), accounts payable (Level 2), accrued expenses (Level 2) and ExtraCash receivables (Level 3) and believes the carrying value approximates the fair value due to the short-term nature of these balances. The fair value of the debt facility (Level 2) approximates its carrying value.

Marketable Securities:

The Company evaluated the quoted market prices in active markets for its marketable securities and has classified its securities as Level 1. The Company’s investments in marketable securities are exposed to price fluctuations. The fair value measurements for the securities are based upon the quoted prices of similar items in active markets multiplied by the number of securities owned.

Investments:

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure the fair value of investments held as of March 31, 2025 and 2024.

U.S. Government Securities

The fair value of U.S. government securities is estimated by independent pricing services who use computerized valuation formulas to calculate current values. U.S. government securities are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate Bonds and Notes

The fair value of corporate bonds and notes is estimated by independent pricing services who use computerized valuation formulas to calculate current values. These securities are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy or in Level 3 when market-based transaction activity is unavailable and significant unobservable inputs are used.

Asset-Backed Securities

The fair value of these asset-backed securities is estimated by independent pricing services who use computerized valuation formulas to calculate current values. These securities are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy or in Level 3 when market-based transaction activity is unavailable and significant unobservable inputs are used.

Public Warrants:

As discussed further in Note 9, Warrant Liabilities, in January 2022, upon completion of the Business Combination, public warrants were automatically converted to warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company. These public warrants met the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, and due to the terms of the warrants, were required to be liability classified. This warrant liability was initially recorded as a liability at fair value, with the offsetting entry recorded as a non-cash expense within the statement of operations. The derivative liability was subsequently recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. The loss related to the change in fair value of the public warrant liability for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, which is presented within changes in fair value of public warrant liability in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

A roll-forward of the Level 1 public warrant liability is as follows (in thousands):


Opening value at January 1, 2025	$	1,016
Change in fair value during the period		169
Ending value at March 31, 2025	$	1,185

Private Warrants:

As discussed further in Note 9, Warrant Liabilities, in January 2022, upon completion of the Business Combination, private warrants were automatically converted to warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company. These private warrants met the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, and due to the terms of the warrants, were required to be liability classified. This warrant liability was initially recorded as a liability at fair value, with the offsetting entry recorded as a non-cash expense within the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The derivative liability was subsequently recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. The loss related to the change in fair value of the private warrant liability for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.2 million, which is presented within changes in fair value of private warrant liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

A roll-forward of the Level 3 private warrant liability is as follows (in thousands):


Opening value at January 1, 2025	$	916
Change in fair value during the period		183
Ending value at March 31, 2025	$	1,099

The Company used a Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the private warrant liability. The following table presents the assumptions used to value the private warrant liability for the three months ended March 31, 2025:


Exercise price	$	368
Expected volatility		77.5	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.92	%
Remaining term	1.76 years
Dividend yield		0	%

Earnout Shares Liability:

As part of the recapitalization and business combination in January 2022, 49,563 shares of Class A Common Stock held by founders of VPCC are subject to forfeiture if the vesting condition is not met over the five year term following the Closing Date (“Founder Holder Earnout Shares”). These Founder Holder Earnout Shares were initially recorded as a liability at fair value and subsequently recorded at fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. The gain/(loss) related to the change in fair value of the Founder Holder Earnout Shares liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.4 million and ($0.2) million, respectively, which are presented within changes in fair value of earnout liabilities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

A roll-forward of the Level 3 Founder Holder Earnout Shares liability is as follows (in thousands):


Opening value at January 1, 2025	$	996
Change in fair value during the period		(398	)
Ending value at March 31, 2025	$	598

The Company used a Monte Carlo Simulation Method to determine the fair value of the Founder Holder Earnout Shares liability. The following table presents the assumptions used to value the Founder Holder Earnout Shares liability for the three months ended March 31, 2025:


Exercise price	$400-$480
Expected volatility		70.4	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.90	%
Remaining term	1.77 years
Dividend yield		0	%

There were no other assets or liabilities that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Note 14 Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

As of March 31, 2025, no shares of preferred stock were outstanding.

Pursuant to the terms of the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Company’s Board of Directors is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers and preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series of preferred stock. The Company’s Board of Directors is able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of the common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of the Company’s Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control or the removal of existing management.

Class A and Class V Common Stock

The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized two classes of common stock, Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock. The Company had authorized 500,000,000 and 100,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, respectively. Shares of Class V Common Stock have 10 votes per share, while shares of Class A Common Stock have one vote per share. The holders of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock shall at all times vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Shares of Class V Common Stock are convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-to-one basis at the option of the holders of Class V Common Stock at any time upon written notice to the Company. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had 11,826,197 and 1,514,082 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock issued, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had 11,776,634 and 1,514,082 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock outstanding, respectively.

Net Share Settlement of RSU Tax Withholding

The Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) expressly authorizes share withholding (net settlement) to satisfy tax obligations related to equity awards. In a net share settlement, the Company withholds a portion of the shares that would otherwise be delivered to the employee upon vesting, in an amount sufficient to cover the employee’s minimum statutory tax withholding requirements, and remits the equivalent value in cash to the tax authorities.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2025, the Company satisfied employee tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock units using a net share settlement method. Accordingly, the Company used approximately $13.3 million in cash during the quarter to fund these tax payments on the employees’ behalf, which resulted in 132,312 shares not issued to employees.

Note 15 Stock-Based Compensation

In 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Dave Inc. 2017 Stock Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan authorized the award of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. On January 4, 2022, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan was previously approved, subject to stockholder approval, by the Company’s Board of Directors on January 4, 2022. Upon the consummation of the Business Combination with VPCC, the 2017 Plan was terminated and replaced by the 2021 Plan. The maximum term of stock options granted under the 2021 Plan is 10 years and the awards generally vest over a four-year period.

The Company recognized $7.5 million and $6.1 million of stock-based compensation expense arising from stock options, restricted stock unit grants and performance-based restricted stock unit grants which is recorded as a component of compensation and benefits in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Stock Options:

Management has valued stock options at their date of grant utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of the underlying shares was estimated by using a number of inputs, including recent arm’s length transactions involving the sale of the Company’s common stock.

Expected term—The expected term represents the period of time that options are expected to be outstanding. As the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise behavior, it determines the expected life assumption using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and its vesting period.

Risk free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury issues with an equivalent term approximating the expected life of the options depending on the date of the grant and expected life of the options.

