UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

(Mark One)


☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                         to


☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report:

Commission file number: 001-38328

LexinFintech Holdings Ltd.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

27/F CES Tower

No. 3099 Keyuan South Road

Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057

The People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

James Xigui Zheng, Chief Financial Officer

Telephone: +86 755 3637 8888

Email: IR@lexin.com

27/F CES Tower

No. 3099 Keyuan South Road

Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057

The People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
American depositary shares (one American depositary share representing two Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share)	LX	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Global Select Market)
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share*		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Global Select Market)

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The Nasdaq Global Select Market of American depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2025, there were 335,001,831 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, consisting of 263,659,604 Class A ordinary shares , par value US$0.0001 per share, and 71,342,227 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:


U.S. GAAP ☒	International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐	Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

☐ Yes ☐ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS



INTRODUCTION		1

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION		3

PART I		4

Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	4
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	4
Item 3.	Key Information	4
Item 4.	Information on the Company	78
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	126
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	126
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	147
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	155
Item 8.	Financial Information	156
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	157
Item 10.	Additional Information	158
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	169
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities	170

PART II		172

Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	172
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	172
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	172
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	173
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	173
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	173
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	173
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	174
Item 16F.	Change in Registrants Certifying Accountant	174
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	174
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	174
Item 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	174
Item 16J.	Insider Trading Policies	174
Item 16K.	Cybersecurity	175

PART III		176

Item 17.	Financial Statements	176
Item 18.	Financial Statements	176
Item 19.	Exhibits	176

SIGNATURES		180

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all information in this annual report reflects the following:

•

“ABS” refers to asset-backed securities;

•

“active users” refer to, for a specified period, users who made at least one transaction during that period through our platform or our third-party partners’ platforms using credit line granted by us;

•

“ADSs” refer to our American depositary shares, each of which represents two Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

•

“APR” in relation to a loan refers to the annualized internal rate of return, or IRR, at which the net present value of all ordinary cash outflows (e.g., the principal of loans) and ordinary cash inflows (e.g., the principal repayment, the interest income, the credit facilitation service income fees, and other income) from a loan or a group of loans equals zero;

•

“China” or the “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this annual report only, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan;

•

“delinquency ratio” refers to outstanding principal balance of loans that were past due (for certain calendar days, if specified) as a percentage of the total outstanding principal balance of the loans on our platform as of a specific date; for example, “30 days+ delinquency ratio” and “90 days+ delinquency ratio” refers to outstanding principal balance of loans that was over 30 and 90 calendar days past due as the total outstanding principal loans on our platform as of a specific date;

•

“Fenqile” or “our platform” refers to our online consumer finance platform;

•

“institutional funding partners” refer to third-party commercial banks, consumer finance companies and other licensed financial institutions as well as consolidated trusts and investors of our asset-backed securitized debts, and our microcredit company who fund the loans originated to our users on our platform.

•

“originations” refer to the total principal amount of the loans we originate during the relevant period. The amount borrowed by users using flexible repayment options to finance the repayment of certain principal amount of an original loan is calculated as a new loan principal amount. We treat off-balance sheet loans as part of our originations;

•

“RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China;

•

“shares” or “ordinary shares” refers to our ordinary shares, which include both Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

•

“the variable interest entities” or “VIEs” refer to Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Xinjie, Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Fenqile, Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Lejiaxin, Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Data Technology Co., Ltd., or Qianhai Dingsheng, Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd., or Mengtian Technology, and Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd., or Beihai Super Egg, and others, collectively;

•

“users” refer to registered users and users with an approved credit line on our online consumer finance platform, individuals who have received our services either directly or through third-party partner platforms, as well as shoppers on our e-commerce platforms;

•

“U.S. GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

•

“US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” or “dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States;

•

“Vintage charge-off rate” refers to, with respect to on- and off-balance sheet loans originated during a specified time period, which we refer to as a vintage, the total outstanding principal balance of the loans that are charged off or assumed charged off during a specified period divided by the total initial principal of the loans originated in such vintage;

•

WFOE” or “WFOEs” refers to our wholly foreign-invested enterprises in China, including Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Shijitong, Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Lexin Software, Beihai Green Lemon Technology Co., Ltd., or Beihai Green Lemon, and others; and

•

“we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” or “Lexin” refers to LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiaries. We conduct operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the

variable interest entities, with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and their subsidiaries. The variable interest entities are the PRC companies conducting operations in China, and their financial results have been consolidated into our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP for accounting purposes. Investors are purchasing an interest in LexinFintech Holdings Ltd., a Cayman Islands holding company with no operations of its own. LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. does not have any equity ownership in the variable interest entities.

Our reporting currency is Renminbi, or RMB. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this annual report are made at a rate of US$1.00=RMB6.9931, the exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2025 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all.

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•

our goals and strategies;

•

our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

•

the expected growth of the online and offline consumption market in China;

•

our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

•

our expectations regarding our relationships with users, funding sources, third-party guarantee companies and other business partners;

•

competition in our industry;

•

general economic and business conditions in China and elsewhere;

•

government policies, rules, laws and regulations relating to our industry; and

•

the outcome of any current and future legal or administrative proceedings.

We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” Those risks are not exhaustive. We operate in a rapidly evolving environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statement. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law. You should read this annual report, including the documents incorporated by reference herein, completely, and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Selected financial data

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities and Their Shareholders

LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the consolidated variable interest entities and their subsidiaries. We conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the variable interest entities, with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and their subsidiaries. The PRC laws and regulations restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunication service and certain other businesses. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in China through the variable interest entities, and rely on contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their nominee shareholders to control the business operations of the variable interest entities. Such structure provides investors with exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where the PRC laws and regulations prohibit or restrict direct foreign investment in operating companies in certain sectors. Revenues contributed by the variable interest entities accounted for 86.3%, 77.2% and 78.9% of our total revenues in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” or “Lexin” refers to LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiaries. We conduct operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries in China, including Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Xinjie, Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Fenqile, Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Lejiaxin, Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Data Technology Co., Ltd., or Qianhai Dingsheng, Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd., or Mengtian Technology, and Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd., or Beihai Super Egg, and others. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the variable interest entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and may never directly hold equity interests in the variable interest entities in China.

A series of contractual agreements have been entered into by and among our subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their respective shareholders, which include exclusive option agreements, power of attorney, exclusive business cooperation agreements, loan agreements and equity pledge agreements. Terms contained in each set of contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their respective shareholders are substantially similar. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.”

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and subsidiaries of the variable interest entities as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F.

(1)

The shareholders of Shenzhen Xinjie include Jay Wenjie Xiao (95%) and Wenbin Li (5%). Jay Wenjie Xiao is our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors, and Wenbin Li is a non-executive PRC employee.

(2)

The shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile include Shenzhen Xinjie (68.7027%) and Jay Wenjie Xiao (31.2973%).

(3)

The shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin include Jay Wenjie Xiao (99.87%) and Chao Han (0.13%). Chao Han is our employee.

(4)

The shareholders of Qianhai Dingsheng include Shenzhen Xinjie (70%) and Jianwei Wei (30%). Jianwei Wei is a non-executive PRC employee.

(5)

The shareholders of Mengtian Technology include Jay Wenjie Xiao (70.0%), Xiaoting Zhou (17.5%), Jianwei Wei (7.5%) and Shan Xu (5.0%), Xiaoting Zhou and Shan Xu are all our non-executive PRC employees.

(6)

99% of the equity interest of Shenzhen Lexin Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. is directly held by Shenzhen Lexin Software, and the remaining 1% is held by Upside Limited, one of our subsidiaries.

(7)

The shareholders of Beihai Super Egg include Tao Yang (50%) and Chao Han (50%), and Tao Yang and Chao Han are all our non-executive PRC employees.

However, the contractual agreements with the VIEs may not be as effective as ownership in directing the activities of the VIEs and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. In addition, the legality and enforceability of the contractual agreements between our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities, and their nominee shareholders, as a whole, have not been tested in a court of law in China as of the date of this annual report. As such, the VIEs structure involves unique risks to investors of our Cayman Islands holding company. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders, for a significant portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as ownership in directing the activities” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by the variable interest entities or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.”

There are also uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and its nominee shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or

regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of the variable interest entities is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations.”

Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company, our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the variable interest entities and our company as a whole. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the VIEs structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. Our business operations are primarily conducted in China, and we are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has issued statements and regulatory actions relating to areas such as the use of contractual arrangements in certain industries, regulatory approvals on overseas offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. For example, the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, and related guidelines issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, came into effect on March 31, 2023, which stipulates that a domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC. See “Item 3. Key information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Filing procedure with the CSRC shall be fulfilled and the approval of other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our overseas offerings under the PRC laws, and we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to complete the filing procedure with the CSRC and obtain such approval if required.” In addition, if future regulatory updates mandate clearance of cybersecurity review or other specific actions to be completed by China-based companies listed on foreign stock exchanges, such as us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. Furthermore, the PRC anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations are evolving, and there remains uncertainties as to how the anti-monopoly laws, regulations and guidelines will impact our business and results of operations. Therefore, we face risks and uncertainties associated with these statements and regulatory actions, as well as the lack of inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, on our auditors in the past, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a stock exchange in the United States or other foreign country. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, “Item 3.Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

The PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and supervision over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors through applicable laws and regulations. Implementation of industry-wide regulations in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our

operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we have not been identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA since we filed the annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by the PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company, the variable interest entities in China, including, among others, certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of domestic call center service, value-added telecommunications service license for online data processing and transaction processing, value-added telecommunications service license for the operations of internet content service, network microcredit license and financing guarantee business permit. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. If we, our subsidiaries, the variable interest entities or their subsidiaries (i) do not receive or maintain any necessary permissions or approvals from the PRC authorities to operate business or offer securities, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (iii) if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the necessary permissions or approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could subject us to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

As advised by Shihui Partners, our PRC legal counsel, in connection with our issuance of securities to foreign investors, under the PRC laws, regulations, and rules currently in effect, as of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities, (i) are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC, if we seek subsequent securities offerings and listings in overseas markets, and (ii) are not required to declare a cybersecurity review by

the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC. However, there remains significant uncertainty inherent in relying on the opinion of our PRC legal counsel as to the interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. We cannot assure you that regulators in China will not take a contrary view to that of our PRC legal counsel or will not subsequently require us to undergo the approval or clearance procedures (including being informed by the CAC of a cybersecurity review) and subject us to penalties for non-compliance.

In addition, the PRC government has indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Filing procedure with the CSRC shall be fulfilled and the approval of other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our overseas offerings under the PRC laws, and we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to complete the filing procedure with the CSRC and obtain such approval if required.”

Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization

LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations in China primarily through our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, LexinFintech Holding Ltd.’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries and service fees paid by the variable interest entities. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.”

Under the PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions with respect to payment of dividends or otherwise transfers of any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. These restrictions are benchmarked against the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries and the net assets of the variable interest entities in which we have no legal ownership. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the total amount of such restriction to which our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries are subject was RMB5,054 million, RMB5,813 million and RMB7,269 million (US$1,039 million), respectively. For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

Under the PRC laws, LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. may fund our PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, and fund the variable interest entities or their subsidiaries only through loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the aggregate amount of capital contribution by LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. to our intermediate holding companies and PRC subsidiaries was RMB3,812 million and RMB3,768 million (US$539 million), respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of amounts due from the Company and its subsidiaries to the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries was RMB109 million and RMB245 million (US$35 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of amounts due to the Company and its subsidiaries by the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries was RMB6,672 million and RMB6,794 million (US$972 million), respectively. The consolidated VIEs may transfer cash to the relevant WFOE by paying service fees according to the business cooperation agreements. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the total amount of service fees that the VIEs paid to the relevant WFOE under the technical services agreements was RMB1,647 million, RMB1,611 million and RMB1,769 million (US$253 million), respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, dividends made to investors were RMB136 million, RMB164 million and RMB383 million (US$54.8 million), respectively.

The following table sets forth the amount of the transfers for the periods presented.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Service fees paid by VIEs to PRC subsidiaries(1)		1,647,376			1,611,383			1,768,575
Goods/service fees received by VIEs from PRC subsidiaries(1)		167,822			263,297			151,590
Funds from parent to Cayman, BVI, and Hong Kong subsidiaries(2)		6,040			—			201,608
Funds from parent to Cayman, BVI, and Hong Kong subsidiaries (3)		(1,872,954	)		(673,173	)		(692,603	)
Funds (repayment from VIEs to the Hong Kong subsidiaries)/provided by Hong Kong subsidiaries to VIE(4)		(858,498	)		—			—
Funds provided by PRC subsidiaries to VIEs/(repayment from VIEs to the PRC subsidiaries)(4)		1,108,503			563,507			(83,067	)
Funds provided by VIEs to PRC subsidiaries/(repayment from PRC subsidiaries to VIEs)(5)		50,326			(37,284	)		149,630

Notes:

(1) Represents “Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with inter-group entities for technical service charges and others” of the VIEs in the condensed consolidating schedule of cash flow information.

(2) Represents “Net cash (used in)/provided by funds to Group companies” of the Parent in the condensed consolidating schedule of cash flow information. The funds provided to/repayments received from Group companies are presented on a net basis in investing activities.

(3) Represents “Net cash provided by/(used in) funds from Group companies” of the Parent in the condensed consolidating schedule of cash flow information. The funds received from/(repayments) made to Group companies are presented on a net basis in financing activities.

(4) “Net cash (used in)/provided by funds to Group companies” in columns of “Other Subsidiaries” and “Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs” in the consolidating schedules include the following items:

•

Funds provided by PRC subsidiaries, which are included in the “Other Subsidiaries” and “Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs” column;

•

Repayments made to Hong Kong subsidiaries, which are included in the “Other Subsidiaries” column.

Below table summarizes the detailed cash transfers among the entities of the Group.


For the year ended December 31, 2023	Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs' subsidiaries
Funds (repayment from VIEs to PRC subsidiaries)/provided by PRC subsidiaries to VIEs		(28,754	)		(1,079,749	)		1,108,503

For the year ended December 31, 2024	Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs' subsidiaries
Funds (repayment from VIEs to PRC subsidiaries)/provided by PRC subsidiaries to VIEs		(186,330	)		(377,177	)		563,507

For the year ended December 31, 2025	Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs' subsidiaries
Funds (repayment from VIEs to PRC subsidiaries)/provided by PRC subsidiaries to VIEs		(1,120,114	)		1,203,181			(83,067	)

(5) Represents “Net cash (used in)/provided by funds to Group companies” of the VIEs’ investing activities in the condensed consolidating schedule of cash flow information.

Taxation on Dividends or Distributions

In August 2023, our board of directors approved a semi-annual cash dividend policy. Under the policy, we will declare and distribute a recurring cash dividend semi-annually, starting from the second fiscal quarter of 2023, at an amount equivalent to approximately 15% to 30% of our net profit in the previous six-month period, or as otherwise authorized by the board. The determination to make dividend distributions and the exact amount of such distributions in any particular semi-annual period will be based upon our operations and financial conditions, and other relevant factors, and subject to adjustment and determination by the board. In accordance with the dividend policy, our board of directors has approved a dividend of US$0.058 per ordinary share, or US$0.116 per ADS, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023 in August 2023, a dividend of US$0.033 per ordinary share, or US$0.066 per ADS, for the six-month period ended December 31, 2023 in March 2024, and a dividend of US$0.036 per ordinary share, or US$0.072 per ADS, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024 in August 2024. In November 2024, our board of directors approved a dividend payout ratio of 25% of total net income for the entire year of 2025. After that, our board of directors has approved a dividend of US$0.097 per ordinary share, or US$0.194 per ADS, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 in August 2025 and announced a further increased dividend payout ratio of 30% of total net income since the second half of 2025. In March 2026, our board of directors approved a dividend of US$0.094 per ordinary share, or US$0.188 per ADS, for the six-month period ended December 31, 2025. We accrued related withholding tax liabilities based on a 10% tax rate for certain percentage of the annual profits to be distributed according to the dividend policy. We still intend to indefinitely reinvest the remaining earnings in our PRC subsidiaries. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For PRC and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Upon payments of dividends to our shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed. For purposes of illustration, the following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid in mainland China and Hong Kong, assuming that: (i) we have taxable earnings in the VIE, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future:


		Tax calculation (1)
Hypothetical pre-tax earnings (2)		100.0%
Tax on earnings at statutory rate of 25%(3)		(25.0)%
Net earnings available for distribution		75.0%
Withholding tax at standard rate of 10%(4)		(7.5)%
Net distribution to Parent/Shareholders		67.5%

(1)

For purposes of this example, the tax calculation has been simplified. The hypothetical book pre-tax earnings amount is assumed to equal Chinese taxable income;

(2)

Certain of our subsidiaries and the VIEs qualifies for a 15% preferential income tax rate in China. However, such rate is subject to qualification, is temporary in nature, and may not be available in a future period when distributions are paid. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above reflects a maximum tax scenario under which the full statutory rate would be effective;

(3)

China’s Enterprise Income Tax Law imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a Foreign Invested Enterprise to its immediate holding company outside of mainland China. A lower withholding income tax rate of 5% is applied if the Foreign Invested Enterprise’s immediate holding company is registered in Hong Kong or other jurisdictions that have a tax treaty arrangement with mainland China, subject to a qualification review at the time of the distribution. There is no incremental tax at Hong Kong level for any dividend distribution to LexinFintech Holdings;

(4)

If a 10% withholding income tax rate is imposed, the withholding tax will be 7.5% and the amount to be distributed as dividend at Hong Kong level and net distribution to LexinFintech Holdings will be 67.5%.

