AESI

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-41828

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware	93-2154509
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
5918 W. Courtyard Drive, Suite 500 Austin, Texas	78730
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(512) 220-1200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, par value $0.01 per share

AESI
 
New York Stock Exchange
NYSE Texas, Inc.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 30, 2025, the registrant had 123,982,170 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	4
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	41
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	58
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	59

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	60

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	60
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	60
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	60
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	60
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	60
Item 5.	Other Information	60
Item 6.	Exhibits	61
SIGNATURES		62

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share data)


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	41,349		$	71,704
Accounts receivable, net		184,625			165,967
Inventories		11,852			17,302
Spare part inventories, net		44,960			23,248
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		14,419			11,197
Total current assets		297,205			289,418
Property, plant and equipment, net		1,560,555			1,486,246
Operating lease right-of-use assets		12,098			13,632
Finance lease right-of-use assets		14,529			5,034
Goodwill		156,709			68,999
Intangible assets, net		189,224			105,867
Other long-term assets		3,152			3,456
Total assets	$	2,233,472		$	1,972,652
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	92,839		$	119,018
Accounts payable - related parties		37			226
Accrued liabilities		74,803			60,294
Current portion of long-term debt		38,069			43,736
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		1,309			6,622
Current portion of finance lease liabilities		4,010			2,811
Current portion of deferred revenue		2,999			7,755
Other current liabilities		6,503			2,603
Total current liabilities		220,569			243,065
Long-term debt, net of discount and deferred financing costs		518,427			466,989
Deferred tax liabilities		228,444			206,872
Operating lease liabilities		11,587			7,454
Finance lease liabilities		10,212			2,483
Asset retirement obligation		7,000			7,040
Other long-term liabilities		13,848			2,193
Total liabilities		1,010,087			936,096
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.		—			—
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 1,500,000,000 shares authorized, 123,691,077 shares and 110,217,322 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.		1,237			1,102
Additional paid-in-capital		1,250,208			1,035,454
Accumulated deficit		(28,060	)		—
Total stockholders’ equity		1,223,385			1,036,556
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,233,472		$	1,972,652

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
Product revenue	$	106,839		$	145,347		$	372,812		$	386,989
Service revenue		135,643			159,087			432,607			397,630
Rental revenue		17,131			—			40,461			—
Total revenue		259,613			304,434			845,880			784,619
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense)		195,230			225,347			597,197			534,229
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense		40,619			26,069			118,252			68,271
Gross profit		23,764			53,018			130,431			182,119
Selling, general and administrative expense (including stock-based compensation expense of $9,344, $6,289, $24,152, and $15,961, respectively)		36,322			25,463			105,105			80,712
Credit loss expense		97			—			4,207			25
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets		5,883			3,744			17,133			8,573
Loss on disposal of assets		—			8,574			—			19,672
Insurance recovery (gain)		—			—			—			(10,000	)
Operating income (loss)		(18,538	)		15,237			3,986			83,137
Interest (expense), net		(15,010	)		(11,193	)		(41,886	)		(26,629	)
Other income (expense), net		(3	)		289			626			450
Income (loss) before income taxes		(33,551	)		4,333			(37,274	)		56,958
Income tax expense (benefit)		(9,830	)		415			(9,214	)		11,416
Net income (loss)	$	(23,721	)	$	3,918		$	(28,060	)	$	45,542

Net income (loss) per common share
Basic	$	(0.19	)	$	0.04		$	(0.23	)	$	0.42
Diluted	$	(0.19	)	$	0.04		$	(0.23	)	$	0.42
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		123,737			109,883			121,899			107,570
Diluted		123,737			111,078			121,899			108,562

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)


	Common Stock					Additional						Stockholders’
	Shares			Value		Paid-In-Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2024		110,217		$	1,102	$	1,035,454		$	—		$	1,036,556
Net loss		—			—		—			(28,060	)		(28,060	)
Dividends		—			—		(92,281	)		—			(92,281	)
Dividend equivalent rights		—			—		(2,505	)		—			(2,505	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		24,152			—			24,152
Repurchases of Common Stock under share repurchase program		(16	)		—		(200	)		—			(200	)
Issuance of Common Stock upon vesting of RSUs, net of shares withheld for income taxes		334			3		(1,254	)		—			(1,251	)
Issuance of Common Stock from equity offering, net of issuance costs		11,500			115		252,955			—			253,070
Equity issued in connection with Moser Acquisition		1,656			17		33,887			—			33,904
Balance at September 30, 2025		123,691		$	1,237	$	1,250,208		$	(28,060	)	$	1,223,385


	Common Stock					Additional			Retained Earnings			Stockholders’
	Shares			Value		Paid-In-Capital			(Accumulated Deficit)			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023		100,026		$	1,000	$	908,079		$	(41,255	)	$	867,824
Net income		—			—		—			45,542			45,542
Dividends		—			—		(66,157	)		(4,287	)		(70,444	)
Dividend equivalent rights		—			—		(1,784	)		—			(1,784	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—		15,961			—			15,961
Issuance of Common Stock upon vesting of RSUs, net of shares withheld for income taxes		138			1		(1	)		—			—
Equity issued in connection with Hi-Crush Transaction		9,711			97		188,985			—			189,082
Balance at September 30, 2024		109,875		$	1,098	$	1,045,083		$	—		$	1,046,181

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(28,060	)	$	45,542
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense		122,029			70,865
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets		17,133			8,573
Amortization of debt discount		3,931			2,535
Amortization of deferred financing costs		301			318
Loss on disposal of assets		—			19,672
Stock-based compensation		24,152			15,961
Deferred income tax		(10,830	)		10,433
Credit loss expense		4,207			25
Other		(104	)		(1,680	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(11,950	)		(22,361	)
Inventories		5,450			(5,093	)
Spare part inventories		(10,693	)		(3,613	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(2,998	)		(2,387	)
Other long-term assets		203			(412	)
Accounts payable		(5,709	)		27,373
Accounts payable - related parties		(204	)		(42	)
Deferred revenue		(5,679	)		(5,460	)
Accrued liabilities and other liabilities		12,460			25,358
Net cash provided by operating activities		113,639			185,607
Investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(126,463	)		(297,552	)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(204,169	)		(142,233	)
Proceeds from insurance recovery		5,398			10,000
Net cash used in investing activities		(325,234	)		(429,785	)
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from equity offering, net of issuance costs		253,070			—
Proceeds from term loan borrowings		188,805			148,500
Principal payments on term loan borrowings		(14,202	)		(9,931	)
Payment on ABL credit facility		(70,000	)		—
Payment on Deferred Cash Consideration Note		(101,252	)		—
Payments under finance leases		(2,632	)		(1,774	)
Repurchases of Common Stock under share repurchase program		(200	)		—
Repayment of equipment finance notes		(3,671	)		(2,527	)
Dividends		(92,281	)		(70,444	)
Taxes withheld on vesting RSUs		(1,251	)		—
Issuance costs associated with debt financing		(146	)		(1,183	)
Proceeds from ABL credit facility		25,000			50,000
Net cash provided by financing activities		181,240			112,641
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(30,355	)		(131,537	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		71,704			210,174
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	41,349		$	78,637
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	38,930		$	27,602
Taxes	$	1,745		$	2,275
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities:
Property, plant and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	10,867		$	44,654
Acquisition consideration, equity issuance	$	33,904		$	189,082
Contingent consideration issued for PropFlow Acquisition	$	10,200		$	—
Equipment assets acquired through debt	$	17,117		$	5,012
Hi-Crush acquisition consideration, Deferred Cash Consideration Note	$	—		$	107,189

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 – Business and Organization

Atlas Energy Solutions Inc., a Delaware corporation (f/k/a New Atlas HoldCo. Inc.) (“New Atlas” and together with its subsidiaries “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”), was formed on June 28, 2023, pursuant to the laws of the State of Delaware, and is the successor to AESI Holdings Inc. (f/k/a Atlas Energy Solutions Inc.), a Delaware corporation (“Old Atlas”). New Atlas is a holding company and the ultimate parent company of Atlas Sand Company, LLC (“Atlas LLC”), a Delaware limited liability company formed on April 20, 2017. The Company has two segments, the sand and logistics segment and the power segment.

Sand and Logistics

The Company is a producer of high-quality, locally sourced 100 mesh and 40/70 sand used as a proppant during the well completion process. Proppant is necessary to facilitate the recovery of hydrocarbons from oil and natural gas wells. One hundred percent of Atlas LLC’s sand reserves are located in Texas within the Permian Basin and operations consist of proppant production and processing facilities, including four facilities near Kermit, Texas (together, the “Kermit facilities”), a fifth facility near Monahans, Texas (the “Monahans facility”), and the OnCore distributed mining network. We sell products and services primarily to oil and natural gas exploration and production companies and oilfield services companies primarily under supply agreements and also through spot sales on the open market. We operate a differentiated logistics platform that is designed to increase the efficiency, safety and sustainability of the oil and natural gas industry within the Permian Basin. This includes our fleet of fit-for-purpose trucks, trailers, wellsite equipment, and the Dune Express, an overland conveyor infrastructure solution.

Power

We provide distributed power solutions through a fleet of natural gas-powered reciprocating generators primarily supporting production and artificial lift operations across major United States resource basins.

PropFlow Acquisition

On July 28, 2025, Atlas LLC entered into a membership interest purchase agreement (the “PropFlow Purchase Agreement”) with BCA HoldCo, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“BCA HoldCo”), and certain other signatories thereto, pursuant to which Atlas LLC acquired 100% of the membership interests in PropFlow, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“PropFlow”), and its wholly owned subsidiaries (such transaction, the “PropFlow Acquisition”). Refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions for further discussion.

Moser Acquisition

On February 24, 2025 (“Moser Closing Date”), the Company completed the acquisition of (i) 100% of the authorized, issued and outstanding equity ownership interests in Moser Acquisition, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Moser AcquisitionCo”), and (ii) Moser Engine Service, Inc. (d/b/a Moser Energy Systems), a Wyoming corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Moser AcquisitionCo (such transaction, the “Moser Acquisition”), collectively referred to as “Moser,” pursuant to that certain Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Moser Purchase Agreement”) by and among Wyatt Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Purchaser”), Moser Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Seller”), and for the limited purposes set forth therein, the Company (together with the Purchaser and the Seller, the “Parties”). Refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions for further discussion.

The foregoing description of the Moser Acquisition and the Moser Purchase Agreement does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the full text of the Moser Purchase Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on May 6, 2025.

Hi-Crush Transaction

On March 5, 2024 (“Hi-Crush Closing Date”), the Company completed the acquisition of the Permian Basin proppant production and logistics businesses and operations of Hi-Crush Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Hi-Crush”), in exchange for mixed consideration totaling $456.1 million, subject to customary post-closing adjustments (the “Hi-Crush Transaction”), pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated February 26, 2024 (the “Hi-Crush Merger Agreement”), by and among the Company, Atlas LLC, Wyatt Merger Sub 1 Inc., a Delaware corporation and direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas LLC, Wyatt Merger Sub 2, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Atlas LLC, Hi-Crush, each stockholder of Hi-Crush as of immediately prior to the effective time of the mergers pursuant to the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement (each a “Hi-Crush Stockholder” and, collectively, the “Hi-Crush Stockholders”), Clearlake Capital Partners V Finance, L.P., solely in its capacity as the Hi-Crush Stockholders’ representative and HC Minerals Inc., a Delaware corporation (collectively, the “Parties”). Refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions for further discussion.

Business Combination

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, “Business Combinations.” The purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities is measured in accordance with the guidance of ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Any acquisition-related costs incurred by the Company are expensed as incurred. Operating results of an acquired business are included in the Company’s results of operations from the date of acquisition. We use all available information to estimate fair values, including quoted market prices, the carrying value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities and valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows, relief-from-royalty (“RFR”) method, with or without method, multi-period excess earnings method (“MPEEM”), or cost to recreate method. We engage third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination of identifiable long-lived assets, identifiable intangible assets, as well as any contingent consideration that provides for additional consideration to be paid to the seller if certain future conditions are met. These estimates are reviewed during the 12-month measurement period and adjusted as soon as the necessary information becomes available but no later than one year from the acquisition date. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact our financial condition or results of operations. The purchase price associated with business combinations can include a holdback liability. The holdback is subject to changes from estimated to actual net working capital amounts and other customary purchase price adjustments. The holdback amount is based on management’s best estimate and may be subject to further adjustments. This amount is recorded in other current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Since the closing date of the acquisitions, the acquired companies have adopted all of the Company’s accounting policies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of all highly-liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of three months or less when purchased. As of September 30, 2025, we have deposits of $13.1 million in an Insured Cash Sweep (“ICS”) Deposit Placement Agreement within IntraFi Network LLC facilitated by our bank. The ICS program provides the Company with access to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance for our total cash held within the ICS. We place our remaining cash deposits with high-credit-quality financial institutions. At times, a portion of our cash may be uninsured or in deposit accounts that exceed or are not covered under the FDIC limit.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts receivable are recorded at cost when earned and represent claims against third parties that will be settled in cash. These receivables generally do not bear interest. The carrying value of our receivables, net of allowance for credit losses, represents the estimated collectable amount. If events or changes in circumstances indicate specific receivable balances may be impaired, further consideration is given to our ability to collect those balances and the allowance is adjusted accordingly. We perform credit evaluations of new customers, and sometimes require deposits and prepayments, to mitigate credit risk. When it is probable that all or part of an outstanding balance will not be collected, we establish an allowance for credit losses.

We are exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of products, services, and rentals. We analyze accounts receivable on an individual customer and overall basis through review of historical collection experience and current aging status of our customer accounts. We also consider the financial condition and economic environment of our customers in evaluating the need for an allowance. The Company considers its trade receivables to consist of two portfolio segments: general receivables and shortfall receivables.

General Receivables

General receivables result from fulfilling a performance obligation associated with a customer contract. For general receivables, which were $131.8 million as of September 30, 2025, we recognized credit loss expense of $0.1 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we did not recognize credit loss expense and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized de minimis credit loss expense. On the condensed consolidated statement of operations, the nine months ended September 30, 2024 credit loss expense was reclassified out of selling, general and administrative expense to credit loss expense for comparable presentation with the current period. On the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we reclassified certain operating activities for comparable presentation with the current period resulting in no change to net cash provided by operating activities.

Shortfall Receivables

Shortfall receivables result when a customer does not meet the minimum purchases over a period of time defined in the applicable contract. For the shortfall receivables, which were $34.2 million as of September 30, 2025, we did not recognize credit loss expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and recognized $4.1 million of credit loss expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, due to a dispute with a counterparty that was estimated using the discounted cash flows methodology. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 we did not recognize credit loss expense.