Expected dividend yield—The Company bases the expected dividend yield assumption on the fact that it has never paid cash dividends and has no present intention to pay cash dividends.

Expected volatility—Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility, the expected volatility assumption is based on historical volatilities of a peer group of similar companies whose share prices are publicly available. The Company identified a group of peer companies and considered their historical stock prices. In identifying peer companies, the Company considered the industry, stage of life cycle, size, and financial leverage of such other entities.

Activity with respect to stock options is summarized as follows:


	Shares			Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Options outstanding, January 1, 2025		558,379		$	16.92		5.6	$	39,085
Granted		-		$	-
Exercised		(44,319	)	$	6.85
Forfeited		-		$	-
Expired		-		$	-
Options outstanding, March 31, 2025		514,060		$	17.79		5.6	$	33,346
Nonvested options, March 31, 2025		358,001		$	23.16		5.9	$	21,303
Vested and exercisable, March 31, 2025		156,059		$	5.49		4.9	$	12,043

At March 31, 2025, total estimated unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to unvested stock options prior to that date was $1.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.2 years.

On March 3, 2021, the Company granted the Chief Executive Officer stock options to purchase up to 358,001 shares of Common Stock in nine tranches. Each of the nine tranches contain service, market and performance conditions. The market conditions relate to the achievement of certain specified price targets. Vesting commences on the grant date; however, no compensation charges are recognized until the service and performance condition are probable, which is upon the completion of a liquidity event, the achievement of specified price targets for each tranche of shares, and continuous employment. Upon the completion of the Business Combination, the performance condition was met and the Company recorded a cumulative stock-based compensation expense of $1.9 million. The options have a strike price of $23.18 per share. The Company determined the fair value of the options on the grant date to

be $10.5 million using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation for each of the nine tranches range from approximately 3 years to approximately 7 years. Each tranche will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular tranche are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges related to that particular tranche will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the options granted to the Chief Executive Officer on the grant date:


Remaining term	10.0 years
Risk-free interest rate		1.5	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%
Expected volatility		40.0	%

Restricted Stock Units:

Activity with respect to RSUs is summarized as follows:


	Shares			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding shares at January 1, 2025		1,200,868		$	27.21
Granted		147,977		$	83.10
Vested and Released		(233,579	)	$	41.33
Forfeited		(26,593	)	$	28.03
Outstanding shares at March 31, 2025		1,088,673		$	36.51

At March 31, 2025, total estimated unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to nonvested RSUs was approximately $36.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company granted 629,454 RSUs to certain employees in six tranches. Each of the six tranches contain service and market conditions. The market conditions relate to the achievement of certain specified price targets. Vesting commences on the grant date and the Company determined the fair value of the RSUs on the grant date to be approximately $3.0 million using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation for each of the six tranches range from approximately two years to approximately three years. Each tranche will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular tranche are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges related to that particular tranche will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the RSUs that contain service and market conditions on the grant date:


Remaining term	5.0 years
Risk-free interest rate		3.5	%
Expected volatility		79.7	%

During October 2023, the Company granted 71,844 RSUs to certain employees in six tranches. Each of the six tranches contain service and market conditions. The market conditions relate to the achievement of certain specified price targets. Vesting commences on the grant date and the Company determined the fair value of the RSUs on the grant date to be approximately $0.2 million using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation ranges from approximately two years to approximately three years. Each grant will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular grant are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges related to that particular grant will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the RSUs granted during October 2023 that contain service and market conditions on the grant date:


Remaining term	4.2 years
Risk-free interest rate		4.9	%
Expected volatility		87.6	%

During the quarter ended June 30, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved a modification to the price targets in the market conditions and the addition of alternative performance conditions for 333,275 unvested RSUs. The modification of the unvested RSUs resulted in an incremental stock-based compensation expense of $1.0 million, which will be expensed monthly over the derived service period. The weighted average modification-date fair value of the RSUs was $5.36 per award. The Company determined the fair value of the RSUs on the modification date using a Monte Carlo simulation with key inputs and assumptions such as stock price, term, risk-free interest rate, and volatility. The derived service periods determined by the valuation range from approximately one year to approximately two years. The RSUs will be expensed monthly over the derived service period unless vesting conditions for a particular tranche are met, at which point all remaining compensation charges will be expensed in the period in which the vesting conditions were met. As a result of the modification, the RSUs are now classified as performance-based RSUs and included in the activity table below.

The following table presents the key inputs and assumptions used to value the RSUs modified during the quarter ended June 30, 2024:


Remaining term	3.7 years
Risk-free interest rate		4.7	%
Expected volatility		71.7	%

During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved a modification to the price targets in the market conditions and the addition of alternative performance conditions for 50,000 unvested RSUs and during the quarter the Company achieved the performance conditions. The modification and achievement of the performance conditions resulted in an incremental cumulative stock-based compensation expense of approximately $0.4 million. As a result of the modification, the RSUs were classified as performance-based RSUs and included in the activity table below. As of March 31, 2025, the 50,000 performance-based RSUs were vested and issued based upon the achievement of the remaining service requirement as outlined in the award agreements.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units:

The Company grants performance-based RSUs to certain executives and employees as part of its long-term incentive plan. The performance-based RSUs are subject to the attainment of defined performance and service conditions, such as the Company's trailing twelve month adjusted EBITDA and specific share price targets, both subject to continued employment with the Company through certain dates. The actual number of shares subject to the award is determined at the end of the performance period and may range from 0% to 150% of the target shares granted depending upon the terms of the award.

Activity with respect to Performance-Based RSUs is summarized as follows:


	Shares			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding shares at January 1, 2025		338,052		$	34.26
Granted		153,801		$	90.97
Vested and Released		(210,453	)	$	34.48
Forfeited		-		$	-
Outstanding shares at March 31, 2025		281,400		$	65.09

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company achieved certain performance conditions as outlined in its grant agreements and recorded a cumulative stock-based compensation expense of approximately $5.6 million.