The table above has been prepared under the assumption that all profits of the consolidated VIEs will be distributed as fees to our PRC subsidiaries under tax neutral contractual arrangements. If, in the future, the accumulated earnings of the consolidated VIEs exceed the service fees paid to our PRC subsidiaries (or if the current and contemplated fee structure between the inter-group entities is determined to be non substantive and disallowed by Chinese tax authorities), the consolidated VIEs could make a non-deductible transfer to our PRC subsidiaries for the amounts of the stranded cash in the consolidated VIEs. This would result in such transfer being non-deductible expenses for the consolidated VIEs but still taxable income for the PRC subsidiaries. Such a transfer and the related tax burdens would reduce our after-tax income to approximately 50.6% of the pre-tax income. Our management believes that there is only a remote possibility that this scenario would happen.

Financial Information Related to the Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

The following table presents the condensed consolidating schedule of financial position for the consolidated variable interest entities and other entities as of the dates presented. The financial information of the consolidated trusts and asset-backed securities were included in the financial position for the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries, as the consolidated VIEs companies are considered the primary beneficiary of these trusts and ABS plans.

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income Information


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2025
	Parent			Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Results of Operations
Operating revenue:
Third-party revenues		—			1,103,302			1,666,960			10,381,825			—			13,152,087
Inter-group revenues (1)		—			367,301			1,493,107			130,165			(1,990,573	)		—
Total Operating revenue		—			1,470,603			3,160,067			10,511,990			(1,990,573	)		13,152,087
Operating cost:
Third-party costs		—			(660,948	)		(1,732,387	)		(6,290,106	)		—			(8,683,441	)
Inter-group costs (1)		—			(130,165	)		—			(426	)		130,591			—
Total operating cost		—			(791,113	)		(1,732,387	)		(6,290,532	)		130,591			(8,683,441	)
Gross profit		—			679,490			1,427,680			4,221,458			(1,859,982	)		4,468,646
Operating expense:
Third-party expenses		(13,827	)		(342,365	)		(759,672	)		(1,760,165	)		—			(2,876,029	)
Inter-group expenses (1)		—			—			(5,209	)		(1,854,773	)		1,859,982			—
Total operating expenses		(13,827	)		(342,365	)		(764,881	)		(3,614,938	)		1,859,982			(2,876,029	)
Share of income from subsidiaries (2)		1,676,090			1,424,189			—			—			(3,100,279	)		—
Income of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries (3)		—			—			721,941			—			(721,941	)		—
Others		14,814			(26,492	)		155,776			338,888			—			482,986
Income before income tax		1,677,077			1,734,822			1,540,516			945,408			(3,822,220	)		2,075,603
Income tax expense		—			(58,732	)		(116,327	)		(223,467	)		—			(398,526	)
Net income		1,677,077			1,676,090			1,424,189			721,941			(3,822,220	)		1,677,077
Net income/(Loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,677,077			1,676,090			1,424,189			721,941			(3,822,220	)		1,677,077


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Parent			Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Results of Operations
Operating revenue:
Third-party revenues		—			1,341,142			1,904,337			10,958,115			—			14,203,594
Inter-group revenues (1)		—			276,140			843,123			196,310			(1,315,573	)		—
Total Operating revenue		—			1,617,282			2,747,460			11,154,425			(1,315,573	)		14,203,594
Operating cost:
Third-party costs		—			(599,535	)		(1,263,387	)		(7,314,444	)		—			(9,177,366	)
Inter-group costs (1)		—			(196,220	)		—			(188	)		196,408			—
Total operating cost		—			(795,755	)		(1,263,387	)		(7,314,632	)		196,408			(9,177,366	)
Gross profit		—			821,527			1,484,073			3,839,793			(1,119,165	)		5,026,228
Operating expense:
Third-party expenses		(10,082	)		(201,933	)		(728,839	)		(1,799,169	)		—			(2,740,023	)
Inter-group expenses (1)		—			—			(10,246	)		(1,108,919	)		1,119,165			—
Total operating expenses		(10,082	)		(201,933	)		(739,085	)		(2,908,088	)		1,119,165			(2,740,023	)
Share of income from subsidiaries (2)		1,097,147			562,181			—			—			(1,659,328	)		—
Income of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries (3)		—			—			281,885			—			(281,885	)		—
Others		13,395			(6,776	)		(383,072	)		(556,017	)		—			(932,470	)
Income before income tax		1,100,460			1,174,999			643,801			375,688			(1,941,213	)		1,353,735
Income tax expense		—			(77,852	)		(81,620	)		(93,803	)		—			(253,275	)
Net income		1,100,460			1,097,147			562,181			281,885			(1,941,213	)		1,100,460
Net income/(Loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,100,460			1,097,147			562,181			281,885			(1,941,213	)		1,100,460


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Parent			Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Results of Operations
Operating revenue:
Third-party revenues		—			564,004			1,228,546			11,264,532			—			13,057,082
Inter-group revenues (1)		—			140,640			1,407,468			186,968			(1,735,076	)		—
Total Operating revenue		—			704,644			2,636,014			11,451,500			(1,735,076	)		13,057,082
Operating cost:
Third-party costs		—			(172,010	)		(1,017,639	)		(7,354,363	)		—			(8,544,012	)
Inter-group costs (1)		—			(183,182	)		—			(27	)		183,209			—
Total operating cost		—			(355,192	)		(1,017,639	)		(7,354,390	)		183,209			(8,544,012	)
Gross profit		—			349,452			1,618,375			4,097,110			(1,551,867	)		4,513,070
Operating expense:
Third-party expenses		(15,749	)		(125,752	)		(725,661	)		(1,766,810	)		—			(2,633,972	)
Inter-group expenses (1)		—			—			(7,235	)		(1,544,632	)		1,551,867			—
Total operating expenses		(15,749	)		(125,752	)		(732,896	)		(3,311,442	)		1,551,867			(2,633,972	)
Share of income from subsidiaries (2)		1,152,654			940,621			—			—			(2,093,275	)		—
Income of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries (3)		—			—			237,267			—			(237,267	)		—
Others		(70,960	)		30,044			(63,287	)		(448,109	)		—			(552,312	)
Income before income tax		1,065,945			1,194,365			1,059,459			337,559			(2,330,542	)		1,326,786
Income tax expense		—			(41,711	)		(118,838	)		(100,292	)		—			(260,841	)
Net income		1,065,945			1,152,654			940,621			237,267			(2,330,542	)		1,065,945
Net income/(Loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,065,945			1,152,654			940,621			237,267			(2,330,542	)		1,065,945