Fixed assets are carried at historical cost. Fixed assets, other than plant facilities associated with productive, depletable properties, are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:


Plant facilities and equipment		1 – 40 years
Furniture and office equipment		3 – 15 years
Computer and network equipment		3 – 7 years
Buildings and leasehold improvements		5 – 40 years
Logistics equipment (1)		2 – 40 years
Power equipment		1 – 15 years

(1) Logistics equipment consists of our fleet of fit-for-purpose trucks and trailers, wellsite equipment, and the Dune Express.

Mine development project costs are capitalized once the deposit is classified as a proven and probable reserve. Mine development costs include engineering, mineralogical studies, drilling and other related costs to develop the mine and remove the overburden to initially expose the mineral and allow for the construction of an access way. Exploration costs are expensed as incurred and classified as exploration expense.

Mining property and development costs are amortized using the units of production method on estimated recoverable tonnage, which equals estimated proven and probable reserves. The impact to reserve estimates is recognized on a prospective basis. Drilling and related costs are capitalized for deposits where proven and probable reserves exist. These activities are directed at obtaining additional information on the deposit or converting non-reserve minerals to proven and probable reserves, with the benefit being realized over a period greater than one year.

Impairment or Disposal of Property, Plant and Equipment

The Company periodically evaluates whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our property, plant and equipment assets may not be recoverable. If circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, the Company estimates future undiscounted net cash flows using estimates, including but not limited to estimates of proven and probable sand reserves, estimated future sales prices (considering historical and current prices, price trends and related factors), operating costs and anticipated capital expenditures. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, the Company recognizes an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets.

The recoverability of the carrying value of the Company’s mining property and development costs are dependent upon the successful development and commercial production of the Company’s mineral deposit and the related processing facilities. The Company’s evaluation of mineral properties for potential impairment primarily includes evaluating changes in the mineral reserves, or the underlying estimates and assumptions, including estimated production costs. Assessing the economic feasibility requires certain estimates including the prices of products to be produced and processing recovery rates, as well as operating and capital costs.

Asset Retirement Obligations

In accordance with ASC 410-20, “Asset Retirement Obligations”, the Company records a liability for asset retirement obligations at the fair value of the estimated costs to retire a tangible long-lived asset at the time the liability is incurred, when there is a legal obligation to incur costs to retire the asset and when a reasonable estimate of the fair value of the obligation can be made. The Company has asset retirement obligations with respect to certain assets due to various contractual obligations to clean and/or dispose of those assets at the time they are retired.

A liability for the fair value of an asset retirement obligation, with a corresponding increase to the carrying value of related long-lived assets, is recognized at the time of an obligating event. The asset is depreciated using the straight-line method, and the discounted liability is increased through accretion over the expected timing of settlement.

The estimated liability is based on third-party estimates of costs to abandon, including estimated economic lives and external estimates as to the cost to bring the land to a state required by the lease agreements. The Company utilized a discounted rate reflecting management’s best estimate of the credit-adjusted risk-free rate. Revisions to the liability could occur due to changes in the estimated costs, changes in the economic life or if federal or state regulators enact new requirements regarding the abandonment. Accretion expense was $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Accretion expense was $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Accretion is recorded on the condensed consolidated statement of operations in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense. The current portion of the asset retirement obligation, $0.9 million, is recorded within other current liabilities and the long-term portion, $7.0 million, is recorded within asset retirement obligations on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Changes in the asset retirement obligations are as follows (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
Beginning Balance	$	7,817		$	2,705
Revision of estimates		366			—
Additions to liabilities		—			6,743
Accretion expense		566			456
Settlements		(860	)		(1,057	)
Ending Balance	$	7,889		$	8,847

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The amounts reported in the balance sheets as current assets or liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and deferred revenues approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels at the end of the period. This disclosure does not impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

As of the dates indicated, our debt consisted of the following (in thousands):


	At September 30, 2025				At December 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Valuation Technique
Financial liabilities
Outstanding principal amount of the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility	$	504,868	$	603,709	$	—	$	—	Level 2 – Market Approach
Outstanding principal amount of the of the Deferred Cash Consideration Note	$	9,124	$	10,058	$	108,519	$	110,598	Level 2 – Market Approach
Outstanding principal amount of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility	$	25,000	$	25,000	$	70,000	$	70,000	Level 1 – Quoted Prices
Outstanding amount of the other indebtedness	$	17,504	$	17,504	$	4,058	$	4,058	Level 1 – Quoted Prices
Outstanding principal amount of the Initial Term Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility	$	—	$	—	$	174,141	$	193,523	Level 2 – Market Approach
Outstanding principal amount of the ADDT Loan	$	—	$	—	$	134,013	$	149,266	Level 2 – Market Approach
Outstanding principal amount of the DDT Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility	$	—	$	—	$	19,994	$	22,145	Level 2 – Market Approach

•

Our 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility (defined in Note 8 - Debt) with Stonebriar Commercial Finance LLC (“Stonebriar”), pursuant to which Stonebriar extended a $540.0 million single advance term loan, bears interest at a rate equal to 9.51% per annum. The loan is payable in eighty-five consecutive monthly installments, consisting of forty-eight monthly installments of combined principal and interest, thirty-six installments of interest only payments, and a final payment of the remaining outstanding principal balance at maturity. As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of debt has been determined by discounting the future cash flows using current market interest rates for similar financial instruments. These inputs are not quoted prices in active markets, but they are either directly or indirectly observable; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 inputs.

•

The Deferred Cash Consideration Note (defined in Note 8- Debt) entered into in connection with the Hi-Crush Transaction was recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of debt has been determined by discounting the future cash flows using current market interest rates for similar financial instruments. These inputs are not quoted prices in active markets, but they are either directly or indirectly observable; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 inputs.

•

The carrying amount of the Company’s 2023 ABL Credit Facility (defined in Note 8- Debt) approximated fair value as it bears interest at variable rates over the term of the loan. Therefore, we have classified this long-term debt as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

•

We believe the fair value of our other indebtedness approximates the carrying value. This balance is comprised of equipment financing agreements. We considered the rates entered into for 2025 equipment financing agreements for the same equipment. Therefore we have classified this debt as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

•

Our Initial Term Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility (defined in Note 8 - Debt) with Stonebriar, pursuant to which Stonebriar extended a $180.0 million single advance seven-year term loan credit facility that bears interest at a fixed rate of 9.50%, where its fair value will fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and credit quality. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of debt has been determined by discounting the future cash flows using current market interest rates for similar financial instruments. These inputs are not quoted prices in active markets, but they are either directly or indirectly observable; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 inputs.

•

Our ADDT Loan (defined in Note 8 - Debt) with Stonebriar in the aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million, payable in 76 consecutive monthly installments, bears interest at a fixed rate of 10.86%, where its fair value will fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and credit quality. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of debt has been determined by discounting the future cash flows using current market interest rates for similar financial instruments. These inputs are not quoted prices in active markets, but they are either directly or indirectly observable; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 inputs.

•

Our DDT Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility (defined in Note 8 - Debt) with Stonebriar in the aggregate principal amount of $20.0 million, payable in 69 consecutive monthly installments, bears interest at a fixed rate of 10.58%, where its fair value will fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and credit quality. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of debt has been determined by discounting the future cash flows using current market interest rates for similar financial instruments. These inputs are not quoted prices in active markets, but they are either directly or indirectly observable; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 inputs.

See Note 8 - Debt for further discussion on our debt arrangements.

Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Contingent consideration represents a recurring fair value estimate of potential future payments. This fair value measurement is based on unobservable inputs, including management estimates and assumptions about the future achievement of milestones and future estimate of revenues, and is, therefore, classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions and Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements for further discussion.

Leases

The Company leases office space, equipment, and vehicles under non-cancellable agreements. The Company’s leases may include options to extend or renew at the Company’s discretion. The measurement of the lease term includes options to extend or renew when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise those options. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of minimum lease payments over the lease term. To determine the present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable; however, certain leases do not provide an implicit rate. Therefore, to determine the present value of minimum lease payments, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date of the lease. The Company’s finance lease agreements typically include an interest rate that is used to determine the present value of future lease payments. Short-term operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on our balance sheet. Minimum lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including reasonably certain renewal options.

The Company periodically evaluates whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our right-of-use assets exceeds fair value. If such a review should indicate that the carrying amount of right-of-use asset is not recoverable, the Company will reduce the carrying amount of such assets to fair value.

The Company is a lessor as we lease certain power equipment to customers through operating leases. These agreements are short term in nature and have monthly terms with no renewal options that are reasonably certain to exercise, or early termination options based on established terms specific to the individual agreement.

Under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), the Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, including the option to carry forward the historical lease classifications and assessment of initial direct costs, account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease, and to not include leases with an initial term of less than 12 months in the lease assets and liabilities.

Revenues

Under ASC Topic 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), revenue recognition is based on the transfer of control, or the customer’s ability to benefit from the services and products in an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those services and products. In recognizing revenue for products and services, the transaction price is determined from sales orders or contracts with customers.

The Company generates product revenues from the sale of product that customers purchase for use in the oil and gas industry. Revenues are derived from product sold to customers under supply agreements, the terms of which can extend for over one year, and from spot sales through individual purchase orders executed at prevailing market rates. The Company’s product revenues are primarily a function of the price per ton realized and the volumes sold. Pricing structures under the supply agreements are, in certain cases, subject to certain contractual adjustments and consist of a combination of negotiated pricing and fixed pricing. These arrangements may undergo periodic negotiations regarding pricing and volume requirements, which may occur in volatile market conditions.

The Company generates service revenue by providing transportation, wellsite solutions, and contract labor services to companies in the oil and gas industry. Transportation services typically consist of transporting product from the plant facilities to the wellsite. The amounts invoiced reflect the transportation services rendered. The amounts invoiced reflect either the contractual monthly minimum, or the length of time the equipment was utilized in the billing period. Labor services provide the customers with supervisory, logistics, or field personnel. The amounts invoiced for wellsite solutions and contract labor services reflect the amount of time these services were utilized in the billing period. Transportation, wellsite solutions, and contract labor services are contracted through formal agreements or work orders executed under established pricing terms.

The Company generates rental revenue from the power equipment leases, which include maintenance, parts and service, in the period earned on a straight-line basis, over the term of the contract, regardless of the timing of the billing to customers.

The Company recognizes revenue for product at a point in time following the transfer of control and satisfaction of the performance obligation of such items to the customer, under ASC 606, which typically occurs upon customer pick-up at the facilities. The Company recognizes revenue for services when services are rendered to the customer and the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s standard collection terms are generally 30 days, with certain customer payment terms extending up to 60 days.

Certain of the Company’s contracts contain shortfall provisions that calculate agreed upon fees that are billed when the customer does not meet the minimum purchases over a period of time defined in each contract and when collectability is reasonably certain. As the Company does not have the ability to predict customers’ orders over the period, there are constraints around the ability to recognize the variability in consideration related to this condition. The Company did not recognize shortfall provision revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and recognized $23.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which was recorded in product revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized shortfall provision revenue of $1.3 million and $3.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

The Company’s revenue was generated in the United States for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Revenue is disaggregated by product, service, and rental revenue, no further disaggregation of revenue information is provided.

The Company has elected to use the ASC 606 practical expedients, pursuant to which it has excluded disclosures of transaction prices allocated to remaining performance obligations and when it expects to recognize such revenue. The remaining performance obligations are primarily comprised of unfulfilled contracts to deliver product, most of which hold a remaining duration of less than one year, and of which ultimate transaction prices will be allocated entirely to the unfulfilled contracts. The Company’s transaction prices under these contracts may be impacted by market conditions and potential contract negotiations, which have not yet been determined, and are therefore variable in nature.

The Company has elected to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the Company from a customer, such as sales tax, use tax, value-added tax and similar taxes.

Deferred Revenues

The Company occasionally receives prepayments from customers for future deliveries of product or contributions in aid of construction. Amounts received from customers in advance of product deliveries are recorded as contract liabilities referred to as deferred revenues and are recognized as revenue upon delivery of the product. Certain prepayments are secured by collateral interest in certain property, plant and equipment. The Company recognized revenue of $1.7 million and $5.9 million from deferred revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized revenue of $3.2 million and $5.5 million from deferred revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Changes in the deferred revenues balance are as follows (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
Beginning Balance	$	7,755		$	—
Customer prepayment acquired in acquisitions		923			13,248
Consideration received and deferred		268			—
Revenue recognized		(5,947	)		(5,460	)
Ending Balance	$	2,999		$	7,788

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation, including grants of incentive units, restricted stock awards, time-based restricted stock units and performance share units, under the measurement and recognition provisions of ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation.” We account for stock-based compensation by amortizing the fair value of the stock, which is determined at the grant date, on a straight-line basis unless the tranche method is required.

We account for forfeitures as they occur and reverse any previously recognized stock-based compensation expense for the unvested portion of the awards that were forfeited. The number of forfeited shares will be available for purposes of awards under the Company’s Long Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”). Stock-based compensation expense is recognized as selling, general and administrative expense on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

The Company, under ASC 740–Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), computes its quarterly taxes using an estimated annual effective tax rate which is applied to year-to-date pre-tax book net income, except for discrete items. For the period ended September 30, 2025, the Company determined the best estimate of the annual effective tax rate was the year-to-date effective tax rate which was applied to year-to-date income to estimate quarterly taxes. Income taxes associated with discrete items are computed and recorded in the period that the specific transaction occurs.

ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company evaluates the uncertainty in tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Financial Statements to determine whether the tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. However, the conclusions regarding the evaluation are subject to review and may change based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any liabilities for uncertain tax positions or gross unrecognized tax benefits. Our income tax returns from 2021, 2022 and 2023 are subject to examinations by U.S. federal, state or local tax authorities. The Company cannot predict or provide assurance as to the ultimate outcome of any existing or future examinations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Segments- In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 on a retrospective basis, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07, for a further discussion refer to Note 15- Business Segments.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software- In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which removed the language around project stages that was used to assess when costs could be capitalized for an internal-use software. The update also requires internal-use software to be disclosed under the ASC 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment guidance. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Financial Instruments–Credit Losses- In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments–Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which added a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Income Statement Reporting Disclosures- In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments in this update requires additional disclosure of certain costs and expenses within the notes to the financial statements. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Income Taxes- In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The standard requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions and applies to all entities subject to income taxes. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Note 3 – Acquisitions

PropFlow Acquisition

On July 28, 2025, the Company completed the PropFlow Acquisition and acquired 100% of the membership interests in PropFlow and its wholly owned subsidiaries, PropFlow Operating, LLC; PropFlow International, LLC; and PropFlow Employee Co., LLC. The PropFlow Acquisition increased efficiency of our logistics operations through our acquisition and integration of PropFlow’s patented on-wellsite proppant filtration technology.