At March 31, 2025, total estimated unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to nonvested performance-based RSUs was approximately $2.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

Note 16 Related-Party Transactions

Leasing Arrangements

During each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company paid $0.1 million, under lease agreements with PCJW, which is controlled by the Company's founders (including the Company's current CEO), for general office space in Los Angeles, California.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments as of March 31, 2025 under Company’s sublease for the properties located in Los Angeles, California, signed with PCJW (in thousands):


Year	Related-Party Commitment
2025	$	290
2026		79
2027		83
2028		71
Total minimum lease payments	$	523
Less: imputed interest		(54	)
Total lease liabilities	$	469

The related-party components of the lease right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, short-term, and lease liabilities, long-term are presented as part of the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Debt Facility

Brendan Carroll, a Senior Partner at Victory Park Capital Advisors, LLC ("VPC"), joined the board of directors of the Company upon closing of the Business Combination. Interest expense related to the Debt Facility totaled $1.8 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For more information about the Debt Facility with VPC, refer to Note 10, Debt Facility.

Legal Services

The law firm of Mitchell Sandler LLC, of which the Company's director Andrea Mitchell is a partner, provided legal services to the Company, which totaled $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Note 17 401(k) Savings Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) savings plan for the benefit of its employees. Employees can defer up to 90% of their compensation subject to fixed annual limits. All current employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) savings plan. Beginning January 2021, the Company began matching contributions to the 401(k) savings plan equal to 100% of the first 4% of wages deferred by each participating employee. The Company incurred expenses for employer matching contributions of $0.6 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Note 18 Segment Information

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the operations of the Company constitute a single operating and reportable segment. This conclusion reflects the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), a joint responsibility, shared by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, reviews financial information and makes operating decisions. The determination of the reportable segment is based on the nature of the Company’s products and services, as well as the financial performance, on a consolidated entity-wide basis, that are regularly reviewed by the CODM to guide resource allocation and assess performance.

The Company’s operations, all of which are located in the United States, collectively support this single-segment structure. No Member individually contributed to 10% or more of the Company’s revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

For further information regarding the Company’s products, services, and the accounting policies applied to its reportable segment, refer to Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies.

The key performance measure used by the CODM to make key operating decisions is consolidated net income, as reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. This measure to assess overall financial performance, identify areas for operation improvement, resource allocation and the allocation of budget between the provision for credit losses, processing and servicing costs, advertising and marketing, compensation and benefits and other operating expenses. This measure helps to ensure alignment with the Company’s long-term financial objectives and supports consistent evaluation across all business activities.

The segment assets and liabilities reviewed by the CODM are those reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, with particular focus on available liquidity, including cash, cash equivalents, investments, restricted cash, and ExtraCash receivables, offset by current liabilities and outstanding debt.

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating and reportable segment for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:


Dave Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands)


	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025			March 31, 2024
Operating revenues:
Service based revenue, net	$	97,851		$	65,562
Transaction based revenue, net		10,128			8,068
Total operating revenues, net		107,979			73,630
Operating expenses:
Provision for credit losses		10,603			9,943
Processing and servicing costs		7,106			7,723
Advertising and marketing		10,315			9,097
Employee salaries		15,521			13,615
Stock-based compensation		7,517			6,130
Other compensation and benefits		4,472			4,807
Technology and infrastructure		2,866			2,919
Other operating expenses		14,430			13,997
Total operating expenses		72,830			68,231
Other (income) expenses:
Interest income		(431	)		(1,495	)
Interest expense		1,758			2,217
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt		-			(33,442	)
Changes in fair value of earnout liabilities		(398	)		196
Changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities		352			477
Total other (income) expense, net		1,281			(32,047	)
Net income before provision for income taxes		33,868			37,446
Provision for income taxes		5,056			3,203
Net income	$	28,812		$	34,243

Other operating expenses consist primarily of commitments to charity, checking product costs (program expenses, association fees, processor fees, losses from Member-disputed transactions, bank card fees and fraud), depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets, legal fees, rent, certain sales tax related costs, office related expenses, public relations costs, professional services fees, travel and entertainment, and insurance.

Significant noncash items that impact net income include provision for credit losses, stock based compensation, depreciation expense, amortization expense (see Note 6, Intangible Assets, Net), changes in fair value of earnout liabilities (see Note 13, Fair Value of Financial Instruments), and changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities (see Note 13, Fair Value of Financial Instruments).

Note 19 Treasury Shares

On March 7, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $50.0 million of Class A common stock. Repurchases may be made from time to time through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, one or more Rule 10b5‑1 trading plans or other means the Company’s management deems appropriate, in accordance with applicable securities laws. The program has no expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company repurchased 81,370 shares of Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $6.9 million, inclusive of transaction costs. All repurchased shares were recorded as treasury shares and are carried at cost as a component of stockholders’ equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. No treasury shares were retired or reissued during the period. The Inflation Reduction Act imposed a nondeductible 1% excise tax on the net value of certain share

repurchases. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the excise tax on net share repurchases was approximately $0.1 million.

As of March 31, 2025, approximately $43.1 million remained available for future repurchases under the current authorization.

Note 20 Subsequent Events

Subsequent events are events or transactions that occur after the condensed consolidated balance sheet date, but before the condensed consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. The Company recognizes in the condensed consolidated financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the condensed consolidated balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements do not recognize subsequent events that provide evidence about conditions that did not exist at the date of the condensed consolidated balance sheet but arose after the condensed consolidated balance sheet date and before the condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

The Company evaluated events and transactions occurring subsequent to March 31, 2025 through the date the financial statements were filed with the SEC. Based on this review, management determined that no subsequent events occurred that require adjustment to or disclosure in these financial statements.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included in Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 4, 2025 (the “Annual Report”) and in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Company Overview

Dave was launched in 2017 to provide a faster, more transparent, and lower-cost alternative to traditional financial institutions, particularly for those living paycheck to paycheck. Inspired by the story of David vs. Goliath, we set out to challenge legacy banking by leveraging technology to expand financial access and improve consumer financial health. Through our mobile-first platform, we deliver innovative financial products designed to help underserved consumers manage their money more effectively. Our mission is to level the financial playing field by providing intuitive, transparent, and accessible solutions that empower our Members to navigate life’s financial challenges with confidence.

We have engineered a purpose-driven platform designed to deliver on our mission, making a significant impact across the stakeholder groups we serve. Since our inception, more than 17 million Members have signed up for the Dave app, with over 12 million having used at least one of our products. We have provided Members with more than $16 billion in ExtraCash, offering critical liquidity when they need it most. To further support our communities, we have donated approximately $23 million to charity and important causes since inception.

Customers value our products, as demonstrated by more than 700,000 App Store reviews with an average 4.8-star rating as of April 2025. Our business model is built on transparency and customer alignment and building relationships with our Members that drive positive outcomes for both them and our business.