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets Information


	As of December 31, 2025
	Parent		Other Subsidiaries		Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs		The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries		Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Consolidating Schedule of Financial Position
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents		14,265		66,196		257,486		1,818,186		—			2,156,133
Restricted cash		—		73,013		498,883		1,237,814		—			1,809,710
Restricted term deposit and short-term investments		—		—		—		78,458		—			78,458
Financing receivables, net		—		114,654		303,933		5,199,209		—			5,617,796
Amounts due from Group companies (4)		547,997		5,259,950		5,338,486		244,675		(11,391,108	)		—
Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies		—		—		—		2,187,609		—			2,187,609
Contract assets, service fees receivable and guarantee receivables		—		38,265		673,717		3,368,610		—			4,080,592
Property, equipment and software, net		—		2,267		80,774		812,005		—			895,046
Land use rights, net and right of use assets		—		—		—		828,467		—			828,467
Long‑term investments		—		—		—		243,971		—			243,971
Investments in subsidiaries (2)		14,979,842		10,313,540		—		—		(25,293,382	)		—
Net assets of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries (3)		—		—		3,631,795		—		(3,631,795	)		—
Other assets		13,806		248,712		869,249		4,133,414		—			5,265,181
TOTAL ASSETS		15,555,910		16,116,597		11,654,323		20,152,418		(40,316,285	)		23,162,963
LIABILITIES
Amounts due to Group companies (4)		3,559,792		764,832		274,367		6,792,117		(11,391,108	)		—
Borrowings		31,278		77,317		205,000		1,158,211		—			1,471,806
Funding debts		—		—		—		3,291,275		—			3,291,275
Deferred guarantee income		—		—		337,506		968,405		—			1,305,911
Contingent guarantee liabilities		—		—		105,354		438,837		—			544,191
Other liabilities		12,209		294,606		418,556		3,871,778		—			4,597,149
TOTAL LIABILITIES		3,603,279		1,136,755		1,340,783		16,520,623		(11,391,108	)		11,210,332
Total equity attributable to owners of the company		11,952,631		14,979,842		10,313,540		3,631,795		(28,925,177	)		11,952,631
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (2)		11,952,631		14,979,842		10,313,540		3,631,795		(28,925,177	)		11,952,631
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		15,555,910		16,116,597		11,654,323		20,152,418		(40,316,285	)		23,162,963


	As of December 31, 2024
	Parent		Other Subsidiaries		Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs		The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries		Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Consolidating Schedule of Financial Position
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents		24,523		65,135		493,720		1,670,835		—			2,254,213
Restricted cash		—		39,111		558,505		1,141,723		—			1,739,339
Restricted term deposit and short-term investments		—		6,886		51,851		79,760		—			138,497
Financing receivables, net		—		38,278		212,694		4,530,170		—			4,781,142
Amounts due from Group companies (4)		348,316		3,876,798		6,186,034		109,196		(10,520,344	)		—
Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies		—		—		8,219		2,347,124		—			2,355,343
Contract assets, service fees receivable and guarantee receivables		—		194,976		779,538		4,790,945		—			5,765,459
Property, equipment and software, net		—		768		89,624		522,718		—			613,110
Land use rights, net and right of use assets		—		6,247		12,474		901,443		—			920,164
Long‑term investments		—		44,953		—		239,244		—			284,197
Investments in subsidiaries (2)		13,272,552		9,571,206		—		—		(22,843,758	)		—
Net assets of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries (3)		—		—		2,875,636		—		(2,875,636	)		—
Other assets		7,894		128,522		458,787		2,794,112		—			3,389,315
TOTAL ASSETS		13,653,285		13,972,880		11,727,082		19,127,270		(36,239,738	)		22,240,779
LIABILITIES
Amounts due to Group companies (4)		2,903,332		270,444		674,540		6,672,028		(10,520,344	)		—
Borrowings		—		141,231		218,260		916,305		—			1,275,796
Funding debts		—		—		—		3,951,665		—			3,951,665
Deferred guarantee income		—		—		188,309		786,793		—			975,102
Contingent guarantee liabilities		—		—		202,386		876,614		—			1,079,000
Other liabilities		9,947		288,653		872,381		3,048,229		—			4,219,210
TOTAL LIABILITIES		2,913,279		700,328		2,155,876		16,251,634		(10,520,344	)		11,500,773
Total equity attributable to owners of the company		10,740,006		13,272,552		9,571,206		2,875,636		(25,719,394	)		10,740,006
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (2)		10,740,006		13,272,552		9,571,206		2,875,636		(25,719,394	)		10,740,006
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		13,653,285		13,972,880		11,727,082		19,127,270		(36,239,738	)		22,240,779

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2025
	Parent			Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities		(1,441	)		672,228			(320,614	)		3,264,268			—			3,614,441
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties		(1,441	)		285,872			(1,551,243	)		4,881,253			—			3,614,441
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with inter-group entities for technical service charges and others (5)		—			386,356			1,230,629			(1,616,985	)		—			—
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		(170,469	)		(1,079,699	)		1,210,170			(2,514,896	)		(56,776	)		(2,611,670	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with external parties		31,139			(438,399	)		160,856			(2,365,266	)		—			(2,611,670	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) funds to Group companies (6)		(201,608	)		(641,300	)		1,049,314			(149,630	)		(56,776	)		—
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities		161,678			441,927			(1,185,412	)		(505,930	)		56,776			(1,030,961	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties		(530,925	)		(63,913	)		(13,260	)		(422,863	)		—			(1,030,961	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) funds from Group companies		692,603			505,840			(1,172,152	)		(83,067	)		56,776			—


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Parent			Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities		(43,400	)		602,677			315,102			207,079			—			1,081,458
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties		(43,400	)		591,067			(1,021,374	)		1,555,165			—			1,081,458
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with inter-group entities for technical service charges and others (5)		—			11,610			1,336,476			(1,348,086	)		—			—
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		—			(993,375	)		(440,625	)		(799,910	)		1,329,030			(904,880	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with external parties		—			(206	)		(67,480	)		(837,194	)		—			(904,880	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) funds to Group companies (6)		—			(993,169	)		(373,145	)		37,284			1,329,030			—
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities		19,402			168,740			98,975			654,636			(1,329,030	)		(387,277	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties		(653,771	)		141,230			34,135			91,129			—			(387,277	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) funds from Group companies (8)		673,173			27,510			64,840			563,507			(1,329,030	)		—


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Parent			Other Subsidiaries			Primary Beneficiary of the VIEs			The VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities		(58,579	)		301,989			1,130,781			1,443,381			—			2,817,572
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties(9)		(58,579	)		332,491			(379,275	)		2,922,935			—			2,817,572
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with inter-group entities for technical service charges and others (5)		—			(30,502	)		1,510,056			(1,479,554	)		—			—
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities		(6,040	)		(165,284	)		(1,133,227	)		1,337,528			2,301,475			2,334,452
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with external parties		—			1,006,076			(59,478	)		1,387,854			—			2,334,452
Net cash (used in)/ provided by funds to Group companies (6)		(6,040	)		(1,171,360	)		(1,073,749	)		(50,326	)		2,301,475			—
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities		108,536			81			332,560			(2,022,654	)		(2,301,475	)		(3,882,952	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties(9)		(1,764,418	)		—			154,125			(2,272,659	)		—			(3,882,952	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) funds from Group companies (8)		1,872,954			81			178,435			250,005			(2,301,475	)		—

(1)

The inter-group revenues and inter-group costs recognized by the consolidated VIEs were related to the goods and services between the consolidated VIEs and WFOEs;
The inter-group revenues generated by other subsidiaries and primary beneficiaries of the VIEs represent the technical service charges to the consolidated VIEs, which were recognized as inter-group expenses by the consolidated VIEs.

(2)

It represents the equity method accounting treatment with regards to consolidated entities included in other columns in the condensed consolidating schedules. These amounts are eliminated in consolidation.

(3)

It represents the economic benefits held by primary beneficiaries of the VIEs from the consolidated VIEs.

(4)

The inter-group balances represent the funds provided among Parent, other subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the consolidated VIEs, as well as the operating receivables and payables resulting from the provision of goods and services among the group companies.

(5)

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, cash paid by the VIEs to WFOEs for technical service fees were RMB1,647 million, RMB1,611 million and RMB1,787 million, respectively. Cash received by the VIEs from WFOEs for the provision of goods and services were RMB168 million, RMB263 million and RMB152 million, respectively.

(6)

Net cash (used in)/provided by funds to Group companies represent the funds provided among Parent, other subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the consolidated VIEs, and the collections received for the funds previously provided.

(7)

Net cash provided by/(used in) funds from Group companies represent the funds received among Parent, other subsidiaries, primary beneficiary of the VIEs, and the consolidated VIEs.