The acquisition-date fair value of the consideration was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	July 28, 2025
Cash to sellers at close	$	6,513
Debt payments		14,806
Seller transaction expenses		1,793
Holdback amount (1)		2,500
Contingent consideration (2)		10,200
Total	$	35,812

(1) This amount represents (i) cash holdbacks subject to changes from estimated to actual net working capital amounts and other customary purchase price adjustments and (ii) cash holdbacks to satisfy post-closing indemnity claims, if any, in accordance with the PropFlow Purchase Agreement (“holdback amount”). The amount in the table above is based on management’s best estimate as of the September 30, 2025 and may be subject to further adjustments.

(2) Contingent consideration to be paid to BCA HoldCo pursuant to the PropFlow Purchase Agreement, subject to the achievement of certain revenue targets.

The purchase price includes $10.2 million of contingent consideration related to an earnout arrangement. Under the terms of the PropFlow Purchase Agreement, the Company may be required to pay a maximum $15.0 million to BCA HoldCo in the fiscal years 2027 and 2028, contingent upon the achievement of certain revenue targets (the “Earnout Payment”). Payment of the Earnout Payment will be settled in cash. The Company estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration as of the acquisition date. The Company implemented a Monte Carlo simulation utilizing a risk neutral framework to determine the value of the Earnout Payment. The Company simulated the 2026 and 2027 Systems Rental Revenue and Sand and Logistics Revenue respectively using two correlated geometric Brownian motions over the 2026 and 2027 earnout periods. “Systems Rental Revenue” is the net revenue generated from the actual number of Company filtration systems being provided to customers. “Sand and Logistics Revenue” is the net revenue generated by the Company from customer sites in geological basins outside of the Permian Basin with respect to (i) the sale of frac sand processed by Company filtration systems and (ii) the associated logistics operations to deliver the sand processed by such Company filtration systems to such customer wellsites. The calculated Earnout Payment is then discounted at a rate that reflects the appropriate credit risk of the Earnout Payment payer. The fair value of the Earnout Payment is estimated as the average discounted Earnout Payment across 1,000,000 iterations of the simulation. This fair value measurement was based on unobservable inputs, including management estimates and assumptions about the future achievement of milestones and future estimate of revenues, and is, therefore, classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy presented in Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements. The key inputs as of the acquisition date are outlined below:


Key Inputs	December 31, 2025			December 31, 2026			December 31, 2027
Risk-Free Rate		4.40	%		4.12	%		3.92	%
Continuous Risk-Free Rate		4.31	%		4.04	%		3.85	%
Systems Revenue Discount Rate		17.88	%		17.88	%		17.88	%
Sands and Logistics Discount Rate		17.88	%		17.88	%		17.88	%
Systems Rental Revenue Volatility		40.10	%		40.10	%		40.10	%
Sands and Logistics Revenue Volatility		40.10	%		40.10	%		40.10	%
Credit Valuation Adjustment	Not Applicable				11.37	%		11.14	%

We will remeasure this liability at each reporting date and record changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration to the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Increases or decreases in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability can result from changes in the passage of time, discount rates, and the timing and amount of our revenue estimates. Contingent consideration is included within other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 16 - Fair Value Measurements for further discussion.

The Company has applied the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations,” and recognized assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair values as of the date of acquisition, with the excess purchase consideration recorded to goodwill. The fair value of acquired property and equipment were based on both available market data and a cost approach. As the Company finalizes the estimation of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, additional adjustments may be recorded during the measurement period (a period not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date).

The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):


	Fair Value
	July 28, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	455
Accounts receivable		3,733
Property, plant and equipment		13,417
Intangible assets		9,750
Operating lease right-of-use assets		471
Other long-term assets		14
Accounts payable		(1,536	)
Accrued liabilities		(246	)
Operating lease liabilities		(471	)
Goodwill		10,225
Net Assets Acquired	$	35,812

The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to further refinement and may require significant adjustments to arrive at the final purchase price allocation. The above fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are preliminary and are based on the information that was available as of the reporting date. The Company retained an independent appraiser to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price of PropFlow has been allocated to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on their preliminary estimated acquisition date fair values. The fair value estimates were based on income, market, and cost valuation methods. These fair values were based on inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Several significant assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including discount rates, future expected cash flows and other future events that are based on the Company’s best judgment from the information available. The excess of the total consideration over the estimated fair value of the amounts initially assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been recorded as goodwill. The final determination of the fair value of certain assets and liabilities will be completed as soon as the necessary information becomes available but no later than one year from the acquisition date. The Company expects to continue to obtain information for the purpose of determining the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date throughout the remainder of the measurement period.

The revenue and direct operating expenses attributable to the acquired PropFlow operations are not material to the Company’s operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. Of the $10.2 million of goodwill recognized, $10.2 million is considered non-deductible goodwill primarily attributable to the integration of patented on-wellsite proppant filtration technology along with economies of scale. The goodwill from the PropFlow Acquisition was assigned to the sand and logistics segment.

The following transactions were recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumption of liabilities in the PropFlow Acquisition.

•

Transaction costs consisting of legal and professional fees. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred $0.5 million and $0.5 million fees, respectively, which were expensed as incurred and presented in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

•

In connection with the PropFlow Acquisition, the Company drew down $25.0 million under the ABL Credit Facility (defined in Note 8 - Debt). See Note 8 – Debt for further information.

Identifiable Intangible Assets Acquired

The following table summarizes key information underlying identifiable intangible assets related to the PropFlow Acquisition:

The preliminary estimate of the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets was determined primarily using the income approach.

•

The income approach requires a forecast of all of the expected future cash flows through various methods. Customer relationships were valued using the MPEEM. Trade name and proprietary technology were valued using the RFR method.

The Company has not disclosed pro-forma revenue and earnings attributable to PropFlow as they did not have a material effect on the Company’s Financial Statements.

Moser Acquisition

On February 24, 2025, the Company completed the Moser Acquisition and acquired 100% of Moser AcquisitionCo’s ownership interest and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Moser Engine Service, Inc. (d/b/a Moser Energy Systems). The Moser Acquisition expanded current operations into distributed power end markets.

The Company had adjustments to consideration from February 24, 2025 to September 30, 2025. Refer to the table below for the acquisition-date fair value of the consideration as of February 24, 2025 and the adjustments as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):


	February 24, 2025		Adjustments			September 30, 2025
Cash to sellers at close (1)	$	187,535	$	—		$	187,535
Stock consideration (2)		35,385		(1,481	)		33,904
Total	$	222,920	$	(1,481	)	$	221,439

(1) Includes payment of debt and transaction costs paid on behalf of the Seller.

(2) Stock consideration is measured at fair value as of the Moser Closing Date (the “Moser Stock Consideration”) by taking the product of (a) the 1,727,764 closing shares (as defined in the Moser Purchase Agreement) and (b) the low price per share of $20.48 on February 24, 2025, which is in line with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement” and company policy as an accounting policy election under ASC 235, “Notes to Financial Statements.” During the measurement period, there was a reduction to the equity consideration of $1.5 million due to 72,106 shares being returned to the Company. The adjustment was made in accordance with the terms of the post-closing settlement from the Moser Purchase Agreement.

The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of February 24, 2025, including measurement period adjustments through September 30, 2025 (in thousands):


	Fair Value
	February 24, 2025			Adjustments			September 30, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,024		$	—		$	6,024
Accounts receivable		12,579			—			12,579
Spare parts inventories		11,278			(711	)		10,567
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		559			—			559
Property, plant and equipment		65,303			(956	)		64,347
Intangible assets		102,400			(13,200	)		89,200
Operating lease right-of-use assets		5,423			—			5,423
Finance lease right-of-use assets		1,414			—			1,414
Accounts payable		(3,618	)		—			(3,618	)
Accrued liabilities		(2,375	)		—			(2,375	)
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		(1,239	)		—			(1,239	)
Current portion of finance lease liabilities		(561	)		—			(561	)
Current portion of deferred revenue		(923	)		—			(923	)
Other current liabilities		(4	)		—			(4	)
Deferred tax liabilities		(35,594	)		3,192			(32,402	)
Operating lease liabilities		(4,184	)		—			(4,184	)
Finance lease liabilities		(853	)		—			(853	)
Goodwill		67,291			10,194			77,485
Net Assets Acquired	$	222,920		$	(1,481	)	$	221,439

The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to further refinement and may require significant adjustments to arrive at the final purchase price allocation. The above fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are preliminary and are based on the information that was available as of the reporting date. The Company retained an independent appraiser to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price of Moser has been allocated to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on their preliminary estimated acquisition date fair values. The fair value estimates were based on income, market, and cost valuation methods. These fair values were based on inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Several significant assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including discount rates, future expected cash flows and other future events that are based on the Company’s best judgment from the information available. The excess of the total consideration over the estimated fair value of the amounts initially assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been recorded as goodwill. The final determination of the fair value of certain assets and liabilities will be completed as soon as the necessary information becomes available but no later than one year from the acquisition date. The Company expects to continue to obtain information for the purpose of determining the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date throughout the remainder of the measurement period. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had a purchase price adjustment of $1.5 million in net assets acquired as a result of the reduction in equity consideration, as well as an update to the fair value of certain intangible assets that resulted in a decrease of $0.7 million in amortization expense of acquired intangible assets on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations includes revenue of $17.1 million and $40.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, attributable to the acquired Moser operations. The Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations includes direct operating expenses of $6.5 million and $14.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, attributable to the acquired Moser operations. Of the $77.5 million of goodwill recognized, $77.5 million is considered non-deductible goodwill primarily attributable to the entry into the power segment along with economies of scale. The goodwill from the Moser Acquisition was assigned to the power segment.

The following transactions were recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumption of liabilities in the Moser Acquisition.

•

Transaction costs consisting of legal and professional fees. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred $0.2 million and $7.4 million fees, respectively, which were expensed as incurred and presented in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

•

In connection with the Moser Acquisition, the Company entered into the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility (defined in Note 8 - Debt). See Note 8 – Debt for further information.

Identifiable Intangible Assets Acquired

The following table summarizes key information underlying identifiable intangible assets related to the Moser Acquisition:


	Useful Life (In years)	Fair Value (In thousands)
Customer relationships	10	$	55,100
Trade name	10		8,200
Proprietary technology (generators)	10		21,300
Proprietary technology (military applications)	5		4,600
Total		$	89,200

The preliminary estimate of the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets was determined primarily using the income approach and cost approach.

•

The income approach requires a forecast of all of the expected future cash flows through various methods. Customer relationships were valued using the MPEEM and trade name and proprietary technology (generators) were valued using the RFR method.

•

The cost approach reflects the amount that would be required currently to replace the service capacity of an asset (often referred to as current replacement cost). Proprietary technology (military applications) was valued using the cost to recreate method.

Pro Forma Financial Information

The following table summarizes, on an unaudited pro forma basis, the condensed combined results of operations of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, assuming the Moser Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2024 (in thousands).


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024		2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
Revenue	$	259,613		$	323,076	$	856,819		$	840,147
Net income (loss)	$	(23,813	)	$	3,143	$	(20,939	)	$	39,417

The foregoing unaudited pro forma results are for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the actual results of operations that might have occurred had the Moser Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2024, nor are they necessarily indicative of future results.

The unaudited pro forma information for all periods presented includes the following adjustments, where applicable, for business combination accounting effects resulting from the Moser Acquisition: (i) additional amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets acquired, (ii) additional interest expense related to financing for the acquisition, (iii) depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment, and (iv) the related tax effects assuming that the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2024. No assumptions have been applied to the pro forma results of operations regarding potential operating cost savings or other business synergies expected to be achieved.

The significant nonrecurring adjustments reflected in the unaudited pro-forma consolidated information above include the reclassification of the transaction costs to the earliest period presented.

Hi-Crush Transaction

On March 5, 2024, the Company completed the Hi-Crush Transaction and acquired 100% of Hi-Crush’s ownership interest and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Hi-Crush Transaction expanded the Company’s position as a leading provider of proppant and proppant logistics in the Permian Basin to meet the needs of our large-scale customers in the Permian Basin.

There have been no adjustments to consideration since December 31, 2024. Refer to the table below for the acquisition-date fair value of the consideration as of March 5, 2024 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


	March 5, 2024		Adjustments			December 31, 2024
Cash to sellers at close	$	140,146	$	—		$	140,146
Company Transaction Expenses (sellers’ transaction expenses) (1)		9,019		—			9,019
Stock consideration (2)		189,082		—			189,082
Deferred Cash Consideration Note (1)		109,253		(2,640	)		106,613
Stockholders’ Representative Expense Fund (1)		50		—			50
Adjustment Holdback Amount (1) (3)		5,338		5,852			11,190
Total	$	452,888	$	3,212		$	456,100

(1) Refer to the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement, a copy of which is included as Exhibit 2.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2024.

(2) Stock consideration is measured at fair value as of the Hi-Crush Closing Date by taking the product of (a) the closing shares of 9,711,432 as defined in the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement and (b) the low price per share of $19.47 on March 5, 2024, which is in line with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement” and company policy as an accounting policy election under ASC 235, “Notes to Financial Statements.”

(3) Represents a cash holdback, which was measured at fair value. The holdback was subject to changes from estimated to actual net working capital amounts and other customary purchase price adjustments. This amount was paid as of the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of March 5, 2024, including adjustments through the measurement period. There were no adjustments since December 31, 2024. Refer to the table below (in thousands):


	Fair Value
	March 5, 2024			Adjustments			December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,982		$	—		$	6,982
Accounts receivable		96,393			—			96,393
Inventories		4,235			—			4,235
Spare parts inventories		3,101			—			3,101
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,180			—			2,180
Property, plant and equipment		277,584			22,842			300,426
Intangible assets		111,723			3,353			115,076
Operating lease right-of-use assets		10,868			—			10,868
Finance lease right-of-use assets		7,311			—			7,311
Other long-term assets		92			—			92
Accounts payable		(37,736	)		—			(37,736	)
Accrued liabilities		(13,162	)		(2,190	)		(15,352	)
Current portion of long-term debt		(1,914	)		—			(1,914	)
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		(6,388	)		—			(6,388	)
Current portion of finance lease liabilities		(3,299	)		—			(3,299	)
Current portion of deferred revenue		(3,302	)		—			(3,302	)
Other current liabilities		(1,221	)		—			(1,221	)
Long-term debt, net of discount and deferred financing costs		(252	)		—			(252	)
Deferred tax liabilities		(70,378	)		1,379			(68,999	)
Operating lease liabilities		(4,479	)		—			(4,479	)
Finance lease liabilities		(4,012	)		—			(4,012	)
Deferred revenue		(9,946	)		—			(9,946	)
Asset retirement obligation		(2,663	)		—			(2,663	)
Goodwill		91,171			(22,172	)		68,999
Net Assets Acquired	$	452,888		$	3,212		$	456,100

The Company retained an independent appraiser to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price of Hi-Crush has been allocated to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on their acquisition date fair values. The fair value estimates were based on income, market, and cost valuation methods. These fair values were based on inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 inputs. Several significant assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including discount rates, future expected cash flows and other future events that are based on the Company’s best judgment from the information available.