At the core of our success is a world-class team dedicated to delivering on our mission. Dave has been recognized by Built In as a Best Place to Work for five consecutive years, reinforcing our commitment to both our Members and employees.

Market Opportunity

The U.S. financial system has historically failed to address the needs of the millions of Americans who are living paycheck to paycheck. According to the Financial Health Network (“FHN”) in 2024, approximately 180 million Americans are classified as financially “coping” or “vulnerable” representing over 70% of the U.S. population, up from 66% in 2021. An April 2025 report by PYMNTS also found that 65% of U.S. consumers were living paycheck to paycheck, up from 58% a year earlier. This market includes both young and financially challenged individuals who have trouble managing cash flow, have minimal savings, regularly overdraft, and pay high fees for access to financial services. FHN research estimates there is approximately $38 billion of fees paid annually for access to basic checking services, including account maintenance fees, overdraft fees and ATM fees and that financially vulnerable and coping populations pay over $200 billion in annual fees and interest for short-term credit. We believe these insights are supported by a Dave study of our Members which reveals that traditional financial institutions charge consumers between $300-$400 of fees annually for access to basic checking services. We also believe these trends underscore a growing need for better financial solutions and illustrate the depth of our total addressable market (“TAM”), which we estimate to be approximately 180 million Americans that do not have access to affordable and effective banking solutions.

We believe that these high costs are the result of the cost structure of incumbents. With expensive brick-and-mortar bank branch networks, antiquated technology, large employee bases, and inefficient customer acquisition strategies, legacy institutions have significant costs to serve their customers, which drives the high price that customers have to pay for access to their services. By leveraging world-class technology and harnessing the power of data and artificial intelligence, we believe that we have dramatically reduced the costs to serve customers in this market. Through this structural advantage, we are able to provide increased access to banking and credit products at lower costs, resulting in a much stronger value proposition to our Members.

Comparability of Financial Information

Our future results of operations and financial position may not be comparable to historical results as a result of the consummation of the Business Combination.

Key Factors Affecting Operating Results

Our future operating results and cash flows are dependent upon a number of opportunities, challenges and other factors, including Member growth and activity, product expansion, competition, industry trends and general economic conditions.

Member Growth and Activity

We have made significant investments in our platform, and our business is dependent on continued Member growth, as well as our ability to offer new products and services and generate additional revenues from our existing Members using such additional products and services. Member growth and activity are critical to our ability to increase our scale, capture market share and earn an attractive return on our technology, product and marketing investments. Growth in Members and Member activity will depend heavily on our ability to continue to offer attractive products and services and the success of our marketing and Member acquisition efforts.

Product Expansion

We aim to develop and offer a best-in-class financial services platform with integrated products and services that improve the financial well-being of our Members. We have invested and continue to make significant investments in the development, improvement and marketing of our financial products and are focused on continual growth in the number of products we offer that are utilized by our Members.

Competition

We face competition from several financial services-oriented institutions. In our reportable segment, as well as in potential new lines of business, we may compete with more established institutions, some of which have more financial resources. We compete at multiple levels, including competition among other financial institutions and lenders in our ExtraCash business, competition for deposits in and debit card spending from our Dave Banking product from traditional banks and digital banking products and competition for subscribers to our personal financial management tools. Some of our competitors may at times seek to increase their market share by undercutting pricing terms prevalent in that market, which could adversely affect our market share for any of our products and services or require us to incur higher member acquisition costs

Concentration

We rely on agreements with Evolve, currently our only active bank partner, to provide ExtraCash and other deposit accounts, debit card services and other transaction services to us and our Members. See Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for additional information. Given the size and consistent growth of our Member base as well as how our product capabilities have been expanding, we recently announced an additional financial institution with which we will partner.

Industry Trends/General Economic Conditions

We expect economic cycles to affect our business, financial performance, and financial condition. Macroeconomic conditions, including, but not limited to, regulatory uncertainty, fluctuating interest rates, inflation, tariffs, unemployment rates, consumer sentiment and market volatility may impact consumer spending behavior and consumer demand for financial products. Although the Company’s business operations have not been materially impacted as of the date of this report, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected due to the ongoing nature of these macroeconomic factors. Interest rates have remained elevated over the last two years, which has increased the costs of borrowing on our Debt Facility. Higher interest rates also often lead to higher payment obligations, which may reduce the ability of Members to repay their ExtraCash and, therefore, lead to increased delinquencies, write-offs and decreased recoveries. We also believe that higher interest rates may increase demand for ExtraCash as consumers seek additional sources of liquidity to help them fund higher costs of living. Additionally, higher levels of unemployment could adversely impact Members’ income levels and, hence, the ability of Members to repay, which could lead to deterioration in credit performance. We believe that our underwriting engine is well positioned to evaluate credit risk in a higher unemployment environment as it analyzes bank account transaction data to assess, nearly in real-time, changes in Members’ income, spending, savings, and employment status. We also believe that demand for ExtraCash may increase in periods of higher unemployment as consumers seek additional sources of liquidity to help them meet their financial obligations.

Key Components of Statements of Operations

Basis of presentation

Currently, we conduct business through one operating segment which constitutes a single reportable segment. For more information about our basis of presentation, refer to Note 2 in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of Dave included in this report.

Service based revenue, net

Service based revenue, net primarily consists of optional processing fees, optional tips, service fees and subscriptions charged to Members, net of processor-related costs associated with ExtraCash disbursements. Service based revenue, net also consists of lead generation fees from our Side Hustle advertising partners and revenue share from our surveys partner.

Transaction based revenue, net

Transaction based revenue, net primarily consists of interchange and ATM revenues from our Checking Product, net of interchange fees, ATM-related fees, and interest earned by Members, fees earned from funding and withdrawal-related transactions, and volume support from a certain co-branded agreement and deposit referral fees that are recognized at the point in time the transactions occur, as the performance obligations are satisfied and the variable consideration is not constrained.

Operating expenses

We classify our operating expenses into the following five categories:

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses primarily consists of an allowance for expected credit losses at a level estimated to be adequate to absorb credit losses inherent in the outstanding ExtraCash receivables, inclusive of outstanding processing fees, service fees and tips along with outstanding amounts aged over 120 days or which become uncollectible based on information available to us during the period. We currently estimate the allowance balance required using historical loss and collections experience, and, if relevant, the nature and volume of the portfolio, economic conditions, and other factors such as collections trends and cash collections received subsequent to the balance sheet date. Changes to the allowance have a direct impact on the provision for credit losses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. We consider ExtraCash receivables aged more than 120 days or which become uncollectible based on information available to us as impaired. All impaired ExtraCash receivables are deemed uncollectible and subsequently written off and are a direct reduction to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent recoveries, if any, of ExtraCash receivables written-off are recorded as a reduction to ExtraCash receivables, resulting in a reduction to the allowance for credit losses and a corresponding reduction to the provision for credit losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations when collected.