Enforcement of Civil Liabilities

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of the assets of these individuals are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. Our memorandum and article of association does not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors, and shareholders, be arbitrated.

Our Cayman Islands legal counsel, Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, has advised us that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States, and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands to impose liabilities against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature.

Our Cayman Islands legal counsel has informed us that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), the courts of the Cayman Islands will, at common law, recognize and enforce a foreign monetary judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands , provided that such judgment (i) is final and conclusive, (ii) is not in the nature of taxes, a fine, or a penalty; (iii) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (iv) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given (v) is not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same manner and (vi) is not impeachable on the grounds of fraud and was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

PRC

Our PRC legal counsel has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the PRC courts would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in each respective jurisdiction against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Our PRC legal counsel has further advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. The PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. There exists no treaty and few other forms of reciprocity between China and the United States or the Cayman Islands governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments as of the date of this annual report. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that (i) the judgment violates the basic principles of the PRC laws or national sovereignty, security, or public interest, (ii) the foreign court has no

jurisdiction over the case pursuant to the provisions of the PRC Civil Procedures Law, (iii) the respondent has not been legitimately summoned or the respondents had been legitimately summoned but have not been given a reasonable opportunity to make a representation and debate, or the litigant without litigation capacity has not been assigned appropriate agent, (iv) the judgment or ruling is obtained by fraud, or (v) the PRC court has made a judgment or ruling on the same dispute or has recognized the judgment or ruling made by a court of a third country for the same dispute. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the Cayman Islands. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, foreign shareholders may originate actions based on the PRC laws before a PRC court against a company for civil disputes other than the personal status relationship, and the PRC court may accept a cause of action based on the laws or the parties’ express mutual agreement in contracts choosing PRC courts for dispute resolution if such foreign shareholders can establish appropriate nexus to China for a PRC court to have jurisdiction and meet other procedural requirements, including, among others, that the plaintiff must have a direct interest in the case and that there must be a concrete claim, a factual basis, and a cause for the case. The PRC court will determine whether to accept the complaint in accordance with the PRC Civil Procedures Law. The shareholder may participate in the action by itself or entrust any other person or PRC legal counsel to participate on behalf of such shareholder. Foreign citizens and companies will have the same rights as PRC citizens and companies in an action unless the home jurisdiction of such foreign citizens or companies restricts the rights of PRC citizens and companies.

However, it will be difficult for U.S. shareholders to originate actions against us in China in accordance with the PRC laws because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and it will be difficult for U.S. shareholders, by virtue only of holding our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, to establish a connection to China for a PRC court to have jurisdiction as required under the PRC Civil Procedures Law.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks we face, organized under relevant headings. All the operational risks associated with being based in and having operations in the PRC also apply to our operations in Hong Kong. With respect to the legal risks associated with being based in and having operations in the PRC, the laws, regulations and the discretion of the governmental authorities in the Chinese mainland discussed in this annual report are expected to apply to entities and businesses in the Chinese mainland, rather than entities or businesses in Hong Kong which operate under a different set of laws from the Chinese mainland.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

•

We are a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the variable interest entities and we conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries and (ii) the variable interest entities, with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and their subsidiaries. Investors in our ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in the variable interest entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the variable interest entities, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the variable interest entities and our company as a group. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries,

or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations”;

•

We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders, for a significant portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as ownership in directing the activities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders, for a significant portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as ownership in directing the activities”; and

•

Any failure by the variable interest entities or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by the variable interest entities or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.”

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

•

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations”;

•

Litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the U.S. may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the U.S. may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs”;

•

The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections”;

•

Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment”;

•

We face risks arising from the uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system. Certain rules and regulations can change quickly, and there may be risks and uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations. These risks and uncertainties may make it difficult for us to meet or comply with requirements under the applicable laws and regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations”; and

•

The PRC government has oversight and discretion over our business operations, and may influence our operations. It may exert more oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

•

We have a limited operating history in China’s online and offline consumption market, an emerging and evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects;

•

The laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry in China are developing and evolving, and our business operations have been and may need to continue to be modified to ensure full compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

•

Changes in the PRC regulations relating to interest rates and fees for online consumer finance platforms and microcredit lending could have a material adverse effect on our business;

•

If we are unable to retain existing users or attract new users, or if we fail to meet the financial needs of our users as they evolve and are therefore unable to capture their long-term growth potential, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected;

•

If our current investor protection measures for institutional funding partners are deemed to violate the relevant laws and regulations, or if we are deemed to have operated financial guarantee business by the PRC regulatory authorities, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected;

•

If our current collaboration with trust companies is deemed to violate the relevant laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected;

•

We may be required to segregate our own assets from the assets of our institutional funding partners and borrowers;

•

Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese and international laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation in the future, and any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in claims, changes to our business practices, negative publicity, legal proceedings, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business;

•

If we are unable to effectively maintain the quality of our loan portfolio, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected;

•

We need adequate funding at a reasonable cost to successfully operate our business, and access to adequate funding at a reasonable cost cannot be assured; and

•

Due to the complex political and economic environment and international laws and regulations, our overseas business operations face additional risks and uncertainties.

Risks Related to the American Depositary Shares

•

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile;

•

We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that any share repurchase program will enhance our long-term shareholder value, and share repurchase could increase the volatility of the price of our ADSs and diminish our cash reserves;

•

Our dual-class share structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial; and

•

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Foreign ownership of internet-based businesses, such as distribution of online information and other value-added telecommunication services, are subject to restrictions under the current PRC laws and regulations. For example, foreign investors are generally not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunication service provider with exceptions relating to e-commerce business, domestic multi-party communications services business, store-and-forward business or otherwise stipulated by the state.

We are a Cayman Islands company and our PRC subsidiaries are considered foreign-invested enterprises. To comply with the PRC laws and regulations, we set up a series of contractual arrangements entered into among some of our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities, and their shareholders to conduct our operations in China. For a detailed description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.” As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert control over the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries and consolidate their operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the variable interest entities in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless, if we are unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the consolidated VIEs which contribute to 78.9% of our revenues in 2025. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the variable interest entities, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the variable interest entities and our company as a group.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Shihui Partners, the ownership structures of our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities, currently do not, result in any violation of the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their shareholders, are governed by the PRC laws or regulations, and are currently valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect, and do not result in any violation of the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, Shihui Partners has also advised us that the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations are still evolving, and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC counsel.

It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws, regulations or rules relating to such contractual arrangements will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. In particular, in March 2019, the National People’s Congress passed the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which became effective as of January 1, 2020. For the effect of the PRC Foreign Investment Law on us, see “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.” If the operation of our businesses conducted through the variable interest entities is subject to any restrictions pursuant to the Special Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment Access (Edition 2024), or the 2024 Negative List, jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Committee, or the NDRC, or any successor regulations, and the contractual arrangements are not treated as domestic investments, the contractual arrangements may be regarded as invalid and illegal. If this were to occur, we would not be able to operate the relevant businesses through the contractual arrangements and would lose our rights to receive the economic benefits of the variable interest entities. As a result, we would no longer consolidate the variable interest entities into our financial results, and we would have to derecognize their assets and liabilities according to the relevant accounting standards. If we do not receive any compensation, we would recognize an investment loss as a result of such derecognition.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and part of our business operations.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders to operate our business in areas where foreign ownership is restricted. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transaction—B. Related Party Transaction—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as ownership in directing the activities of the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries. For example, the variable interest entities or their shareholders may fail to fulfill their contractual obligations with us, by, among other things, failing to maintain our website and use the domain names and trademarks in a manner as stipulated in the contractual arrangements, or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.

If we had ownership of the variable interest entities, we would be able to exercise our rights as shareholders to effect changes in their board of directors, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the variable interest entities and their shareholders of their obligations under the contractual arrangements to exercise control over the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries. The shareholders of the variable interest entities may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate a certain portion of our business through the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders. Although we have the right to replace any shareholder of such entities under the contractual arrangements, if any of these shareholders is uncooperative or any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of the PRC laws and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings, the outcome of which will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as ownership would be.

We have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.” If the variable interest entities or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under the PRC laws, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective under the PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of the variable interest entities were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in such entities to us or our designee when we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal action to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by the PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with the PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with the PRC legal procedures. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under the PRC laws. There remain uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under the PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in court unless such rulings are revoked or determined unenforceable by a competent court. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay.