The excess of the total consideration over the estimated fair value of the amounts initially assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been recorded as goodwill. Of the $69.0 million of goodwill recognized, $33.8 million is considered non-deductible goodwill primarily attributable to synergies and economies of scale expected from combining Hi-Crush’s Permian Basin proppant production and logistics operations with the Company’s operations. The goodwill from the Hi-Crush Transaction was assigned to the sand and logistics segment.

The fair value of the identifiable intangible assets was determined using the income approach, which requires a forecast of all of the expected future cash flows either through the with or without method or the RFR method. The fair value of the reserves were valued using the income approach through the MPEEM. Reserves are recorded in property, plant and equipment, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 4 – Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Changes in the carrying value of goodwill (in thousands):


Balance at December 31, 2024	$	68,999
Moser Acquisition		77,485
PropFlow Acquisition		10,225
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	156,709

The Company has applied the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations,” and recognized assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions at their fair value as of the date of acquisition, with the excess purchase consideration recorded to goodwill. As the Company finalizes the estimation of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, additional adjustments to the amount of goodwill may be necessary, refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions for further discussion. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment annually or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist.

Acquired Intangible Assets

The following table presents the detail of acquired intangible assets other than goodwill as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2025							December 31, 2024
	Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	$	160,326	$	(19,163	)	$	141,163	$	100,226	$	(8,244	)	$	91,982
Trade names		23,400		(8,307	)		15,093		14,850		(4,072	)		10,778
Proprietary technology		30,300		(1,980	)		28,320		—		—			—
Total	$	214,026	$	(29,450	)	$	184,576	$	115,076	$	(12,316	)	$	102,760

Amortization expense recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $5.8 million and $17.1 million, respectively, and was recorded in amortization expense of acquired intangible assets on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Amortization expense recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $3.7 million and $8.6 million, respectively.

Refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions for additional information over these acquired intangible assets.

Estimated future amortization expense is as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2025	$	6,477
2026		25,908
2027		21,761
2028		20,783
2029		20,783
2030		19,627
Thereafter		69,237
Total	$	184,576

Note 5 – Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Raw materials	$	2,779	$	2,793
Work-in-process		4,762		7,641
Finished goods		4,150		6,868
Power equipment		161		—
Inventories	$	11,852	$	17,302

Note 6 – Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Plant facilities associated with productive, depletable properties	$	309,879		$	308,147
Plant equipment		844,919			770,738
Land		8,402			8,402
Furniture and office equipment		4,339			2,587
Computer and network equipment		2,207			2,047
Buildings and leasehold improvements		52,860			46,738
Power equipment		83,912			—
Logistics equipment		557,080			94,946
Construction in progress		46,069			485,515
Property, plant and equipment		1,909,667			1,719,120
Less: Accumulated depreciation and depletion		(349,112	)		(232,874	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	1,560,555		$	1,486,246

Depreciation expense recognized in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense was $36.9 million and $107.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Depreciation expense recognized in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense was $25.3 million and $61.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Depletion expense recognized in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense was $3.3 million and $9.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Depletion expense recognized in depreciation, depletion and accretion expense was $0.4 million and $6.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Depreciation expense recognized in selling, general and administrative expense was $1.5 million and $3.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Depreciation expense recognized in selling, general and administrative expense was $0.9 million and $2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company conducts its long-lived asset impairment analyses in accordance with ASC 360-10-15, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” The Company did not recognize impairment of long-lived assets or loss on disposal of assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

During the second quarter of 2024, the Company concluded it had a triggering event requiring an assessment for impairment as a result of the fire at one of the Kermit facilities that caused damage to the physical condition of the Kermit asset group. The Company groups assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluates the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate the carrying amount of the asset group is recoverable, an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis. The Company performed a recoverability test and determined there was no impairment of the associated asset group for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The Company recorded a $11.1 million loss from the disposal. The Company recorded $10.0 million of insurance recovery in connection with this incident. The proceeds are recorded as insurance recovery (gain) on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company disposed of a dredge asset that was damaged during commissioning at one of the Kermit facilities. The Company recorded a $8.6 million loss from the disposal.

The Company recognized a total loss on disposal of assets of $8.6 million and $19.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, which is recorded as a loss on disposal of assets on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company did not recognize insurance recovery for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and recognized $10.0 million of insurance recovery for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Note 7 – Leases

Lessor Arrangements

The Company leases power equipment to customers through operating leases. These agreements are short term in nature and have monthly terms with no renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised, or early termination options based on established terms specific to the individual agreement.

The following table presents the underlying gross assets and accumulated depreciation of power equipment leases included in property, plant and equipment, net (in thousands):


	September 30, 2025
Gross assets	$	40,070
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(2,884	)
Net assets	$	37,186

The Company did not have power equipment leases included in property, plant and equipment, net as of December 31, 2024.

Revenues from the leased power equipment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $17.1 million and $40.4 million, respectively, which is presented as rental revenue on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. There was no rental revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The estimated future undiscounted cash flows from lessor revenue are not expected to be material as our lessor lease terms are monthly.

Lessee Arrangements

We have operating and finance leases primarily for office space, equipment, and vehicles. The terms and conditions for these leases vary by the type of underlying asset.

Certain leases include variable lease payments for items such as property taxes, insurance, maintenance, and other operating expenses associated with leased assets. Payments that vary based on an index or rate are included in the measurement of lease assets and liabilities at the rate as of the commencement date. All other variable lease payments are excluded from the measurement of lease assets and liabilities, and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

The components of lease cost were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	1,076	$	833	$	3,141	$	2,019
Interest on lease liabilities		219		92		442		231
Operating lease cost		2,091		1,959		7,214		4,697
Variable lease cost		292		123		764		439
Short-term lease cost		24,182		31,513		65,795		58,122
Total lease cost	$	27,860	$	34,520	$	77,356	$	65,508

Supplemental cash flow and other information related to leases were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	2,240	$	2,158	$	7,324	$	4,555
Operating cash outflows from finance leases	$	219	$	123	$	442	$	231
Financing cash outflows from finance leases	$	941	$	1,659	$	2,632	$	1,773
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:
Operating leases	$	472	$	—	$	6,123	$	14,448
Finance leases	$	5,892	$	—	$	12,175	$	7,666

Lease terms and discount rates as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	4.4 years			4.4 years
Finance leases	5.5 years			2.0 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases		8.3	%		5.7	%
Finance leases		7.8	%		5.6	%

Future minimum lease commitments as of September 30, 2025 are as follows (in thousands):


	Finance		Operating
Remainder of 2025	$	1,360	$	2,026
2026		4,518		1,257
2027		2,868		3,072
2028		1,956		2,696
2029		1,845		2,594
Thereafter		5,159		5,421
Total lease payments		17,706		17,066
Less imputed interest		3,484		4,170
Total	$	14,222	$	12,896

On February 17, 2025, we entered into two master lease agreements between subsidiaries of the Company as lessees and a counterparty as the lessor in each case, to fund up to $65.0 million of purchases of transportation and logistics equipment. The progress rent for financing on any purchased equipment is based on the monthly equivalent lease rate factor to be determined at execution of each lease schedule.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $30.4 million of additional leases that have not yet commenced. Certain transportation and logistics leases discussed here are a component of the purchase commitments discussed in Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies.

Note 8 – Debt

Debt consists of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
2025 Term Loan Credit Facility	$	529,059		$	—
Deferred Cash Consideration Note		10,000			111,252
2023 ABL Credit Facility		25,000			70,000
Other indebtedness		17,503			4,058
Initial Term Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility		—			180,000
ADDT Loan		—			135,617
DDT Loan under the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility		—			20,000
Less: Debt discount, net of accumulated amortization of $7,900 and $4,009, respectively		(24,326	)		(9,380	)
Less: Deferred financing fees, net of accumulated amortization of $381 and $255, respectively		(740	)		(822	)
Less: Current portion (a)		(38,069	)		(43,736	)
Long-term debt	$	518,427		$	466,989
(a) The current portion of long-term debt reflects payments based on the terms of the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, the Deferred Cash Consideration Note, and other indebtedness.

2025 Term Loan Credit Facility

On February 21, 2025, Atlas LLC entered into a credit agreement (the “2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement”) with Stonebriar, as administrative agent and initial lender, pursuant to which Stonebriar extended Atlas LLC a term loan credit facility comprised of a $540.0 million single advance term loan that was made on February 21, 2025 (the “2025 Term Loan Credit Facility”).

The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility is payable in eighty-five consecutive monthly installments, consisting of forty-eight monthly installments of combined principal and interest, thirty-six installments of interest only payments, and a final payment of the remaining outstanding principal balance at maturity. The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility has a final maturity date of March 1, 2032. The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility bears interest at a rate equal to 9.51% per annum.

The 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility includes a discount of $18.8 million and de minimis deferred financing fees. As discussed below (2023 Term Loan Credit Facility), the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility also includes previously unamortized debt discount and deferred financing fees of $7.2 million associated with prior Stonebriar borrowings. These amounts are recorded as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Interest expense associated with the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility was $12.8 million and $31.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and the interest expense associated with the discount and deferred financing costs was $0.8 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.

In the event that the Leverage Ratio (as defined under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) as of the end of any fiscal quarter ending on or after June 30, 2025 is equal to or greater than 2.5:1.0, Atlas LLC will be required to prepay the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility with 50% of Excess Cash Flow (as defined under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) for the fiscal quarter period most recently ended less the aggregate amount of optional prepayments of the Term Loan made during such period.

Atlas LLC may voluntarily redeem the loan outstanding under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, provided that any such prepayment shall include a prepayment fee equal to the sum of the Make-Whole Amount (as defined in under the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement) plus (a) three percent (3%) of the principal amount being repaid if such prepayment occurs on or prior to February 21, 2028, (b) two percent (2%) of the principal amount being repaid if such prepayment occurs after February 21, 2028 but on or prior to February 21, 2029 and (c) one percent (1%) of the of the principal amount being repaid if such prepayment occurs thereafter. The Make-Whole Amount shall equal zero (0) when calculating any prepayment made after February 21, 2027. Upon the maturity of the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, the entire unpaid principal amount of the loan outstanding thereunder, together with interest, fees and other amounts payable in connection with the facility, will be immediately due and payable without further notice or demand.

2023 Term Loan Credit Facility

On July 31, 2023, Atlas LLC entered into a credit agreement (the “2023 Term Loan Credit Agreement”) with Stonebriar, as administrative agent and initial lender, pursuant to which Stonebriar extended Atlas LLC a term loan credit facility comprising a $180.0 million single advance term loan that was made on July 31, 2023 (the “Initial Term Loan”) and commitments to provide up to $100.0 million of delayed draw (the “DDT Loan”) term loans (collectively, the “2023 Term Loan Credit Facility”), which was subsequently amended to provide an additional delayed draw term loan (the “ADDT Loan”) in the aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million and increase the existing DDT Loan by an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million to a total of $200.0 million.

On February 21, 2025, Atlas LLC entered into the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement with Stonebriar, proceeds from which were used to repay $332.4 million of the remaining principal and $1.8 million of accrued interest of the Initial Term Loan, the DDT Loan, and the ADDT Loan. As this transaction was accounted for as a modification under ASC 470, “Debt,” these fees paid to the lender, as well as previously unamortized debt discount and deferred financing fees associated with the Initial Term Loan, the DDT Loan, and the ADDT Loan of $7.2 million were deferred and recorded as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. These deferred costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. In connection with this refinancing, on February 21, 2025, we incurred prepayment fees on the Initial Term Loan, the DDT Loan, and the ADDT Loan of $13.3 million. The Company recorded the prepayment fees as additional debt discount and amortizes the amount as an adjustment over the remaining term of the modified debt instrument.

2023 ABL Credit Facility

On February 22, 2023, Atlas LLC, certain of its subsidiaries, as guarantors, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (the “ABL Agent”), and certain financial institutions party thereto as lenders (the “2023 ABL Lenders”) entered into a Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “2023 ABL Credit Agreement”) pursuant to which the 2023 ABL Lenders provide revolving credit financing to the Company in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million (the “2023 ABL Credit Facility”), with Availability (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) thereunder subject to a “Borrowing Base” as described in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. The 2023 ABL Credit Facility includes a letter of credit sub-facility, which permits issuance of letters of credit up to an aggregate amount of $25.0 million. The scheduled maturity date of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility is February 22, 2028; provided that the 2023 ABL Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2027 if any amount of the 2023 Term Loan Credit Facility that has a maturity date less than 91 days prior to February 22, 2028 is outstanding on June 30, 2027.

Atlas LLC may also request swingline loans under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $7.5 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, Atlas LLC had no outstanding swingline loans under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

Borrowings under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility bear interest, at Atlas LLC’s option, at either a base rate or Term SOFR (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as applicable, plus an applicable margin based on average Availability as set forth in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Term SOFR loans bear interest at Term SOFR for the applicable interest period plus an applicable margin, which ranges from 1.50% to 2.00% per annum based on average Availability as set forth in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Base rate loans bear interest at the applicable base rate, plus an applicable margin, which ranges from 0.50% to 1.00% per annum based on average Availability as set forth in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, Atlas LLC is required to pay a commitment fee which ranges from 0.375% per annum to 0.500% per annum with respect to the unutilized commitments under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, based on the average utilization of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility. Atlas LLC is required to pay customary letter of credit fees, to the extent that one or more letter of credit is outstanding. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of interest expense, unutilized commitment fees and other fees under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, classified as interest expense. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of interest expense, unutilized commitment fees and other fees under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility, classified as interest expense.

The Borrowing Base was initially set at $75.0 million and the amount of available credit changes every month, depending on the amount of eligible accounts receivable and inventory we have available to serve as collateral. With the First Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement, discussed below, the Borrowing Base increased to $125.0 million. The Borrowing Base components are subject to customary reserves and eligibility criteria.

On March 5, 2024 and November 12, 2024, the Company drew down $50.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility for general corporate purposes. In February 2025, the Company used a portion of the proceeds from the Equity Offering, defined in Note 10 -Equity, to repay the $70.0 million of the outstanding principal balance of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

On July 25, 2025, the Company drew down $25.0 million under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility to fund cash consideration for the PropFlow Acquisition. The Company had $0.3 million and $0.9 million of interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. There was interest expense of $0.9 million and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The draw included $0.3 million in debt issuance costs and $0.3 million in deferred financing costs. These costs are recorded under other long-term assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement. Interest expense associated with the amortization of these costs were $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Interest expense associated with the amortization of these costs was $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility requires that if Availability is less than the greater of (i) 12.50% of the Borrowing Base and (ii) $7.5 million, Atlas LLC must maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) of at least 1.00 to 1.00 while a Covenant Trigger Period (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is in effect.