Processing and Servicing Costs

Processing and servicing costs consist of fees paid to our processing partners for the recovery of ExtraCash, optional processing fees, optional tips, service fees and subscriptions. These expenses also include costs paid for services to connect Members’ bank accounts to our application. Except for processing and servicing costs associated with ExtraCash originations which are recorded net against revenue, all other processing and service costs are expensed as incurred.

Advertising and Marketing

Advertising and marketing expenses consist primarily of fees we pay to our advertising and marketing platform partners. We incur advertising, marketing and production-related expenses for online, social media and television advertising and for partnerships and promotional advertising. Advertising and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred although they typically deliver a benefit over an extended period.

Compensation and Benefits

Compensation and benefits expenses represent the compensation, inclusive of stock-based compensation and benefits, that we provide to our employees and the payments we make to third-party contractors. While we have an in-house customer service function, we employ third-party contractors to conduct call center operations and manage routine customer service inquiries and support.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses consist primarily of technology and infrastructure (third-party Software as a Service or “SaaS”), commitments to charity, transaction based costs (program expenses, association fees, processor fees, losses from Member-disputed transactions, bank card fees and fraud), depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets, legal fees, rent,

certain sales tax related costs, office related expenses, public relations costs, professional services fees, travel and entertainment, and insurance. Costs associated with technology and infrastructure (third-party SaaS), depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets, legal fees, rent, office related expenses, public relations costs, professional services fees, travel and entertainment, and insurance vary based upon our investment in infrastructure, business development, risk management and internal controls and are generally not correlated with our operating revenues or other transaction metrics.

Other (income) expenses

Other (income) expenses consist of interest income, interest expense, gain on extinguishment of debt, changes in fair value of earnout liabilities and changes in fair value of warrant liabilities.

Provision for income taxes

Provision for income taxes consists of the federal and state corporate income taxes accrued on income resulting from the sale of our services.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

Operating revenues


	For the Three Months Ended				Change
(in thousands, except for percentages)	March 31,				$			%
	2025		2024		2025/2024			2025/2024
Service based revenue, net
Processing and service fees, net	$	83,448	$	44,596	$	38,852			87	%
Tips		7,496		14,910		(7,414	)		-50	%
Subscriptions		6,817		5,943		874			15	%
Other		90		113		(23	)		-20	%
Transaction based revenue, net		10,128		8,068		2,060			26	%
Total	$	107,979	$	73,630	$	34,349			47	%

Service based revenue, net—

Processing and Service fees, net

Processing and service fees, net of processing and servicing costs associated with ExtraCash originations, totaled $83.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, representing an increase of $38.9 million, or 87%, compared to $44.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an approximate 13% increase in average monthly transacting Members, an increase in total ExtraCash origination volume from approximately $1.05 billion to approximately $1.53 billion, and a rise in the average ExtraCash amounts that increased from $159 to $192 period over period. In addition, both the average processing and service fees, and percentage of Members who elected to expedite ExtraCash disbursements, increased modestly during the current period. We expect processing and service fees to continue to increase in line with growth in ExtraCash volume and Member engagement.

Tips

Tips totaled $7.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, representing a decrease of $7.4 million, or 50%, compared to $14.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decline was primarily due to the elimination of the Member tipping option in February 2025, which significantly reduced tip-related revenues for the quarter.

Subscriptions

Subscription revenue totaled $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $0.9 million, or 15%, compared to $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to the growth in the number of paying Members on our platform.

Transaction based revenue, net

Transaction based revenue, net, was $10.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $2.1 million, or 26%, compared to $8.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by higher interchange revenue, resulting from the growth in Members engaging with our Checking Product, as well as increased card spend and transaction volume, which rose approximately 24% period over period. Additionally, transaction based revenue increased due to fees earned from higher Members' funding and withdrawal-related transactions. These increases were partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in interest due to Members.

Operating expenses



	For the Three Months Ended				Change
(in thousands, except for percentages)	March 31,				$			%
	2025		2024		2025/2024			2025/2024
Provision for credit losses	$	10,603	$	9,943	$	660			7	%
Processing and servicing costs		7,106		7,723		(617	)		-8	%
Advertising and marketing		10,315		9,097		1,218			13	%
Compensation and benefits		27,510		24,552		2,958			12	%
Other operating expenses		17,296		16,916		380			2	%
Total	$	72,830	$	68,231	$	4,599			7	%

Provision for credit losses—The provision for credit losses totaled $10.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $9.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, representing an increase of $0.7 million, or 7%. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in provision expense of $0.3 million related to ExtraCash receivables aged over 120 days and those that have become uncollectible based on information available to us, in addition to an increase in provision expense of $0.4 million related to ExtraCash receivables aged 120 days and under.

The increase in provision expense of $0.3 million related to ExtraCash receivables aged over 120 days and those which have become uncollectible based on information available to us, period over period, was attributed to improved collections performance due primarily to underwriting modifications related to ExtraCash eligibility requirements, new Member conversion and risk detection, all despite increases in transacting Members, average ExtraCash amounts from $159 to $192 and total ExtraCash origination volume from $1,050 million to approximately $1,531 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. All impaired ExtraCash receivables deemed uncollectible are subsequently written-off and are a direct reduction to the allowance for credit losses.

Provision expense related to receivables aged 120 days and under increased by $0.4 million, primarily due to higher outstanding balances resulting from a 46% increase in ExtraCash origination volume, partially offset by improved collection performance. These dynamics resulted in an increase to the allowance for credit losses and corresponding increase in provision expense during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to March 31, 2024. We expect continued volatility in ExtraCash receivables outstanding each period, as balances are directly influenced by the timing and volume of Member activity in the trailing 120-day period. Additionally, slight improvements in historical loss and collection rates contributed to a reduction in loss rate assumptions used in calculating the allowance for credit losses. Changes in these historical assumptions directly impact both the allowance and the provision for credit losses.