In the event that we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China —There are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations.”

Furthermore, the contractual arrangements provide that (i) as requested by our WFOEs from time to time, the variable interest entities will unconditionally sell all of their assets to the extent permitted by the PRC law to our WFOEs, respectively, or the entity designated by them, at the lowest price permitted under applicable PRC laws; and (ii) the variable interest entities or their respective shareholders will pay to our WFOEs, or the entity designated by them any payments they receive from such transaction, and any profits arising from such a transaction shall be paid to our WFOEs, or the entity designated by them in satisfaction of the service fees under the exclusive business cooperation agreements. These provisions may not be enforceable under the PRC laws in the event of a mandatory liquidation required by the PRC laws or bankruptcy liquidation. Therefore, in the event of a breach of any agreements constituting the contractual arrangements by the variable interest entities, their respective subsidiaries and/or shareholders, we may not be able to exert effective control over the variable interest entities due to the inability to enforce the contractual arrangements, which could adversely affect our ability to conduct part of our business.

The shareholders of the variable interest entities may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The shareholders of the variable interest entities may have potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may breach, or cause the variable interest entities to breach, the existing contractual arrangements, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively control the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries and receive economic benefits from them. For example, these shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with the variable interest entities to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the exclusive option agreement with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in the variable interest entities to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by the PRC laws. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in the disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The shareholders of the variable interest entities may be involved in personal disputes with third parties or other incidents that may have an adverse effect on their respective equity interests in the variable interest entities and the validity or enforceability of our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders. For example, in the event that any of the individual shareholders who holds any equity interests in some of the variable interest entities divorces his or her spouse, the spouse may claim that the equity interest of the variable interest entities held by such shareholder is part of their community property and should be divided between such shareholder and his or her spouse. If such claim is supported by the court, the relevant equity interest may be held by the shareholder’s spouse or another third party who is not subject to obligations under our contractual arrangements, which could result in a loss of the effective control over those variable interest entities by us. Similarly, if any of the equity interests of some of the variable interest entities is inherited by a third party with whom the current contractual arrangements are not binding, we could lose our control over the variable interest entities or have to maintain such control by incurring unpredictable costs, which could cause disruption to our business and operations and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Although under our current contractual arrangements, (i) the spouses of some of shareholders of some of the variable interest entities has respectively executed a spousal consent letter, under which each spouse agrees that he/she will not raise any claims against the equity interest, and will take every action to ensure the performance of the contractual arrangements, and (ii) the variable interest entities and their shareholders shall not assign any of their respective rights or obligations to any third party without the prior written consent of our WFOEs or their subsidiaries, we cannot assure you that these undertakings and arrangements will be complied with or effectively enforced. In the case any of them is breached or becomes unenforceable and leads to legal proceedings, it could disrupt our business, distract our management’s attention and subject us to uncertainties as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities, may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we, or the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries, owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The PRC enterprise income tax law and regulations require enterprises that conduct related party transactions to prepare transfer pricing documentations to demonstrate the basis of determining the price, the computation methodology and detailed explanations. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles after they conducted tax inspection. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their shareholders were not entered into on an arm’s-length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules, and adjust income of the variable interest entities in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by the variable interest entities for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing the tax expenses of our PRC subsidiaries. In addition, if a PRC subsidiary requests the shareholders of the variable interest entities to transfer their equity interests at nominal or no value pursuant to these contractual arrangements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject the PRC subsidiary to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the variable interest entities for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations.

Our financial position could be materially adversely affected if the variable interest entities’ tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

We may lose the ability to use and benefit from assets held by the variable interest entities that are material to the operation of our business if the entity goes bankrupt or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

The variable interest entities hold certain assets that are material to the operation of our business, including, among others, intellectual properties, hardware and software. Shenzhen Fenqile holds our value-added telecommunication business license for our online consumer finance business. Under the contractual arrangements, the variable interest entities may not, and the shareholders of the variable interest entities and Shenzhen Fenqile may not cause them to, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or their legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. However, in the event these shareholders breach these contractual arrangements and voluntarily liquidate the variable interest entities, or the variable interest entities declare bankruptcy and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the variable interest entities undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, the independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we exercise the option to acquire equity interest of the variable interest entities, the equity interest transfer may subject us to certain limitations and substantial costs.

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements, our WFOEs or their subsidiaries have the irrevocable and exclusive right to purchase all or any part of the relevant equity interests in the variable interest entities from the variable interest entities’ shareholders at any time and from time to time in their absolute discretion to the extent permitted by the PRC laws. This equity transfer may be subject to approvals from, filings with, or reporting to competent PRC authorities, such as the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, and/or their local competent branches. In addition, the equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authorities. The equity transfer price to be received by the variable interest entities under the contractual arrangements may also be subject to enterprise income tax, and these amounts could be substantial.

There may be an impact on our company if our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities, their respective subsidiaries and shareholders are not treated as domestic investment.

If the operation of our businesses conducted through the variable interest entities is subject to any restrictions pursuant to the 2024 Negative List or any successor regulations, and the contractual arrangements are not treated as domestic investment, the contractual arrangements may be regarded as invalid and illegal. If this were to occur, we would not be able to operate the relevant businesses through the contractual arrangements and would lose our rights to receive the economic

benefits of the variable interest entities. As a result, we would no longer consolidate the variable interest entities into our financial results and we would have to derecognize their assets and liabilities according to the relevant accounting standards. If we do not receive any compensation, we would recognize an investment loss as a result of such derecognition.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of our operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been different, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. A macroeconomic slowdown globally and in China may weigh on the growth in the online and offline consumption market in the near future. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

There are uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

In 2023, the National People’s Congress approved a plan to re-organize institutions under the State Council, and set up the National Financial Regulatory Administration, or the NFRA, directly under the State Council that would be in charge of regulating the financial industry except for the securities sector and financial consumer rights protection, and would deepen the reform of its local financial regulatory mechanism. In addition, the PRC laws and regulations concerning the online consumer finance industry are developing and evolving. Although we have taken measures to comply with the laws and regulations that are applicable to our business operations, including the regulatory principles raised by the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CBIRC, and avoid conducting any noncompliant activities under the applicable laws and regulations, such as illegal fund-raising, forming fund collection or providing guarantee to investors, the PRC government authority may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating the online consumer finance industry in the future. For example, the Rules on Consumer Finance Companies came into effective on April 18 2024, and the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies was issued and became effective on December 31, 2024. We cannot assure you that our practice would not be deemed to violate any new PRC laws or regulations relating to online consumer finance or microcredit companies. Ongoing reform of the financial regulatory system and developments in the online consumer finance industry may lead to changes in PRC laws, regulations and policies or in the interpretation and application of existing laws, regulations and policies that may limit or restrict online and offline consumption platforms like us, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, subject to the discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms of different administrative and court authorities, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the PRC laws and regulations of internet-related businesses and companies.

The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies operating in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement may involve uncertainties. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations. We maintain contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities. Such corporate structure may subject us to sanctions and compromise the enforceability of related contractual arrangements, which may result in significant disruption to our business.

The evolving PRC regulatory system for the internet industry may lead to the establishment of new regulatory agencies or the publishment of new regulations. For example, in May 2011, the State Council announced the establishment of the CAC. The primary role of the CAC is to facilitate policy-making and legislative development in this field, to direct and coordinate with the relevant departments in connection with online content administration and to deal with cross-ministry regulatory matters relating to the internet industry.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in China, including our business. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. If the PRC government considers that we were operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses or imposes additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it may levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue our business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. For details on the PRC laws and regulations which may affect our business, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations.”

The PRC government’s oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our business primarily through our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries. Our operations in China are governed by the PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government in constant reform has oversight and supervision over the conduct of our business, and it may influence our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation, and our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline in value or become worthless. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

The interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. Meanwhile, the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law, which was promulgated by the State Council in December 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020, further clarified and elaborated the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law.

However, there still exist uncertainties in relation to the interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. However, the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law still remain silent on whether contractual

arrangements should be deemed as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may not assure you that we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all.

Litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the U.S. may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We believe that litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the U.S., from time to time, have negatively impacted stock prices for such companies. Various equity-based research organizations may publish reports on China-based companies with negative comments that could lead to negative publicity and special investigations on these companies. In case any similar scrutiny is targeted at us, regardless of its lack of merit, it could result in a diversion of management resources and energy, potential costs to defend ourselves against rumors, decreases and volatility in the ADS trading price, and increased directors and officers insurance premiums, and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations and financial condition.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in jurisdictions outside China are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism.

Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC, and without the consent by the Chinese securities regulatory authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under the article have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the American Depositary Shares—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.”

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require our PRC subsidiaries to adjust their taxable income under the contractual arrangements it currently has in place with the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries, in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.

Under the PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries, as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated after-tax profits as determined in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its

after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to discretionary surplus funds. These statutory reserve funds and the discretionary surplus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

In response to the persistent capital outflow and RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, have implemented a series of capital control measures, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. For instance, the People’s Bank of China issued the Circular on Further Clarification of Relevant Matters Relating to Offshore RMB Loans Provided by Domestic Enterprises in November 2016, which provides that offshore RMB loans provided by a domestic enterprise to offshore enterprises that it holds equity interests in shall not exceed 30% of the owner’s equity in the latest audit report of such domestic enterprise. This circular may constrain our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to provide offshore loans to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

We and the VIEs are subject to the PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in the PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulations on currency conversion when making loans to our PRC subsidiaries and the consolidated variable interest entities or making additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to filing or registration with the relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to certain information reporting requirements on foreign investors or the applicable foreign investment entities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment Restrictions.” In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE, or its local branches, and (ii) each of our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the statutory limit. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to the variable interest entity must be recorded and registered by the NDRC, and SAFE or its local branches. We may not complete such recording or registrations on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such recording or registration, our ability to use the proceeds of our initial public offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In March 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises and allows foreign-invested enterprises to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditures beyond their business scopes. In June 2016, SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement, or SAFE Circular 16. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 continue to prohibit foreign- invested enterprises from, among other things, using the Renminbi fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, securities investment (except for guarantee products issued by bank), providing loans to non-affiliated enterprises or constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use (except for real estate enterprises).

In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment on October 23, 2019, or SAFE Circular 28, pursuant to which all foreign-invested enterprises can make equity investments in the PRC with their capital funds in accordance with the law.

However, as the foreign exchange related regulatory regime and practice are complex and still evolving, we cannot assure the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting the regulation, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital funds to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice.

Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to the subsidiaries of our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China and the consolidated variable interest entities, each a PRC domestic company. Meanwhile, we are not likely to finance the activities of the consolidated

variable interest entities by means of capital contributions given the restrictions on foreign investment in the businesses that are currently conducted by the consolidated variable interest entities.

In light of the various requirements imposed by the PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or record-filings on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or any consolidated variable interest entity or future capital contributions by us to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries or the consolidated variable interest entities when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or record-filings, our ability to use foreign currency, including the proceeds we received from our initial public offering, and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our ADSs.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or the PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our operating revenue effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our operating revenue in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our company in the Cayman Islands relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by the beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents. But approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

In light of the substantial capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening of Renminbi, more restrictions and substantial vetting processes have been put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by the PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing provident funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. Companies operating in China are also required to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment. Historically, we had not made adequate employee benefit payments and had not made adequate payments to make social insurance and housing provident funds contributions for certain employees. Historically, we had also not fully withheld the individual income tax for certain employees in accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations.

With respect to the underpaid employee benefits or failure to complete the social insurance registration and housing provident fund registration, we may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines or be subject to legal sanctions; with respect to the under withheld individual income tax, we may be required to make up sufficient withholding and pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits and under withheld individual income tax, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may subject us to penalties or liabilities.

The PRC Labor Contract Law, which was enacted in 2008 and amended in 2012, introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC labor laws. Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obligated to sign a non-fixed term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have non-fixed term, subject to certain exceptions. With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, the PRC governmental authorities have continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law.

These laws and regulations designed to enhance labor protection tend to increase our labor costs. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may not be at all times be deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, we could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise.

Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Committee of the State Council published the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms, which stipulates that any concentration of undertakings involving the variable interest entities shall fall within the scope of anti-monopoly review. If a concentration of undertakings meets the criteria for declaration as stipulated by the State Council, an operator shall report such concentration of undertakings to the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency under the State Council in advance. Therefore, our potential acquisitions of other entities that we may make in the future (whether by ourselves, our subsidiaries or through the variable interest entities) and that meets the criteria for declaration may be required to be reported to and

approved by the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency, and we may be subject to penalties including a fine of no more than RMB500,000 if we fail to comply with such requirement.

In addition, the security review rules issued by the Ministry of Commerce that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement.

In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. We could not assure you that we could comply with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions in a timely manner, if at all, and we may also spend additional time and costs for such compliance, where may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

The PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by the PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under the PRC laws.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Involved in Overseas Investment, Financing and Return on Investment Conducted by Residents in China via Special-Purpose Companies, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents or entities, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

SAFE Circular 37 was issued to replace the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75. In February 2015, SAFE released the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies of Foreign Exchange Administration Applicable to Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration as required, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under the PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao, who directly or indirectly holds shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who is known to us as being a PRC resident, has completed the foreign exchange registrations in accordance with SAFE Circular 75 then in effect.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with the requirements of SAFE Circular 37. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE Circular 37. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE Circular 37, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Any failure to comply with the PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose vehicles. In the meantime, our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens, subject to limited exceptions, and who have been granted stock options by us, may follow the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, promulgated by SAFE in 2012, or SAFE Circular 7. Pursuant to the SAFE Circular 7, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of no less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of no less than one year and who have been granted stock options are subject to these regulations.

Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us, and may restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange.”

The State Administration of Taxation has issued certain circulars concerning employee share incentives. Under these rules and regulations, our employees working in China who exercise stock options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee stock options or restricted shares with the tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange.”

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, enterprises that are registered in countries or regions outside the PRC but have their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered as PRC resident enterprises and are therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. For detailed discussions of applicable laws, regulations and implementation rules, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Tax—Regulations Relating to Enterprise Income Tax.”

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, dividends we distribute to non-PRC resident holders may be subject to PRC withholding tax, and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources.

It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares.

If the status of certain of our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entities as “High and New Technology Enterprises” or “Software Enterprises” is revoked or expires, we may have to pay additional taxes or make up any previously unpaid taxes and may be subject to a higher tax rate, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law generally imposes a uniform income tax rate of 25% on all enterprises, but grants preferential treatment to “High and New Technology Enterprises,” or HNTEs, pursuant to which HNTEs are instead subject to an income tax rate of 15% when they meet the conditions on preferential tax rate, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. During this three-year period, an HNTE must conduct a qualification self-review each year to ensure it meets the HNTE criteria, and will be subject to the regular 25% income tax rate for any year in which it does not meet the criteria. In December 2022, one of our PRC subsidiaries obtained a qualification as HNTE for 2022, 2023 and 2024. In December 2025, the subsidiary renewed its qualification as HNTE for 2025, 2026 and 2027. In this regard, it was subject to 15% income tax rate in 2025.

Pursuant to the Circular on Income Tax Policies for “Software Enterprises Encouraged by the State” announced on April 23, 2021, a “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” is entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with its first profitable year and a 50% reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. One of our PRC subsidiaries was qualified as “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” from 2021. As a result, it is entitled to an income tax exemption for the years of 2021 and 2022 and a preferential income tax rate of 12.5% from 2023 to 2025. The “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” is subject to review by the relevant authorities every year.

Benefiting from Notice of Promoting High-Level Opening and High-Quality Development of Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone In The New Era, and Announcement on The Continuation of The Western Development Enterprise Income Tax Policy, two of our PRC subsidiaries are entitled for a preferential income tax rate of 15% for China’s Western Development Strategy. Therefore, the two subsidiaries enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2023 to 2030. In the meantime, the local tax bureau in Guangxi exempted 40% of the income based on the preferential income tax rate of 15%. One of our PRC subsidiaries is entitled to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 9% from 2023 to 2027.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaty on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

Pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, if a non-resident enterprise has not set up an organization or establishment in the PRC, or has set up an organization or establishment but the income derived has no actual connection with such organization or establishment, it will be subject to a withholding tax on its PRC-sourced income at a rate of 10%. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Tax—Regulations Relating to Dividend Withholding Tax.”