Under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement, Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets set forth therein and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions described therein, including that (i) no Event of Default (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing, and (ii) no loans and no more than $7.5 million in letters of credit that have not been cash collateralized are outstanding, and liquidity exceeds $30.0 million at all times during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution; provided that if any loans are outstanding or outstanding letters of credit exceed $7.5 million and no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, then Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions if, (i) Availability (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is higher than the greater of (a) $12 million and (b) 20% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period, or if (ii) (a) Availability is higher than the greater of (x) $9 million and (y) 15% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distributions as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period and (b) the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as calculated on a pro forma basis, is greater than 1.00 to 1.00, as provided under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Additionally, Atlas LLC may make additional payments of dividends and distributions in qualified equity interests and may make Permitted Tax Distributions (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement).

As of September 30, 2025, Atlas LLC had $25.0 million in outstanding borrowings and $0.3 million in outstanding letters of credit under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility. Additionally, as of September 30, 2025, the Borrowing Base was $112.9 million, and Availability was $87.6 million.

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries.

On October 30, 2025, the Company drew down $25.0 million under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility for general corporate purposes.

First Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On February 26, 2024, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into the First Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “ABL Amendment”), among Atlas LLC, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and the ABL Agent, which amends the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement.

The ABL Amendment increased the revolving credit commitment to $125.0 million. The existing lenders increased their commitment by $25.0 million which resulted in a debt modification under ASC 470, “Debt.” The ABL Amendment also added a new lender with a $25.0 million commitment, thus creating a new debt arrangement under ASC 470, “Debt.” The deferred financing costs and debt issuance cost will be amortized on a prospective basis over the term of the agreement. The maturity date of the ABL Credit Agreement was extended from February 22, 2028 to the earliest of (a) February 26, 2029; (b) the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date for any portion of the Term Loan Debt; or (c) any date on which the aggregate Commitments terminate hereunder.

The ABL Amendment requires that if Availability is less than the greater of (i) 12.50% of the Borrowing Base and (ii) $12.5 million, Atlas LLC must maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) of at least 1.00 to 1.00 while a Covenant Trigger Period (as defined in the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is in effect.

Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies

Royalty Agreements

The Company has entered into royalty agreements under which it is committed to pay royalties on sand sold from its production facilities for which the Company has received payment by the customer. Atlas LLC entered into a royalty agreement associated with its leased property at the Kermit facility and a mining agreement associated with its leased property at the Monahans facility, in each case, with The Sealy & Smith Foundation, a related party. The royalty agreement associated with the Kermit facility terminated on the date of our initial public offering (the “IPO”), pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Under the mining agreement associated with the Monahans facility, we are committed to pay royalties on product sold from that facility and are required to pay a minimum royalty of $1.0 million for any lease year following our IPO. We have certain royalty obligations based on tonnage of sand sold under land leases associated with our OnCore distributed mining network.

On March 1, 2024, the Company entered into a pooling agreement with the General Land Office of Texas that establishes a pooled unit across our fee owned lands and leased lands at the Kermit property. The pooling agreement has a current effective blended royalty rate of 5.86% on two of the Kermit plant sales. This pooling agreement increases our operational flexibility by establishing a framework to efficiently mine across our fee owned lands and leased lands interchangeably.

Royalty expense associated with these agreements is recorded as the product is sold and is included in costs of sales. Royalty expense associated with these agreements were less than 5% of cost of sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and were less than 5% of cost of sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Standby Letters of Credit

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, outstanding in standby letters of credit issued under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

Purchase Commitments

In connection with our normal operations, we enter short-term purchase obligations for products and services.

In October 2024, we entered into an agreement to purchase dredge equipment in the amount of approximately $9.8 million with a 25% downpayment applied at placement of the order with the remaining 75% to be paid during delivery and assembly, subject to customary terms and conditions. Delivery of equipment is expected to occur in 2026. As of September 30, 2025, we have spent $7.1 million and have $2.7 million outstanding on this commitment.

In November 2024, we entered into an agreement to purchase logistics equipment for approximately $32.8 million with a 40% downpayment, monthly progress billings, and balance due at readiness to ship, subject to customary terms and conditions. Delivery of the equipment will take place in 2025. Subsequent to the purchase agreement, we entered into a lease financing agreement, refer to Note 7 - Leases for further discussion. As of September 30, 2025, there has been $27.9 million spent and $4.9 million outstanding on this commitment.

In February 2025, we entered into an agreement to purchase logistics equipment for approximately $15.8 million with progress billings, subject to customary terms and conditions. Delivery of the equipment is expected to take place in 2025. Subsequent to the purchase agreement, we entered into a lease financing agreement, refer to Note 7 - Leases for further discussion. As of September 30, 2025, there has been $13.5 million spent and $2.3 million outstanding on this commitment.

In March 2025, a vendor reached key performance and operational milestones that committed the Company to order an initial 100 trucks by March 31, 2026. Subsequent to the purchase agreement, we entered into a debt financing agreement, refer to Note 8 - Debt for further discussion. As of September 30, 2025, we have purchased 36 of the 100 trucks. The remaining estimated total cost of our commitment is approximately $16.4 million based on our most recent purchase price, which is subject to change based on market pricing at the time of purchase.

Litigation

We are involved in various legal and administrative proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of doing business. Some of these proceedings may result in fines, penalties or judgments being assessed against us, which may adversely affect our financial results. In addition, from time to time, we are involved in various disputes, which may or may not be settled prior to legal proceedings being instituted and which may result in losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, relating to such unresolved disputes. Expenses related to litigation reduce operating income. We do not believe that the outcome of any of these proceedings or disputes would have a significant adverse effect on our financial position, long-term results of operations or cash flows. It is possible, however, that charges related to these matters could be significant to our results of operations or cash flows in any single accounting period. Management is not aware of any legal, environmental or other commitments and contingencies that would have a material effect on the Financial Statements.

Note 11 – Stock-Based Compensation

LTIP

On March 8, 2023, we adopted the LTIP for the benefit of employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. The LTIP provides for the grant of all or any of the following types of awards: (1) incentive stock options qualified as such under U.S. federal income tax laws; (2) stock options that do not qualify as incentive stock options; (3) stock appreciation rights; (4) restricted stock awards; (5) restricted stock units (“RSUs”); (6) bonus stock; (7) dividend equivalents; (8) other stock-based awards; (9) cash awards; and (10) substitute awards. The shares to be delivered under the LTIP may be made available from (i) authorized but unissued shares, (ii) shares held as treasury stock, or (iii) previously issued shares reacquired by us, including shares purchased on the open market.

Subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the LTIP, 10,270,000 shares of Common Stock have been reserved for issuance pursuant to awards under the LTIP. If an award under the LTIP is forfeited, settled for cash or expires without the actual delivery of shares, any shares subject to such award will again be available for new awards under the LTIP. The LTIP will be administered by the Compensation Committee (the “Compensation Committee”) of the Board. We had 5,780,236 shares of the Company’s Common Stock available for future grants as of September 30, 2025. We account for the awards granted under the LTIP as compensation cost measured at the fair value of the award on the date of grant.

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs represent the right to receive shares of Common Stock at the end of the vesting period in an amount equal to the number of RSUs that vest. The granted RSUs vest and become exercisable with respect to employees in three equal installments starting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and, with respect to directors, on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant, so long as the participant either remains continuously employed or continues to provide services to the Board, as applicable. The RSUs are subject to restrictions on transfer and are generally subject to a risk of forfeiture if the award recipient ceases providing services to the Company prior to the date the award vests. If the participant’s employment with or service to the Company is terminated for cause or without good reason prior to the vesting of all of the RSUs, and unless such termination is a “Qualifying Termination” or due to a “Change in Control” as defined in the applicable RSU agreement, any unvested RSUs will generally terminate automatically and be forfeited without further notice and at no cost to the Company. In the event the Company declares and pays a dividend in respect of its outstanding shares of Common Stock and, on the record date for such dividend, the participant holds RSUs that have not been settled, we will record the amount of such dividend in a bookkeeping account and pay to the participant an amount in cash equal to the cash dividends the participant would have received if the participant was the holder of record, as of such record date, of a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the number of RSUs held by the participant that had not been settled as of such record date, such payment to be made on or within 60 days following the date on which such RSUs vest. The stock-based compensation expense of such RSUs was determined using the closing prices on the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur. We recognized stock-based compensation related to RSUs of $6.3 million and $15.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. We recognized stock-based compensation related to RSUs of $4.3 million and $11.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Changes in non-vested RSUs outstanding under the LTIP during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were as follows:


	Number of Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2024		1,734,764		$	21.69
Granted		914,868		$	17.21
Vested		(410,931	)	$	21.03
Forfeited		(98,352	)	$	20.06
Non-vested at September 30, 2025		2,140,349		$	19.74

The total fair value of shares vested during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1.4 million and $8.6 million, respectively. There was approximately $27.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense relating to outstanding RSUs as of September 30, 2025. The unrecognized compensation expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the weighted average remaining vesting period of 1.3 years.

Performance Share Units

Performance share units (“PSUs”) represent the right to receive one share of Common Stock multiplied by the number of PSUs that become earned, and the number of PSUs that may vest range from 0% to 200% of the Target PSUs (as defined in the Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement governing the PSUs (the “PSU Agreement”)), subject to the Compensation Committee’s discretion to increase the ultimate number of vested PSUs above the foregoing maximum level. Each PSU also includes a tandem dividend equivalent right, which is a right to receive an amount equal to the cash dividends made with respect to a share of Common Stock during the Performance Period (as defined in the PSU Agreement), which will be adjusted to correlate to the number of PSUs that ultimately become vested pursuant to the PSU Agreement. 616,097 PSUs (based on target) were granted in 2025 (the “2025 PSUs”). The Performance Goals (as defined in the PSU Agreement) for the 2025 PSUs are based on a combination of Return on Capital Employed (“ROCE”) and “Relative TSR” (each, as defined in the PSU Agreement), with 25% weight applied to ROCE and 75% weight applied to Relative TSR, each as measured during the three-year Performance Period ending December 31, 2027. The vesting level is calculated based on the actual total stockholder return achieved during the Performance Period. The fair value of such PSUs was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation and will be recognized over the applicable Performance Period. The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award. Expected volatilities in the model were estimated using a historical period consistent with the Performance Period of approximately three years. The risk-free interest rate was based on the United States Treasury rate for a term commensurate with the expected life of the grant. We recognized stock-based compensation related to PSUs of $3.1 million and $8.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. We recognized stock-based compensation related to PSUs of $2.0 million and $4.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Changes in non-vested PSUs outstanding under the LTIP during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were as follows:


	Number of Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2024		916,922		$	25.58
Granted		616,097		$	19.18
Vested		—		$	—
Forfeited		(26,349	)	$	26.99
Non-vested at September 30, 2025		1,506,670		$	22.94

There was approximately $16.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense relating to outstanding PSUs as of September 30, 2025. The unrecognized compensation expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the weighted average remaining vesting period of 1.9 years.

Note 12 – Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) measures the performance of an entity over the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share measures the performance of an entity over the reporting period while giving effect to all potentially dilutive shares of Common Stock that were outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per share assumes exercise of certain stock-based compensation awards, provided the effect is not anti-dilutive. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the potential dilutive effect of vesting of its outstanding RSUs and PSUs. The Company does not use the two-class method.

The following table reflects the allocation of net income (loss) to common stockholders and EPS computations for the period indicated based on a weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024		2025			2024
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	(23,721	)	$	3,918	$	(28,060	)	$	45,542
Denominator:
Basic weighted average shares outstanding		123,737			109,883		121,899			107,570
Dilutive potential of restricted stock units		—			503		—			338
Dilutive potential of performance share units		—			692		—			654
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	$	123,737		$	111,078	$	121,899		$	108,562

Basic EPS attributable to holders of Common Stock	$	(0.19	)	$	0.04	$	(0.23	)	$	0.42
Diluted EPS attributable to holders of Common Stock	$	(0.19	)	$	0.04	$	(0.23	)	$	0.42

The following table summarizes the shares that were anti-dilutive and, therefore, were excluded from the diluted share calculation.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans		728		—		617		—

Note 13 – Income Taxes

The Company is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. The effective combined U.S. federal and state income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 29.3% and 24.7%, respectively. The effective combined U.S. federal and state income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 9.6% and 20.0%, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized income tax benefit of $9.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized income tax expense of $0.4 million and $11.4 million, respectively.

Total income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 differed from amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% to pre-tax book loss for those periods primarily due to the benefit of percentage depletion in excess of basis which was offset by unfavorable impact of inherently facilitative transaction costs from the Moser Acquisition that were capitalized for tax purposes. The tax rate for the period was also impacted by state taxes and non-deductible Section 162(m) compensation.

Total income tax expense for the three months and nine ended September 30, 2024 differed from amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% to pre-tax book income for the period due to state taxes, the benefit of percentage depletion in excess of basis, and non-deductible Section 162(m) compensation.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted as Public Law 119-21. The legislation includes significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including restoration of the add back for depreciation, amortization, and depletion in the calculation of adjusted taxable income under Section 163(j), effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2024, and the reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property acquired and placed in service after January 19, 2025.

The Company evaluated the effects of the OBBBA as of September 30, 2025. As a result of this analysis, the Company remeasured its deferred tax assets and liabilities to reflect the new tax law. This remeasurement resulted in an increase in the net deferred tax liabilities of $9.0 million, primarily due to temporary differences related to limitations on interest deductibility. The Company continues to evaluate the long-term effects of the tax law changes. Further guidance from the U.S. Treasury or Internal Revenue Service could affect the interpretation or application of these provisions, which may result in adjustments in future periods.

Note 14 – Related-Party Transactions

Anthem Ventures, LLC

Anthem Ventures, LLC (“Anthem Ventures”) provides us with transportation services. Anthem Ventures is owned and controlled by our Executive Chairman, Ben M. “Bud” Brigham. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made a de minimis aggregate payment, and approximately $0.1 million aggregate payment, respectively, to Anthem Ventures for these services. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made aggregate payments to Anthem Ventures for these services equal to approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, we did not have an outstanding accounts payable balance with this related party. As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding accounts payable to Anthem Ventures was $0.1 million.

Brigham Land Management LLC

Brigham Land Management LLC (“Brigham Land”) provides us with landman services for certain of our projects and initiatives. The services are provided on a per hour basis at market prices. Brigham Land is owned and controlled by Vince Brigham, an advisor to the Company and the brother of our Executive Chairman, Bud Brigham. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made aggregate payments to Brigham Land equal to approximately $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made aggregate payments to Brigham Land equal to approximately $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our outstanding accounts payable to Brigham Land was de minimis and $0.1 million, respectively.

Earth Resources, LLC

Earth Resources, LLC (“Earth Resources”), formerly known as Brigham Earth, LLC, provides us with professional and consulting services as well as access to certain information and software systems. Earth Resources is owned and controlled by our Executive Chairman, Bud Brigham. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made no payments to Earth Resources for these services. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made aggregate payments to Earth Resources for these services equal to approximately $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, we did not have an outstanding accounts payable balance with this related party. As of December 31, 2024, we had de minimis accounts payable to Earth Resources.