For additional details on the aging of ExtraCash receivables and a roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses, refer to the tables in Note 5 - ExtraCash Receivables, Net in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

Processing and service costs—Processing and servicing costs totaled $7.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $7.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease of $0.6 million, or 8%, was primarily driven by increases in ExtraCash origination volume from $1,050 million to approximately $1,531 million, offset by, continued technology enhancements made to our ExtraCash payments structure along with rebates and cost savings due to price reductions from our processors.

Advertising and marketing—Advertising and marketing expenses totaled $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $9.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase of $1.2 million, or 13%, was primarily attributable to a more targeted spend approach for our advertising campaigns across digital and offline channels, with a particular focus on acquiring high-value new customers. We continue to prioritize channel and creative optimizations and ongoing improvements to our measurement and reporting infrastructure, both of which allow us to invest more intelligently across our marketing mix.

Compensation and benefits—Compensation and benefits expenses totaled $27.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $24.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase of $2.9 million, or 12%, was primarily attributable to the following:

•

an increase in stock-based compensation of $1.4 million, primarily due to the vesting of certain performance based restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, offset by a reduction in stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted in prior years that have fully vested; and

•

an increase in payroll related costs of $1.4 million, primarily due to increased compensation, employer related taxes and performance bonuses, offset by severance costs incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Other operating expenses—Other operating expenses totaled $17.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $16.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase of $0.4 million, or 2%, was primarily attributable to the following:

•

an increase in expenses related to our Checking Product of $0.6 million, primarily attributable to card processing fees, card fees and fraud related costs associated with the growth in Members and the number of transactions processed; and

•

an increase in general corporate legal fees of $0.3 million; offset by

•

a decrease in charitable contributions of $0.5 million due to the elimination of the Member tipping option during February 2025.

Other (income) expenses


	For the Three Months Ended						Change
(in thousands, except for percentages)	March 31,						$			%
	2025			2024			2025/2024			2025/2024
Interest income	$	(431	)	$	(1,495	)	$	1,064			-71	%
Interest expense		1,758			2,217			(459	)		-21	%
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt		-			(33,442	)		33,442			-100	%
Changes in fair value of earnout liabilities		(398	)		196			(594	)		-303	%
Changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities		352			477			(125	)		-26	%
Total	$	1,281		$	(32,047	)	$	33,328			-104	%

Interest income— Interest income totaled $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease of $1.1 million, or 71%, was primarily attributable to an average lower total balance of investments held during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

Interest expense— Interest expense totaled $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease of $0.5 million, or 21%, was primarily attributable to a reduction of interest expense related to the repurchase of the convertible note with FTX Ventures Ltd. in January 2024.

Changes in fair value of earnout liability—Changes in fair value of earnout liabilities resulted in income of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to an expense of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This $0.6 million period-over-period change was primarily driven by a fair value adjustment related to the earnout shares liability, which is sensitive to fluctuations in our Class A common stock price. While our stock has generally appreciated over the last 12 months, a decline in our Class A common stock price during the first quarter of 2025 led to a remeasurement of the liability at a lower fair value, resulting in the recognition of income during the period.

Changes in fair value of warrant liability—Changes in the fair value of our warrant liability resulted in an expense of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to an expense of $0.5 million for the same period in 2024. The $0.1 million year-over-year decrease in expense, or 26%, was primarily driven by fair value adjustments related to our public and private warrant liabilities, which are remeasured each period based on changes in our Class A common stock price. The warrant liability increased in value during the current quarter due to a rise in our Class A common stock price compared to the prior-year period, resulting in a non-cash expense recognized in the current period.

Provision for income taxes


	For the Three Months Ended				Change
(in thousands, except for percentages)	March 31,				$		%
	2025		2024		2025/2024		2025/2024
Provision for income taxes		5,056		3,203		1,853		58	%
Total	$	5,056	$	3,203	$	1,853		58	%

Provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased by approximately $1.9 million, or 58%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher income reported for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP measure is useful in evaluating our operational performance. We use the following non-GAAP measure to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that the non-GAAP financial information may be helpful in assessing our operating performance and facilitates an alternative comparison among fiscal periods. The non-GAAP financial measure is not, and should not be viewed as, a substitute for GAAP reporting measures.

Adjusted EBITDA

“Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as net income adjusted for interest expense, net, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation and other discretionary items determined by management. Adjusted EBITDA is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. We believe that the use of Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating ongoing operating results and trends and in comparing our financial measures with those of comparable companies, which may present similar non-GAAP financial measures to investors. However, you should be aware that, when evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, we may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. In addition, our presentation of these measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies, because not all companies calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same fashion.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA on a supplemental basis. The reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA below should be reviewed, and no single financial measure should be relied upon to evaluate our business.

The following table reconciles net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively:


	For the Three Months Ended
(in thousands)	March 31,
	2025			2024
Net income	$	28,812		$	34,243
Interest expense, net		1,327			722
Provision for income taxes		5,056			3,203
Depreciation and amortization		1,500			1,650
Stock-based compensation		7,517			6,130
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt		-			(33,442	)
Changes in fair value of earnout liabilities		(398	)		196
Changes in fair value of public and private warrant liabilities		352			477
Adjusted EBITDA	$	44,166		$	13,179

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In the past, we have financed our operations primarily from cash receipts from service and transaction based revenues, equity financings, borrowings under the Debt Facility, issuances of convertible notes and funds received as a result of the business combination. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, investments and restricted cash balance was $89.7 million and $91.9 million, respectively.

As an early-stage company, the expenses we have incurred since inception are consistent with our strategy and approach to capital allocation. Although we have recently begun to generate net income, we may incur net losses in the future in accordance with our operating plan as we continue to expand and improve upon our financial platform.

Our ability to access capital when needed is not assured and, if capital is not available to us when, and in the amounts needed, we could be required to delay, scale back or abandon some or all of our development programs and other operations, which could materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We believe that our cash on hand should be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements and fund our operations for a period of at least 12 months from the date of this report. We may raise additional capital through private or public equity or debt financings. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements, if any, will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our product development efforts. No assurances can be provided that additional funding will be available at terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we may significantly curtail our operations, modify existing strategic plans and/or dispose of certain operations or assets.

Share Repurchase Authorization

In March 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $50.0 million of our outstanding Class A common stock. The repurchases may be conducted through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, one or more Rule 10b5-1 trading plans or other means our management deems appropriate.