In a Good Mood

In a Good Mood, LLC (“In a Good Mood”) provides the Company with access, at cost, to reserved space in the Moody Center in Austin, Texas for concerts, sporting events and other opportunities as a benefit to our employees and for business entertainment. In a Good Mood is owned and controlled by our Executive Chairman, Bud Brigham. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made aggregate payments to In a Good Mood for these services of approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we made aggregate payments to In a Good Mood for these services of approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we did not have an outstanding accounts payable balance with this related party.

The Sealy & Smith Foundation

Refer to Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies for disclosures related to the Company’s royalty agreement and mining agreement with The Sealy & Smith Foundation, a related party.

Registration Rights Agreement

In connection with the closing of the IPO, we entered into a registration rights agreement with certain holders (the “Legacy Owners”) who previously held membership interests in Atlas LLC (the “Original Registration Rights Agreement”) covering, in the aggregate, approximately 38.4% of the Old Atlas’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Old Atlas Class A Common Stock”), and Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, on a combined basis. Pursuant to the Original Registration Rights Agreement, we agreed to register under the U.S. federal securities laws the offer and resale of shares of Old Atlas Class A Common Stock by such Legacy Owners or certain of their respective affiliates or permitted transferees under the Original Registration Rights Agreement.

On October 2, 2023, the Company entered into an amended and restated registration rights agreement (the “A&R Registration Rights Agreement”) with New Atlas and certain stockholders identified on the signature pages thereto. The A&R Registration Rights Agreement was entered into in order to, among other things, provide for the assumption of Old Atlas’s obligations under the Original Registration Rights Agreement by New Atlas. The A&R Registration Rights Agreement is substantially similar to the Original Registration Rights Agreement, but contains certain administrative and clarifying changes to reflect the transition from a dual class capital structure to a single class of Common Stock. We will generally be obligated to pay all registration expenses in connection with these registration obligations, regardless of whether a registration statement is filed or becomes effective. These registration rights are subject to certain conditions and limitations.

Note 15 – Business Segments

Prior to the completion of the Moser Acquisition, we operated as a single segment which reflected how our business was managed and the nature of our services. Following the Moser Acquisition, we re-evaluated our reportable segments and now report two distinct business segments, the sand and logistics segment and the power segment. These segments differ by their revenue generating activities and align with how our President and Chief Executive Officer, who is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) assesses segment operating performance and allocates resources.

•

Sand and Logistics: Provides high-quality, locally sourced 100 mesh and 40/70 sand used as a proppant during the well completion process. Also, provides a differentiated logistics platform that includes our fleet of fit-for-purpose trucks, trailers, wellsite equipment, and the Dune Express, an overland conveyor infrastructure solution.

•

Power: Provides distributed power solutions through a fleet of natural gas-powered reciprocating generators primarily supporting production and artificial lift operations.

Our CODM evaluates the performance of our business segments and allocates resources based on segment gross profit.

The following tables summarize selected financial information relating to our business segments (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2025							2024
	Sand & Logistics		Power		Total			Sand & Logistics		Power		Total
Product revenue	$	106,839	$	—	$	106,839		$	145,347	$	—	$	145,347
Service revenue		135,643		—		135,643			159,087		—		159,087
Rental revenue		—		17,131		17,131			—		—		—
Total revenue		242,482		17,131		259,613			304,434		—		304,434
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) (1)		188,758		6,472		195,230			225,347		—		225,347
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense (1)		37,974		2,645		40,619			26,069		—		26,069
Gross profit	$	15,750	$	8,014	$	23,764		$	53,018	$	—	$	53,018
Selling, general and administrative expense (including stock-based compensation expense of $9,344 and $6,289, respectively)						36,322							25,463
Credit loss expense						97							—
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets						5,883							3,744
Loss on disposal of assets						—							8,574
Operating income (loss)						(18,538	)						15,237
Interest (expense), net						(15,010	)						(11,193	)
Other income (expense), net						(3	)						289
Income (loss) before income taxes						(33,551	)						4,333
Income tax expense (benefit)						(9,830	)						415
Net income (loss)					$	(23,721	)					$	3,918


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025							2024
	Sand & Logistics		Power		Total			Sand & Logistics		Power		Total
Product revenue	$	372,812	$	—	$	372,812		$	386,989	$	—	$	386,989
Service revenue		432,607		—		432,607			397,630		—		397,630
Rental revenue		—		40,461		40,461			—		—		—
Total revenue		805,419		40,461		845,880			784,619		—		784,619
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) (1)		582,433		14,764		597,197			534,229		—		534,229
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense (1)		112,087		6,165		118,252			68,271		—		68,271
Gross profit	$	110,899	$	19,532	$	130,431		$	182,119	$	—	$	182,119
Selling, general and administrative expense (including stock-based compensation expense of $24,152 and $15,961, respectively)						105,105							80,712
Credit loss expense						4,207							25
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets						17,133							8,573
Loss on disposal of assets						—							19,672
Insurance recovery (gain)						—							(10,000	)
Operating income (loss)						3,986							83,137
Interest (expense), net						(41,886	)						(26,629	)
Other income (expense), net						626							450
Income (loss) before income taxes						(37,274	)						56,958
Income tax expense (benefit)						(9,214	)						11,416
Net income (loss)					$	(28,060	)					$	45,542

(1) The significant expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the CODM.

The following tables reconcile segment total assets and capital expenditures incurred (in thousands):


	September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Sand & Logistics	$	1,955,701	$	1,972,652
Power		277,771		—
Total assets	$	2,233,472	$	1,972,652


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Sand & Logistics	$	27,263	$	80,887	$	97,407	$	305,722
Power		11,144		—		20,165		—
Total capital expenditures incurred	$	38,407	$	80,887	$	117,572	$	305,722

Note 16 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table sets forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that were recognized at fair value (in thousands):


	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Other Unobservable Inputs
September 30, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Contingent consideration (1)	$	—	$	—	$	10,200	$	10,200
Total	$	—	$	—	$	10,200	$	10,200

(1) Contingent consideration is presented under other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value of Contingent Consideration:

The fair value measurement of contingent consideration is determined using Level 3 inputs. The Company’s contingent consideration represents a component of the total purchase consideration for the PropFlow Acquisition. The measurement is calculated using unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assessment of achievement of certain performance goals. The Company estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration based on the Monte Carlo simulation model. Refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions for further discussion.

The following table summarizes the changes in the fair value of contingent consideration (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Beginning Balance	$	—
PropFlow Acquisition		10,200
Fair value changes		—
Ending Balance	$	10,200

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value:

The Company’s other financial instruments not carried at fair value consist primarily of debt instruments which are measured at carrying value. Refer to Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”), as well as our audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Annual Report”), filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 25, 2025.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this Report, regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this Report, the words “may,” “forecast,” “continue,” “could,” “would,” “will,” “plan,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions about future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under the section titled “Risk Factors” included in this Report, our Annual Report, and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2025 and August 5, 2025, respectively. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Although we believe that the forward-looking statements contained in this Report are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements, including but not limited to:

•

uncertainties as to whether the Moser Acquisition will achieve its anticipated benefits and projected synergies within the expected time period or at all;

•

our ability to integrate the business of Moser in a successful manner and in the expected time period;

•

unforeseen or unknown liabilities, future capital expenditures and potential litigation relating to the Moser Acquisition;

•

limitations on our financial flexibility due to our existing and any future indebtedness;

•

our ability to successfully execute our share repurchase program or implement future share repurchase programs;

•

higher than expected costs to operate our proppant production and processing facilities or the Dune Express;

•

the amount of proppant we are able to produce, which could be adversely affected by, among other things, operating difficulties and unusual or unfavorable geologic conditions;

•

the volume of proppant we are able to sell and our ability to enter into supply contracts for our proppant on acceptable terms;

•

the prices we are able to charge, and the margins we are able to realize, from our sales of proppant, logistics services, or mobile power generation;

•

the demand for and price of proppant and power generation, particularly in the Permian Basin;

•

the success of our electric dredging transition efforts;

•

fluctuations in the demand for certain grades of proppant;

•

the domestic and foreign supply of and demand for oil and natural gas;

•

the effects of actions by, or disputes among or between, members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil producing nations (together, “OPEC+”) with respect to production levels or other matters related to the prices of oil and natural gas;

•

changes in the price and availability of natural gas, diesel fuel or electricity that we use as fuel sources for our proppant production facilities and related equipment;

•

changes in the availability of grid power that would reduce the need for mobile power supply, particularly in the Permian Basin;

•

the availability of capital and our liquidity;

•

the level of competition from other companies;

•

pending legal or environmental matters;

Moser Acquisition

On February 24, 2025, the Company completed the transactions contemplated by that certain Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Moser Purchase Agreement”) by and among Wyatt Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Purchaser”), Moser Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Seller”), and for the limited purposes set forth therein, the Company (together with the Purchaser and the Seller, the “Parties”), pursuant to which the Purchaser acquired (i) 100% of the authorized, issued and outstanding equity ownership interests in Moser Acquisition, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Moser AcquisitionCo”), and (ii) Moser Engine Service, Inc. (d/b/a Moser Energy Systems), a Wyoming corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Moser AcquisitionCo (such transaction, the “Moser Acquisition”), collectively referred to as “Moser.”

Under the terms and conditions of the Moser Purchase Agreement, the aggregate consideration paid to the Seller in the Moser Acquisition (the “Moser Consideration”) consisted of (i) $180.0 million in cash and (ii) approximately 1.7 million shares (the “Moser Stock Consideration”) of Common Stock, issued at the closing of the Moser Acquisition. The Moser Consideration is subject to customary post-closing adjustments. For further discussion, refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

Dividends and Distributions

On May 2, 2025, the Company declared a dividend of $0.25 per share of Common Stock. The dividend was paid on May 22, 2025 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on May 15, 2025.

On August 3, 2025, the Company declared a dividend of $0.25 per share of Common Stock. The dividend was paid on August 21, 2025 to holders of record of Common Stock as of the close of business on August 14, 2025.

Recent Trends and Outlook

Drilling and completions activities for oil and gas are highly correlated to oil and gas prices. Despite commodity price fluctuations due to ongoing uncertainties in geopolitics, OPEC+ production hikes, and tariffs, amongst other factors, North American drilling and completion activity experienced a modest decline during the period. The price for West Texas Intermediate crude oil ended the third quarter of 2025 at $63.96 per barrel (“Bbl”), as compared to $70.24 per Bbl in the third quarter of 2024, representing a decrease of approximately 9%. Global oil prices declined on oversupply fears largely due to the OPEC+ decision to unwind output cuts, but we believe global economic growth coupled with an increased focus on domestic energy security, and large projected multi-year increases in power consumption, should bolster demand in both crude oil and natural gas in the coming years.

We anticipate an increasing demand for power generation in the U.S. to support power demand growth primarily from data centers, artificial intelligence, and other advanced technologies, such as cloud information technology infrastructure. The anticipated increase in demand coincides with existing constraints on the U.S. electrical grid, which currently faces significant challenges across both reliability and adequate power-generation capacity to support expected demand.

On April 2, 2025, the U.S. government announced a 10% tariff on product imports from almost all countries and has since announced individualized higher tariffs on certain other countries. Additionally, on June 3, 2025, the U.S. government imposed a 50% tariff on steel imports, an increase from the previously announced 25% tariff. As a result of the current administration’s trade policy, tariffs may increase our and our customers’ raw material input costs. Any further trade restrictions, retaliatory trade measures or additional tariffs could result in higher input costs to produce our products and increased costs to provide our services. To the extent that we are unable to pass all or any of such cost increases on to our customers, such cost increases could adversely affect our returns on investment and limit our ability to pursue future growth projects.

To the extent any such tariffs remain in place for a sustained period of time, or in the event of a global or domestic recession resulting therefrom, our customers could decide to delay currently planned growth projects or forego them entirely, each of which could result in decreased demand for our products and services and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The effect of tariffs and the application and interpretation of existing trade agreements continues to evolve, and we continue to monitor these matters and assess any potential negative impacts on our business.

How We Generate Revenue

We generate revenue by mining, processing and distributing proppant that our customers use in connection with their operations. We sell proppant to our customers under supply agreements or as spot sales at prevailing market rates, which is dependent upon the cost of producing proppant, the proppant volumes sold and the desired margin and prevailing market conditions.

Revenues also include charges for sand logistics services provided to our customers. Our logistics service revenue fluctuates based on several factors, including the volume of proppant transported, the distance between our facilities and our customers, and prevailing freight rates. Revenue is generally recognized as products are delivered and services are provided in accordance with the contract.

Some of our contracts contain shortfall provisions that calculate agreed upon fees that are billed when the customer does not satisfy the minimum purchases over a period of time defined in each contract.

We also generate revenue through the rental of our power equipment and related services, including transportation of our generators and field supervision and support. Power equipment rentals and provision of related services are performed under a variety of contract structures.

Costs of Conducting Our Business

We incur operating costs primarily from direct and indirect labor, freight charges, utility costs, fuel and maintenance costs and royalties. We incur labor costs associated with employees at our proppant production facilities, which represent the most significant cost of converting proppant to finished product. Our proppant production facilities undergo maintenance to minimize unscheduled downtime and ensure the ongoing quality of our proppant and ability to meet customer demands. We may incur variable utility costs in connection with the operation of our processing facilities, primarily natural gas and electricity, which are both susceptible to market fluctuations. We lease equipment in many areas of our operations, including our proppant production hauling equipment. We incur variable royalty expense and/or delay rentals related to our agreements with the owners of our reserves. In addition, other costs including overhead allocation, depreciation and depletion are capitalized as a component of inventory and are reflected in cost of sales when inventory is sold. Our logistics services incur operating costs primarily composed of variable freight charges from trucking companies’ delivery of sand to customer wellsites, equipment leases, direct and indirect labor, fuel and maintenance costs and royalties.

We also have expenses comprising our costs of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion, and accretion expense) of (i) direct labor costs, and related travel and lodging expenses, (ii) generator transportation costs and (iii) the costs of maintaining our equipment. A large portion of our costs of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion, and accretion expense) are variable based on the number of generators deployed with customers.