The program is part of our capital allocation strategy to return capital to shareholders and manage dilution from equity compensation. The timing, price, and volume of repurchases are subject to management’s discretion and depend on market conditions, legal requirements, and other factors. We may suspend or discontinue the program at any time without prior notice. The program has no expiration date.

As of March 31, 2025, we had repurchased 81,370 Class A common shares for an aggregate cost of $6.9 million, leaving $43.1 million available under the current authorization. These repurchases were funded using general corporate funds and classified as treasury stock.

For further information on repurchases during the quarter, refer to the table under Part II, Item 2. “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds” and Note 19, Treasury Shares in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Material Cash Requirements

In the normal course of business, we enter into various agreements with our vendors that may subject us to minimum annual requirements. While our contractual commitments will have an impact on our future liquidity, we believe that we will be able to adequately fulfill these obligations through cash generated from operations and from our existing cash balances. We do not have any “off-balance sheet arrangements,” as defined by the SEC regulations.

Although we have fully implemented our remote employee workforce strategy in the U.S., we have not closed our leased office locations. We are required to continue making our contractual payments until our operating leases are formally terminated or expire. Our remaining leases have terms of approximately 0.8 to 3.6 years as of March 31, 2025, and we had a total lease liability of $0.5 million. See Note 12, Leases in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our lease liabilities as of March 31, 2025.

In the near term, we expect to continue to generate ExtraCash relying primarily on our balance sheet cash and Debt Facility, as needed. Interest payments on term loan borrowings under the Debt Facility are required to be made on a monthly basis. At March 31, 2025, $75.0 million of term loans under the Debt Facility were outstanding. See Note 10, Debt Facility in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this report.

We also had certain contractual payment obligations for interest owed under the $100.0 million Note we issued and sold pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement entered into with FTX Ventures Ltd. Interest payments relating to the Note were required to be made or added to the outstanding principal on a semi-annual basis. On January 29, 2024, we repurchased the $105.5 million outstanding balance of the Note for $71.0 million. For more information on the Note Purchase Agreement with FTX Ventures Ltd., see Note 8, Convertible Note Payable.

In addition, we have recorded accruals related to certain legal contingencies as of March 31, 2025. These accruals reflect management’s best estimate of probable and reasonably estimable losses arising from ongoing legal proceedings. While we do not expect these matters to result in cash payments that would materially impair our liquidity, they represent a known use of cash in future periods and are reviewed and adjusted as developments warrant. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, for further detail on these matters.

We may use cash to acquire businesses and technologies. The nature of these transactions, however, makes it difficult to predict the amount and timing of such cash requirements.

Cash Flows Summary


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Total cash provided by (used in):	2025			2024
Operating activities	$	45,247		$	18,344
Investing activities		(28,057	)		66,125
Financing activities		(19,906	)		(70,476	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(2,716	)	$	13,993

Cash Flows From Operating Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities increased compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to increases in operating revenues and a reduction in various operating expenses across the organization. Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 included net income of $28.8 million, and excluding non-cash impacts, included an increase in ExtraCash receivables, service based revenue of $3.3 million and a decrease in accounts payable of $0.5 million. These changes were offset by an increase in accrued expenses of $0.2 million and an increase in other non-current liabilities of $0.3 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities increased compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to increases in operating revenues, offset primarily by increases in compensation and other operating expenses to support the growth of the business. Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included net income of $34.2 million, and excluding non-cash impacts, included increase in accounts payable of $2.7 million and an increase in other current liabilities of $2.7 million. These changes were offset primarily by an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $5.6 million, a decrease in a legal settlement accrual of $2.6 million, a decrease in accrued expenses of $1.9 million, and an increase in ExtraCash receivables, service based revenue of $0.5 million.

Cash Flows From Investing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $28.1 million. This included the sale and maturity of investments of $37.3 million, offset by purchases of investments of $37.9 million, net ExtraCash originations and collections of $26.1 million and payments related to internally developed software costs and property and equipment of $1.4 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $66.1 million. This included the sale and maturity of investments of $90.3 million and sale of marketable securities of $59.0 million, offset by purchases of marketable securities of $59.2 million, purchases of investments of $20.9 million, net disbursements and collections of ExtraCash of $1.6 million, and payments related to internally developed software costs of $1.6 million.

Cash Flows From Financing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in financing activities was $19.9 million, which consisted of the $13.3 million for payment for shares withheld related to net share settlements and $6.9 million related to repurchases of Class A Common Stock, offset by $0.3 million for proceeds received for stock option exercises.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in financing activities was $70.5 million, which consisted of the $71.0 million paydown of the FTX Ventures Ltd. convertible note, offset by $0.5 million received for stock option exercises.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our critical accounting estimates and assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis, including those related to the following:

(i) Allowance for credit losses; and

(ii) Income taxes.

Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these estimates relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. For further details, please refer to Note 2 in our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for the three month ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 included in this Form 10-Q.

While our significant accounting estimates are described in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting estimates require a greater degree of judgment and complexity and are the most critical to understanding our financial condition and historical and future results of operations.

Allowance for Credit Losses

ExtraCash receivables from contracts with Members as of the balance sheet dates are recorded at their original receivable amounts reduced by an allowance for expected credit losses. We pool our ExtraCash receivables, all of which are short-term in nature and arise from contracts with Members, based on shared risk characteristics to assess their risk of loss, even when that risk is remote. We use an aging method and historical loss rates as a basis for estimating the percentage of current and delinquent ExtraCash receivables balances that will result in credit losses. We consider whether the conditions at the measurement date and reasonable and supportable forecasts about future conditions warrant an adjustment to our historical loss experience. In assessing such adjustments, we primarily evaluate current economic conditions, expectations of near-term economic trends and changes in customer payment terms and collection trends. For the measurement dates presented herein, given our methods of collecting funds, and that we have not observed meaningful changes in our customers’ payment behavior, we determined that our historical loss rates remained most indicative of our lifetime expected losses. We immediately recognize an allowance for expected credit losses upon the origination of the ExtraCash receivable. Adjustments to the allowance each period for changes in the estimate of lifetime expected credit losses are recognized in operating expenses—provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of operations.

When we determine that an ExtraCash receivable is not collectible, the uncollectible amount is written-off as a reduction to both the allowance and the gross asset balance. Subsequent recoveries are recorded when received and are recorded as a recovery of the allowance for expected credit losses. Any change in circumstances related to a specific ExtraCash receivable may result in an additional allowance for expected credit losses being recognized in the period in which the change occurs.