How We Evaluate Our Operations

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt are non-GAAP supplemental financial measures used by our management and by external users of our Financial Statements such as investors, research analysts and others, in the case of Adjusted EBITDA, to assess our consolidated operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of development activities, provide views on capital resources available to organically fund growth projects and, in the case of Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, assess the financial performance of our assets and their ability to sustain dividends or reinvest to organically fund growth projects over the long term without regard to financing methods, capital structure or historical cost basis.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before depreciation, depletion and accretion expense, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, interest expense, income tax expense, stock and unit-based compensation, loss on extinguishment of debt, loss on disposal of assets, insurance recovery (gain), unrealized commodity derivative gain (loss), other acquisition related costs, and other non-recurring costs. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it allows them to more effectively evaluate our consolidated operating performance and compare the results of our operations from period to period and against our peers without regard to our financing methods or capital structure. We exclude the items listed above from net income in arriving at Adjusted EBITDA because these amounts can vary substantially from company to company within our industry depending upon accounting methods and book values of assets, capital structures and the method by which the assets were acquired. Certain prior period non-recurring costs of goods sold are now included as an add-back to adjusted EBITDA in order to conform to the current period presentation and to more accurately describe the Company’s consolidated operating performance and results period-over-period.

We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue.

We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow as Adjusted EBITDA less Maintenance Capital Expenditures. We define Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures as Adjusted EBITDA less net cash used in investing activities. We believe that Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures are useful to investors as they provide measures of the ability of our business to generate cash.

We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin as Adjusted Free Cash Flow divided by total revenue.

We define Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin as Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures divided by total revenue.

We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion as Adjusted Free Cash Flow divided by Adjusted EBITDA.

We define Contribution Margin as gross profit plus depreciation, depletion and accretion expense.

We define Maintenance Capital Expenditures as capital expenditures excluding growth capital expenditures, reconstruction of previously incurred growth capital expenditures, equipment assets acquired through debt, and asset retirement obligations. Certain prior period equipment assets acquired through debt and asset retirement obligations have been removed from capital expenditures in order to conform to the current period presentation and to more accurately describe the Company’s consolidated operating performance and results period-over-period.

We define Net Debt as total debt, net of discount and deferred financing costs, plus finance right-of-use lease liabilities, less cash and cash equivalents.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt do not represent and should not be considered alternatives to, or more meaningful than, net income, income from operations, net cash provided by operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP as measures of our financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, and Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures have important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some but not all items that affect net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt may differ from computations of similarly titled measures of other companies.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin, Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures Margin, Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion, Contribution Margin, Maintenance Capital Expenditures and Net Debt to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024		2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	(23,721	)	$	3,918	$	(28,060	)	$	45,542
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense		42,048			26,972		122,029			70,865
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets		5,883			3,744		17,133			8,573
Interest expense		15,155			11,831		43,156			30,821
Income tax expense (benefit)		(9,830	)		415		(9,214	)		11,416
EBITDA	$	29,535		$	46,880	$	145,044		$	167,217
Stock-based compensation		9,344			6,289		24,152			15,961
Loss on disposal of assets (1)		—			8,574		—			19,672
Insurance recovery (gain) (2)		—			—		—			(10,000	)
Other non-recurring costs (3)		638			6,918		5,785			14,335
Other acquisition related costs (4)		669			2,390		9,955			18,481
Adjusted EBITDA		40,186			71,051		184,936			225,666
Maintenance Capital Expenditures (5)		18,202			12,382		55,324			22,260
Adjusted Free Cash Flow	$	21,984		$	58,669	$	129,612		$	203,406


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	(23,721	)	$	3,918		$	(28,060	)	$	45,542
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense		42,048			26,972			122,029			70,865
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets		5,883			3,744			17,133			8,573
Interest expense		15,155			11,831			43,156			30,821
Income tax expense (benefit)		(9,830	)		415			(9,214	)		11,416
EBITDA	$	29,535		$	46,880		$	145,044		$	167,217
Stock-based compensation		9,344			6,289			24,152			15,961
Loss on disposal of assets (1)		—			8,574			—			19,672
Insurance recovery (gain) (2)		—			—			—			(10,000	)
Other non-recurring costs (3)		638			6,918			5,785			14,335
Other acquisition related costs (4)		669			2,390			9,955			18,481
Adjusted EBITDA	$	40,186		$	71,051		$	184,936		$	225,666
Capital expenditures		33,806			86,276			126,463			297,552
Acquisitions		22,658			—			204,169			142,233
Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures	$	(16,278	)	$	(15,225	)	$	(145,696	)	$	(214,119	)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	32,447		$	85,189		$	113,639		$	185,607
Current income tax expense (benefit) (5)		(623	)		261			1,616			983
Change in operating assets and liabilities		(6,356	)		(35,277	)		19,120			(13,363	)
Cash interest expense (5)		13,634			10,664			38,924			27,968
Maintenance Capital Expenditures (5)		(18,202	)		(12,382	)		(55,324	)		(22,260	)
Credit loss expense		(97	)		—			(4,207	)		(25	)
Other non-recurring costs (3)		638			6,918			5,785			14,335
Other acquisition related costs (4)		669			2,390			9,955			18,481
Insurance recovery (gain) (2)		—			—			—			(10,000	)
Other		(126	)		906			104			1,680
Adjusted Free Cash Flow	$	21,984		$	58,669		$	129,612		$	203,406


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	32,447		$	85,189		$	113,639		$	185,607
Current income tax expense (benefit) (5)		(623	)		261			1,616			983
Change in operating assets and liabilities		(6,356	)		(35,277	)		19,120			(13,363	)
Cash interest expense (5)		13,634			10,664			38,924			27,968
Capital expenditures		(33,806	)		(86,276	)		(126,463	)		(297,552	)
Acquisitions		(22,658	)		—			(204,169	)		(142,233	)
Credit loss expense		(97	)		—			(4,207	)		(25	)
Other non-recurring costs (3)		638			6,918			5,785			14,335
Other acquisition related costs (4)		669			2,390			9,955			18,481
Insurance recovery (gain) (2)		—			—			—			(10,000	)
Other		(126	)		906			104			1,680
Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditures	$	(16,278	)	$	(15,225	)	$	(145,696	)	$	(214,119	)
Adjusted EBITDA Margin		15.5	%		23.3	%		21.9	%		28.8	%
Adjusted EBITDA less Capital Expenditure Margin		(6.3	)%		(5.0	)%		(17.2	)%		(27.3	)%
Adjusted Free Cash Flow Margin		8.5	%		19.3	%		15.3	%		25.9	%
Adjusted Free Cash Flow Conversion		54.7	%		82.6	%		70.1	%		90.1	%


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Gross Profit	$	23,764	$	53,018	$	130,431	$	182,119
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense		40,619		26,069		118,252		68,271
Contribution Margin	$	64,383	$	79,087	$	248,683	$	250,390

(1) Represents loss on disposal of one of the Company’s dredge mining assets at its Kermit facility and loss on disposal of assets as a result of the fire at one of the Kermit plants that caused damage to the physical condition of the Kermit asset group.

(2) Represents insurance recovery (gain) related to the fire at one of the Kermit plants.

(3) Other non-recurring costs includes costs incurred during our 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility (defined below under Debt Agreements) transaction, credit loss expense due to a dispute with a counterparty, reorganization under a new public holding company (the “Up-C Simplification”), temporary loadout, and other infrequent and unusual costs.

(4) Represents transactions costs incurred in connection with acquisitions, including fees paid to finance, legal, accounting and other advisors, employee retention and benefit costs, and other operational and corporate costs.

(5) A reconciliation of these items used to calculate Adjusted Free Cash Flow to comparable GAAP measures is included below.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Current tax expense reconciliation:
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(9,830	)	$	415		$	(9,214	)	$	11,416
Less: deferred tax expense		9,207			(154	)		10,830			(10,433	)
Current income tax expense (benefit)	$	(623	)	$	261		$	1,616		$	983
Cash interest expense reconciliation:
Interest expense, net	$	15,010		$	11,193		$	41,886		$	26,629
Less: Amortization of debt discount		(1,423	)		(1,045	)		(3,931	)		(2,535	)
Less: Amortization of deferred financing costs		(98	)		(122	)		(301	)		(318	)
Less: Interest income		145			638			1,270			4,192
Cash interest expense	$	13,634		$	10,664		$	38,924		$	27,968
Maintenance Capital Expenditures, accrual basis reconciliation:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	$	33,806		$	86,276		$	126,463		$	297,552
Changes in operating assets and liabilities associated with investing activities, equipment assets acquired through debt, and asset retirement obligations (6)		4,601			(5,389	)		(8,891	)		8,170
Less: Equipment assets acquired through debt and asset retirement obligations		(7,955	)		(5,780	)		(17,483	)		(7,873	)
Less: Growth capital expenditures and reconstruction of previously incurred growth capital expenditures		(12,250	)		(62,725	)		(44,765	)		(275,589	)
Maintenance Capital Expenditures, accrual basis	$	18,202		$	12,382		$	55,324		$	22,260


	September 30, 2025		September 30, 2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Total Debt	$	556,496	$	475,262
Discount and deferred financing costs		25,066		11,285
Finance right-of-use lease liabilities		14,222		6,190
Cash and cash equivalents		41,349		78,637
Net Debt	$	554,435	$	414,100

(6) Positive working capital changes reflect capital expenditures in the current period that will be paid in a future period. Negative working capital changes reflect capital expenditures incurred in a prior period but paid during the period presented. In addition, this amount includes equipment assets acquired through debt and asset retirement obligations.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations

M&A Activity

On March 5, 2024, the Company completed the Hi-Crush Transaction, in which the Company acquired substantially all of Hi-Crush Inc.’s, a Delaware corporation (“Hi-Crush”), Permian Basin proppant production and logistics businesses and operations in exchange for (i) cash consideration of $140.1 million, (ii) 9.7 million shares of Common Stock issued at the closing of the transaction, and (iii) the Deferred Cash Consideration Note in an aggregate principal amount of $111.3 million. This history impacts the comparability of our operational results from year to year. Additional information on these transactions can be found in Note 3 - Acquisitions of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

On February 24, 2025, the Company completed the Moser Acquisition, in which the Company acquired 100% of the authorized, issued and outstanding equity ownership interests in Moser AcquisitionCo and Moser Engine Service, Inc. (d/b/a Moser Energy Systems) in exchange for (i) cash consideration of $180.0 million and (ii) the Moser Stock Consideration. This history impacts the comparability of our operational results from year to year. Additional information on these transactions can be found in Note 3 - Acquisitions of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

Results of Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024			2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
	(In thousands)
Product revenue	$	106,839		$	145,347		$	372,812		$	386,989
Service revenue		135,643			159,087			432,607			397,630
Rental revenue		17,131			—			40,461			—
Total revenue		259,613			304,434			845,880			784,619
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense)		195,230			225,347			597,197			534,229
Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense		40,619			26,069			118,252			68,271
Gross profit		23,764			53,018			130,431			182,119
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expense (including stock-based compensation expense of $9,344, $6,289, $24,152, and $15,961, respectively)		36,322			25,463			105,105			80,712
Credit loss expense		97			—			4,207			25
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets		5,883			3,744			17,133			8,573
Loss on disposal of assets		—			8,574			—			19,672
Insurance recovery (gain)		—			—			—			(10,000	)
Operating income (loss)		(18,538	)		15,237			3,986			83,137
Interest (expense), net		(15,010	)		(11,193	)		(41,886	)		(26,629	)
Other income (expense), net		(3	)		289			626			450
Income (loss) before income taxes		(33,551	)		4,333			(37,274	)		56,958
Income tax expense (benefit)		(9,830	)		415			(9,214	)		11,416
Net income (loss)	$	(23,721	)	$	3,918		$	(28,060	)	$	45,542

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

Product Revenue. Product revenue decreased by $38.5 million to $106.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $145.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. There was a decrease in proppant prices between the periods which contributed to a $20.9 million decrease in product revenue. Additionally, a decrease in sales volume contributed to a $17.6 million decrease in product revenue.

Service Revenue. Services revenue, which includes freight for last-mile logistics services, decreased by $23.4 million to $135.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $159.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in logistics revenue was due to lower sales volumes shipped to last-mile logistics customers.

Rental Revenue. Rental revenue is $17.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, due to the acquisition of Moser and the related revenue from leasing power equipment. There was no rental revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense). Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) decreased by $30.1 million to $195.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $225.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion) related to product revenue decreased by $17.8 million to $71.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $88.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was due to a decrease in rental equipment and outside service cost associated with lower production, as well as not incurring costs related to the temporary loadout equipment associated with the mechanical fire at the Kermit facility that occurred in 2024.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) related to services decreased by $18.7 million to $117.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $136.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was due to shortened average drive distances for deliveries to last-mile logistics customers during the period.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion, and accretion expense) related to rentals is $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, due to the acquisition of Moser and the cost of sales associated with leasing power equipment. There was no cost of sales related to rentals for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense. Depreciation, depletion and accretion expense increased by $14.5 million to $40.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $26.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, due to additional depreciable assets placed into service when compared to the prior period as well as contribution from Moser and PropFlow.

Selling, general and administrative expense. Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $10.8 million to $36.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $25.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase is due to an increase of $3.0 million from stock-based compensation, an increase of $3.7 million in other corporate expenses, as well as $4.1 million contribution from Moser for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Our selling, general and administrative expense includes the non-cash expense for stock-based compensation expense for equity awards granted to our employees. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, stock-based compensation expense was $9.3 million, as compared to $6.3 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets increased $2.2 million to $5.9 million for the three month ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $3.7 million for the three month ended September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to the amortization of intangibles associated with the Moser Acquisition and PropFlow Acquisition.

Loss on disposal of assets. There was no loss on disposal of assets for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $8.6 million loss on disposal of assets for the three months ended September 30, 2024, due to the $8.6 million disposal from the damaged dredge asset. See Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment, Net - Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets for more information.

Interest (expense), net. Interest expense, net increased by $3.8 million to $15.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $11.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase is driven by the 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility and associated debt refinancing.

Income tax expense (benefit). Income tax expense (benefit) decreased by $10.2 million to $(9.8) million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease in income before income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Product Revenue. Product revenue decreased by $14.2 million to $372.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $387.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. A decrease in proppant prices between the periods contributed to a $77.6 million decrease in product revenue. This was partially offset by an increase in sales volume which contributed to a $39.5 million increase in product revenue. Additionally, there was $23.9 million in shortfall revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to no shortfall revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Service Revenue. Services revenue, which includes freight for last-mile logistics services, increased by $35.0 million to $432.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $397.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in logistics revenue was due to higher sales volumes shipped to last-mile logistics customers.

Rental Revenue. Rental revenue is $40.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, due to the acquisition of Moser and the related revenue from leasing power equipment. There was no rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense). Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion expense) increased by $63.0 million to $597.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to $534.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our primary sources of liquidity to date have been capital contributions from our owners, cash flows from operations, the Equity Offering (as defined below), and borrowings under our previous term loan credit facilities, and our previous asset-based loan credit facilities. Going forward, we expect our primary sources of liquidity to be cash flows from operations, availability under our 2023 ABL Credit Facility as amended, borrowings under our 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility, or any other credit facility we enter into in the future and proceeds from any future issuances of debt or equity securities. We expect our primary use of capital will be used for investing in our business, specifically for acquisition of fit-for-purpose equipment used in our logistics platform, and power-related growth capital expenditures. In addition, we have routine facility upgrades and additional ancillary capital expenditures associated with, among other things, contractual obligations and working capital obligations.