Income Taxes

We follow ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the condensed consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more-likely-than-not that the asset will not be realized.

The effective tax rate used for interim periods is the estimated annual effective tax rate, based on the current estimate of full year results, except that those taxes related to specific discrete events, if any, are recorded in the interim period in which they occur. The annual effective tax rate is based upon several significant estimates and judgments, including our estimated annual pre-tax income in each tax jurisdiction in which it operates, and the development of tax planning strategies during the year. In addition, our tax expense can be impacted by changes in tax rates or laws and other factors that cannot be predicted with certainty. As such, there can be significant volatility in interim tax provisions.

ASC 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained in a court of last resort, based on the technical merits. If more-likely-than-not, the amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon examination, including compromise settlements. For tax positions not meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, no tax benefit is recorded. We have estimated $2.2 million and $2.0 million of uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, related to state income taxes and federal and state R&D tax credits.

Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense within the statement of operations.

We are subject to income tax in jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United States. For U.S. income tax purposes, we are taxed as a Subchapter C corporation.

We recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes. We recorded a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, net of certain deferred tax liabilities, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Based upon management’s assessment of all available evidence, we have concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets, net of certain deferred tax liabilities, will not be realized.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and have elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period for new or revised financial accounting standards. We expect to remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2025 and to continue to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period, although we may decide to early adopt such new or revised accounting standards to the extent permitted by such standards. We expect to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and non-public companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. This may make it difficult or impossible to compare our financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of the extended transition period exemptions because of the potential differences in accounting standards used. See Note 2 of our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for the recent accounting pronouncements adopted and the recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act for emerging growth companies. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if we intend to rely on such exemptions, we are not required to, among other things: (a) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; (b) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; (c) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the condensed consolidated financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis); and (d) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

We will remain an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following March 4, 2026, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (c) in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter; and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Refer to Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for a discussion of the impact of recent accounting pronouncements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not required until after the first fiscal year end in which Item 305(c) of Regulation S-K is applicable for former smaller reporting companies.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II —OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, please see Note 11, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

From time to time, we may become involved in other legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any other such litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such matters, including the fact that some legal proceedings are at preliminary stages or seek an indeterminate amount of damages, penalties or fines, it is possible that future outcomes of legal proceedings could have a material impact on our results of operations. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputational harm and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

As of the date of this Form 10-Q, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in in our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 4, 2025, other than as noted below. Any of these factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Additional risk factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business or results of operations. We may disclose changes to such risk factors or disclose additional risk factors from time to time in our future filings with the SEC.

We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value.

Although our Board of Directors has authorized a share repurchase program, the program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares of our common stock. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined at the discretion of our management, depending on market conditions and other factors. We cannot guarantee that the program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value, and it may not prove to be the best use of our cash. The program could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of this program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our stock. In addition, any repurchase under this program will reduce our cash reserves.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.


Period	(a) Total Number of Class A Shares Purchased		(b) Average Price Paid per Class A Share		(c) Total Number of Class A Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		(d) Maximum Number (or Appropriate Dollar Value) of Class A Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Program (in millions)*
January 1 – January 31, 2025		-		-		-		-
February 1 – February 28, 2025		-		-		-		-
March 1 – March 31, 2025		81,370	$	84.7		81,370	$	43.1
Total		81,370				81,370

* Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Share Repurchase Authorization” for additional information regarding our authorized share repurchase program.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None

Item 5. Other Information

On March 14, 2025, Jason Wilk, a member of our Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan that provides for the potential sale of up to 173,218 shares of Dave Class A Common Stock between June 13, 2025 and December 10, 2025, subject to the plan's earlier expiration or completion in accordance with its terms.

On March 14, 2025, Kyle Beilman, Chief Financial Officer, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan that provides for the potential sale of up to 30,000 shares of Dave Class A Common Stock between June 13, 2025 and December 31, 2025, subject to the plan's earlier expiration or completion in accordance with its terms.

On March 11, 2025, Michael Pope, a member of our Board of Directors, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan that provides for the potential sale of up to 17,337 shares of Dave Class A Common Stock between June 16, 2025 and March 31, 2026, subject to the plan's earlier expiration or completion in accordance with its terms.

On March 12, 2025, Andrea Mitchell, a member of our Board of Directors, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan that provides for the potential sale of up to fifty percent (50%) of the gross number of shares of Dave Class A Common Stock that will vest on or about June 3, 2025 between June 11, 2025 and December 31, 2025, subject to the plan's earlier expiration or completion in accordance with its terms.

On March 14, 2025, Proem Investments Master Fund LP and Proem Special Situations Fund I LP, for which Imran Khan, a member of our Board of Directors, is Founder and Managing Member, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan that provides for the potential sale of up to 297,771 shares of Dave Class A Common Stock between June 13, 2025 and March 13, 2026, subject to the plan's earlier expiration or completion in accordance with its terms.

On March 6, 2025, Dan Preston, a member of our Board of Directors, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan that provides for the potential sale of up to fifty percent (50%) of the gross number of shares of Dave Class A Common Stock that will vest on or about June 3, 2025 between June 5, 2025 and December 31, 2025, subject to the plan's earlier expiration or completion in accordance with its terms.

These trading plans are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

Item 6. Exhibits


Exhibit No.	Description

10.1+*	Program Agreement, dated February 27, 2025, by and between Coastal Community Bank and Dave Operating LLC.

10.2+*	Assurance Agreement, dated February 27, 2025, by and among Coastal Community Bank, Dave Inc., and Dave Operating LLC.

10.3+	Fourth Amendment to Service Agreement, dated March 6, 2025, by and between Dave Operating LLC and Galileo Financial Technologies, LLC.

10.4+	Fifth Amendment to Service Agreement, dated March 4, 2025, by and between Dave Operating LLC and Galileo Financial Technologies, LLC.

31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1**	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.



101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document With Embedded Linkbase Documents.

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

*The schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.

+ Certain identified information has been redacted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2)(ii) or 601(b)(10)(iv), as applicable.

** Furnished and not filed.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



Dated: May 8, 2025	Dave Inc.

	By:	/s/ Jason Wilk
		Jason Wilk
		Title: Chief Executive Officer



Dated: May 8, 2025	DAVE INC.

	By:	/s/ Kyle Beilman
		Kyle Beilman
		Title: Chief Financial Officer

Thereafter

Total future amortization