As of September 30, 2025, we had working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, of $76.6 million and $87.6 million of availability under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility. Our cash and cash equivalents totaled $41.3 million.

Cash Flow

The following table summarizes our cash flow for the periods indicated:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	(Unaudited)
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow Data:	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	113,639		$	185,607
Net cash used in investing activities		(325,234	)		(429,785	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		181,240			112,641
Net decrease in cash	$	(30,355	)	$	(131,537	)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $113.6 million and $185.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net income (loss) adjusted for non-cash items for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 resulted in a cash increase of $132.8 million compared with a cash increase of $172.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This change was primarily due to lower earnings in 2025. Changes in net working capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 resulted in a cash decrease of $19.1 million compared with a cash increase of $13.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This change was primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable in 2025.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $325.2 million and $429.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in cash used is primarily attributable to less capital spending at the Kermit and Monahans facilities, OnCore distributed mining network, Dune Express and logistics assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This was offset by a $61.9 million increase in acquisitions with Moser and PropFlow for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to Hi-Crush for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Additionally, we collected $4.6 million less in insurance proceeds for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to September 30, 2024.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was $181.2 million and $112.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This increase is primarily related to the proceeds from an underwritten public offering of 11.5 million shares of our Common Stock at a public offering price of $23.0 per share (the “Equity Offering”) and term loan borrowings for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This increase was partially offset by payments on the Deferred Cash Consideration Note, the 2023 ABL Credit Facility and dividends for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Capital Requirements

Our primary growth and technology initiatives include continued acquisition of fit-for-purpose equipment used in our logistics platform and power-related growth capital expenditures. Outside of our growth and technology initiatives, our business is not presently capital intensive in nature and only requires the maintenance of our facilities. In addition to capital expenditures, we have certain contractual long-term capital requirements associated with our lease and royalty payments and debt. See Note 7 - Leases, Note 8 - Debt and Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report. Our current level of maintenance capital expenditures is expected to remain within our cash on hand and internally generated cash flow.

We intend to fund our capital requirements through our primary sources of liquidity, which include cash on hand and cash flows from operations and, if needed, availability under our 2023 ABL Credit Facility and borrowings under our 2025 Term Loan Credit Facility.

Deferred Cash Consideration Note

In accordance with the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement, the Company issued a secured PIK toggle seller note in an aggregate principal amount of $111.3 million, with a final maturity date of January 31, 2026 (the “Deferred Cash Consideration Note”). The Deferred Cash Consideration Note was part of the consideration transferred and valued at fair value at the acquisition date. This amount is subject to adjustments as set forth in the Hi-Crush Merger Agreement. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note bears interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum if paid in cash, or 7.00% per annum if paid in kind. Interest on the Deferred Cash Consideration Note is payable quarterly in arrears beginning March 29, 2024 through maturity. Interest expense associated with the Deferred Cash Consideration Note was $0.1 million and $1.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Interest expense associated with the Deferred Cash Consideration Note was $1.4 million and $3.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

The Deferred Cash Consideration Note included $4.6 million of debt discount and approximately $0.1 million deferred financing costs. The discount and deferred financing costs are a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt obligation on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Interest expense associated with the discount and deferred financing costs were approximately $0.7 million and $1.9 million in total for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Interest expense associated with the discount and deferred financing costs were approximately $0.6 million and $1.4 million in total for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Atlas LLC’s obligations under the Deferred Cash Consideration Note are secured by certain of the assets acquired in connection with the Hi-Crush Transaction. The Deferred Cash Consideration Note is also unconditionally guaranteed by Atlas LLC on an unsecured basis.

Partial Repayment of the Deferred Cash Consideration Note

In February 2025, the Company used a portion of the proceeds from the Equity Offering to repay $101.3 million of the outstanding principal balance of the Deferred Cash Consideration Note. The Company intends to repay the remaining $10.0 million of principal at maturity.

2023 Term Loan Credit Facility

2023 ABL Credit Facility

On March 5, 2024 and November 12, 2024, the Company drew down $50.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, under the 2023 ABL Credit Facility for general corporate purposes. In February 2025, the Company used a portion of the proceeds from the Equity Offering to repay the $70.0 million of the outstanding principal balance of the 2023 ABL Credit Facility.

The 2023 ABL Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of Atlas LLC and its subsidiaries.

First Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

Under the ABL Amendment, Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions pursuant to certain limited exceptions and baskets set forth therein and otherwise generally subject to certain restrictions described therein, including that (i) no Event of Default (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) has occurred and is continuing, and (ii) no loans and no more than $7.5 million in letters of credit that have not been cash collateralized are outstanding, and liquidity exceeds $30.0 million at all times during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution; provided that if any loans are outstanding or outstanding letters of credit exceed $7.5 million and no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, then Atlas LLC is permitted to make payments of dividends and distributions if, (i) Specified Availability (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement) is higher than the greater of (a) $20.0 million and (b) 20% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distribution as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period, or if (ii) (a) Specified Availability is higher than the greater of (x) $15.0 million and (y) 15% of the pro forma Borrowing Base then in effect and during the 30 days prior to the date of the dividend or distributions as if such dividend or distribution had been made at the beginning of such period and (b) the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement), as calculated on a pro forma basis, is greater than 1.00 to 1.00, as provided under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement. Additionally, Atlas LLC may make additional payments of dividends and distributions in qualified equity interests and may make Permitted Tax Distributions (as defined under the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement).

Second Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On January 27, 2025, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered that certain Second Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “Second ABL Amendment”), among Atlas LLC, as the borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as the ABL Agent. The Second ABL Amendment amends that certain Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement dated as of February 22, 2023, as amended.

The Second ABL Amendment permitted the Company and its applicable affiliates to enter into the Second Term Loan Amendment, pursuant to which the principal amount of the existing DDT Loan was increased by an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million.

Third Amendment to the 2023 ABL Credit Agreement

On February 21, 2025, Atlas LLC and certain other subsidiaries of the Company entered into that certain Third Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “Third ABL Amendment”), among Atlas LLC, as the borrower, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as the ABL Agent. The Third ABL Amendment amends that certain Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement dated as of February 22, 2023, as amended.

The Third ABL Amendment permitted the Company and its applicable affiliates to enter into the 2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement, pursuant to which Atlas LLC borrowed $540.0 million from Stonebriar in a single advance term loan that was made on February 21, 2025.

Other Indebtedness

The Company has other indebtedness of $17.5 million of equipment finance notes as of September 30, 2025. There was $0.1 million and $0.2 million of interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and de minimis interest expense for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. These equipment finance notes have terms ending in April 2026 through April 2031 and interest rates ranging from 2.24% to 10.89%.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

As of September 30, 2025, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and related estimates previously disclosed in our Annual Report. Refer to the accounting policies discussed in the notes to our Financial Statements under Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Including Depreciation and Depletion

In order to calculate depreciation of our fixed assets, other than plant facilities and mine development costs, we use the best estimated useful lives at the time the asset is placed into service.

Mining property and development costs, including plant facilities directly associated with mining properties, are amortized using the units of production method on estimated measures of tons of in-place reserves. The impact to reserve estimates is recognized on a prospective basis. Drilling and related costs are capitalized for deposits where proven and probable reserves exist. These activities are directed at obtaining additional information on the deposit or converting non-reserve minerals to proven and probable reserves, with the benefit being realized over a period greater than one year. At a minimum, we will assess the useful lives and residual values of all long-lived assets on an annual basis to determine if adjustments are required. The actual reserve life may differ from the assumptions we have made about the estimated reserve life.

We evaluate long‑lived assets for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such a review should indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the Company will reduce the carrying amount of such assets to fair value.

Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of any business we acquire to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values, including quoted market prices, the carrying value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities and valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows, relief-from-royalty method, with or without method, multi-period excess earnings method, or cost to recreate method. We engage third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination of identifiable long-lived assets, identifiable intangible assets, as well as any contingent consideration that provides for additional consideration to be paid to the seller if certain future conditions are met. These estimates are reviewed during the 12-month measurement period and adjusted as soon as the necessary information becomes available but no later than one year from the acquisition date. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, can materially impact our financial condition or results of operations. The purchase price associated with business combinations can include a holdback liability. The holdback is subject to changes from estimated to actual net working capital amounts and other customary purchase price adjustments. The holdback amount is based on management’s best estimate and may be subject to further adjustments. This amount is recorded in other current liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. For further discussion on our recently completed acquisitions, see Note 3 - Acquisitions, to the accompanying Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

Valuation of Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

We assess our goodwill for impairment annually, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. We determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value after considering qualitative, market and other factors. If it is necessary to perform the quantitative assessment to determine if our goodwill is impaired, the fair value is determined using significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in the current period in an amount equal to the excess.

The expected future cash flows used for impairment reviews and related fair value calculations are based on subjective, judgmental assessments of projected revenue growth, pricing, gross profit rates, SG&A rates, working capital fluctuations, capital expenditures, discount rates and terminal growth rates. The acquired definite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. For further discussion on our recently completed acquisitions, see Note 4 - Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets, to the accompanying Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our business is subject to various types of market risks that include interest rate risks, market demand risks, commodity pricing risks, credit risks and inflation risks. Except as set forth below, our risk exposure related to these items has not changed materially since December 31, 2024.

Credit Risks

We recognized credit loss expense of $0.1 million and $4.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. A dispute with a counterparty accounted for $4.1 million of the credit loss expense. See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Material Weakness

As previously reported in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, management identified deficiencies related to our information technology (“IT”) general controls (“ITGCs”) in the area of IT program change management and logical access controls that, when viewed in combination, aggregated to a material weakness. Specifically, management determined that we did not maintain effective controls over program change management and logical access for financially significant applications to ensure that IT program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately. As a result, the application controls and IT-dependent manual controls that rely upon information from the impacted IT applications were also deemed ineffective.

While we have concluded that this material weakness did not result in a material misstatement in our Financial Statements, it was not remediated as of September 30, 2025, and thus could have created a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to the annual or interim financial statements would not have been prevented or detected on a timely basis. Accordingly, we determined that these control deficiencies constituted a material weakness.

With respect to the material weakness above, management is executing a remediation plan to address the material weakness which improves the design and operating effectiveness of our ITGCs. As part of such plan we have, among other things, evaluated and implemented enhanced process controls around user access management and expanded documentation and review procedures to monitor, evaluate and support control effectiveness. We believe that upon completion, we will have strengthened our ITGCs to address and successfully remediate the identified material weakness. However, control weaknesses are not considered remediated until new internal controls have been operational for a period of time, are tested, and management concludes that these controls are operating effectively.

Acquisitions

As disclosed in Note 3 - Acquisitions in the notes to the accompanying Financial Statements, we acquired Moser and its wholly-owned subsidiary on February 24, 2025. Moser’s total revenues constituted approximately 6.6% and 4.8% and of total revenues as shown in our Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The total assets of Moser acquired constituted approximately 12.4% of total assets as shown in our Financial Statements as of September 30, 2025. We also acquired PropFlow and its wholly-owned subsidiaries on July 28, 2025. PropFlow’s total revenues constituted approximately 1.1% and 0.3% and of total revenues as shown in our Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The total assets of PropFlow acquired constituted approximately 1.7% of total assets as shown in our Financial Statements as of September 30, 2025. We excluded Moser and PropFlow disclosure controls and procedures that are subsumed by its internal control over financial reporting from the scope of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. This exclusion is in accordance with the guidance issued by the Staff of the SEC that an assessment of a recently acquired business’s internal controls may be omitted from management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting for one year following the acquisition. As part of the Company’s ongoing integration activities, the Company’s financial reporting controls and procedures are in the process of being implemented with respect to the acquired operations. The Company and the acquired companies used separate accounting systems through September 30, 2025. The Financial Statements presented in this Report were prepared using information obtained from these separate accounting systems.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than the material weakness and incorporating acquired companies’ controls following the Moser Acquisition and PropFlow Acquisition described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

On July 2, 2024, Patrick Ayers, a purported shareholder (the “Plaintiff”), filed a derivative and class action complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery against certain current and former directors of the Company and certain of the Company’s affiliates. The complaint asserts claims of breach of fiduciary duty related to the corporate reorganization that changed the Company’s Up-C structure to a customary C corporation. The complaint seeks unspecified damages from the defendants for the Plaintiff individually and on behalf of the Company and other former Class A common stockholders as well as an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. We dispute these allegations and intend to vigorously defend against these claims. This lawsuit is currently in discovery. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of the cases, and the legal standards that must be met for success on the merits, we cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these derivative actions.

In addition to the matter above, we are currently involved in, and may in the future be involved in, legal proceedings, claims, regulatory inquiries, audits, and governmental investigations incidental to our business, including putative class actions, collective actions, employment, commercial claims and other matters. While the outcome of any litigation is inherently unpredictable, based on currently available facts and our current insurance coverages, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of any of these matters will have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We are not aware of any material legal proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Except as set forth below, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2025 and August 5, 2025, respectively.

Changes in U.S. trade policy and the impact of tariffs could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial position.

Our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by uncertainty and changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs, trade agreements or other trade restrictions imposed by the U.S. or other governments. For example, on April 2, 2025, the U.S. government announced a 10% tariff on product imports from almost all countries and has since announced individualized higher tariffs on certain other countries. Additionally, on June 3, 2025, the U.S. government imposed a 50% tariff on steel imports, an increase from the previously announced 25% tariff. As a result of the current administration’s trade policy, tariffs may increase our and our customers’ raw material input costs. Any further trade restrictions, retaliatory trade measures or additional tariffs could result in higher input costs to produce our products and increased costs to provide our services. To the extent that we are unable to pass all or any of such cost increases on to our customers, such cost increases could adversely affect our returns on investment and limit our ability to pursue future growth projects.

The ultimate impact of these trade measures on our business operations and financial results is uncertain and may be affected by various factors, including whether and when such trade measures are implemented, the timing when such measures may become effective, and the amount, scope, or nature of such trade measures, and our ability to execute strategies to mitigate the potential negative impacts resulting therefrom.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 C.F.R. Section 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95.1 to this Report.

Item 5. Other Information.

During the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025, none of our officers or directors (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.


Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 2, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-41828) filed on October 3, 2023).
3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, effective as of October 2, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 001-41828) filed on October 3, 2023).
31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
95.1*		Mine Safety Disclosures.
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents
104*		Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101


*		These exhibits are filed or furnished with this Report.


	ATLAS ENERGY SOLUTIONS INC.

Date: November 4, 2025	By:	/s/ John Turner
		John Turner
		President and Chief Executive Officer

	By:	/s/ Blake McCarthy
		Blake McCarthy
		Chief Financial Officer

Useful Life (In years)

Fair Value
(In thousands)

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Proprietary technology