We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant PRC tax authority that or we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant PRC tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the taxation arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

According to the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises, or Circular 7, promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation in February 2015, if a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by transfer of the equity interests of an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market) without a reasonable commercial purpose, the PRC tax authorities have the power to reassess the nature of the transaction and the indirect equity transfer will be treated as a direct transfer. As a result, the gain derived from such transfer, which means the equity transfer price minus the cost of equity, will be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%.

Under the terms of Circular 7, the transfer which meets all of the following circumstances shall be directly deemed as having no reasonable commercial purposes: (i) over 75% of the value of the equity interests of the offshore holding company are directly or indirectly derived from PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the total properties of the offshore holding company (excluding cash) are investments within PRC territory, or in the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the offshore holding company’s revenue is directly or

indirectly derived from PRC territory; (iii) the function performed and risks assumed by the offshore holding company are insufficient to substantiate its corporate existence; or (iv) the foreign income tax imposed on the indirect transfer is lower than the PRC tax imposed on the direct transfer of the PRC taxable properties. See “Item 4. Information on the Company —B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Tax—Regulations Relating to Income Tax for Share Transfers.”

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company and our non-PRC resident investors may be subject to filing obligations or taxed or subject to withholding obligations in such transactions, under Circular 7. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation.” For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Circular 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Filing procedure with the CSRC shall be fulfilled and the approval of other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our overseas offerings under the PRC laws, and we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to complete the filing procedure with the CSRC and obtain such approval if required.

The M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, require an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. We cannot assure that our overseas offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC according to current interpretation and application of the regulations. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our overseas offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Approved by the State Council, the CSRC released new regulations for the filing-based administration of overseas securities offering and listing by domestic companies on February 17, 2023. The regulations came into effect on March 31, 2023, which include the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines. The Trial Measures stipulate that both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing activities are subject to regulation. Specifically, where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, make the filing with the CSRC. Any overseas offering and listing made by an issuer that meets both the following conditions will be determined as indirect: (i) 50% or more of the issuer's operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer's business activities are conducted in the PRC, its main places of business are located in the PRC, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly PRC citizens or domiciled in the PRC. The determination as to whether or not an overseas offering and listing by domestic companies is indirect shall be made on a substance over form basis.

According to the Trial Measures and the Officials from Relevant Department of the CSRC Answered Reporter Question Regarding the Trial Measures, the existing domestic companies that have completed overseas offering and listing before the effective date of the Trial Measures, or March 31, 2023, such as us, shall not be required to perform filling procedures for the completed overseas issuance and listing. However, from the effective date of the regulation, any of our subsequent securities offering in the same overseas market or subsequent securities offering and listing in other overseas markets in future shall be subject to the filing with the CSRC within three working days after the offering is completed or after the relevant application is submitted overseas.

If it is determined that any approval, filing or other administrative procedure from other PRC governmental authorities is required for any future offering or listing, we cannot assure that we can obtain the required approval or accomplish the required filings or other regulatory procedures in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to fulfill filing procedure as stipulated by the Trial Measures or offers and lists securities in an overseas market in violation of the Trial

Measures, the CSRC shall order rectification, issue warnings to such domestic company, and impose a fine of between RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Directly liable persons-in-charge and other directly liable persons shall be warned and each imposed a fine of between RMB500,000 and RMB5,000,000. Controlling shareholders and actual controllers that organize or instruct the violations shall be imposed a fine of between RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Directly liable persons-in-charge and other directly liable persons shall be each imposed a fine of between RMB500,000 and RMB5,000,000.

If we fail to obtain the relevant approval or complete the filings and other relevant regulatory procedures of other PRC government authorities, we may face sanctions, which may include fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our ADSs.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB had historically been unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the ADSs were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms.

However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we and investors in our ADSs would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. However, on August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Agreement with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance to take the first step in opening up the PCAOB to inspections and investigations of accounting firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For

this reason, we have not been identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA since we filed the annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F.

Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future.

If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. In addition, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a limited operating history in China’s online and offline consumption market, an emerging and evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.

China’s online and offline consumption market in general, including the online consumer finance market, remains at a relatively preliminary stage of development and may not develop at the anticipated growth rate. Online consumer finance is a new industry, and there are few established players with business models that we can follow or build upon. In particular, there are a limited number of comparable online consumer finance platforms with e-commerce business. Potential users and investors may not be familiar with this new industry and may have difficulty distinguishing our services from those of our competitors. Attracting and retaining users, investors and institutional funding partners are critical to increasing the loan originations on our platform.

The emerging and evolving online and offline consumption market makes it difficult to effectively assess our future prospects. In addition, our business has grown substantially in recent years, but our past growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth.

The regulatory framework for this industry is also evolving and may be subject to change in the foreseeable future. The possible impact of the PRC laws and regulations on our development may be adverse. In particular, the PRC laws and regulations may impose more stringent requirements and regulatory burdens relating to certain of our target users. If that happens, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We launched our online consumer finance platform Fenqile in 2013, and have a limited operating history. As our business develops, or in response to competition, we have introduced, and may continue to introduce, new products and services or make adjustments to our existing products and services, or make adjustments to our business model. In connection with the introduction of new products or in response to general economic conditions, we may impose more stringent user qualifications to ensure the quality of loans on Fenqile, which may negatively affect the growth of our business. It is therefore difficult to effectively assess our future prospects. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges we encounter or may encounter in this developing and rapidly evolving market. These risks and challenges include our ability to, among other things:

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navigate an evolving regulatory environment;

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expand our user base for our various products and services;

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enhance our risk management capabilities;

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diversify our funding sources;

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maintain and enhance our relationships with our other business partners, including merchandise suppliers, data providers and financial service providers that participate on our platforms;

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improve our operational efficiency;

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continue to scale our technology infrastructure to support the growth of our platforms and higher transaction volume;

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broaden our product and service offerings;

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operate without being adversely affected by the negative publicity about the industry in general and our company in particular, if any;

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maintain the security of our platforms and the confidentiality of the information provided and utilized across our platforms;

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cultivate a vibrant consumer finance ecosystem;

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attract, retain and motivate talented employees to support our business growth;

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navigate microeconomic conditions and fluctuations; and

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defend ourselves in litigation, and against regulatory, intellectual property, privacy or other claims.

If our market does not develop as we expect, if we fail to educate potential users and funding sources about the value of our platforms and services, or if we fail to address the needs of our target users, our reputation, business and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

The online consumer financing industry in China is regulated. Since mid-2015, the PRC government and relevant regulatory authorities have issued various laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry, including, among others, the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Internet Finance, or the Guidelines, the Notice on Regulating and Rectifying “Cash Loan” Business in December 2017, or the Circular 141, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Commercial Banks on Online Lending issued in July 2020, and amended in June 2021 or the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures, the Notice on Further Regulating Commercial Banks Online Lending issued in February 2021, or the Circular 24, the Notice on Further Strengthening the Regulation and Management Work of Internet Consumer Loan for College Students in February 2021, or the Notice on Internet Consumer Loan for College Students, the Announcement No. 3 issued by the People’s Bank of China on March 2021, and the Notice of Strengthening the Administration of the Internet Loan Business of Commercial Banks and Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Financial Services, or the Circular 14, issued by the CBIRC on July 12, 2022, the Rules on Consumer Finance Companies became effective on April 18, 2024, the Administrative Measures for Personal Loans became effective on July 1, 2024,the Notice on Developing Consumer Finance to Boost Consumption issued on March 17, 2025, the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Internet Loan Assistance Business of Commercial Banks and Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Financial Services issued on April 1, 2025, which came into effect on October 1, 2025, the Guiding Opinions on Financial Support for Boosting and Expanding Consumption issued on June 19, 2025, Circular on Strengthening Commerce-Finance Synergy to Further Boost Consumption issued on December 12, 2025. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Online Consumer Finance Services.” We have adjusted, and may from time to time be required to make further adjustments to, our operations in order to maintain compliance with developments in laws and regulations. If laws and regulations that affect the industry where we operate are promulgated, some of which may undergo a process of starting with informal consultation or guidance, we may need to further adjust our operations to ensure compliance.

As we rely primarily on our funding partners for our loan products, our collaboration with institutional funding partners has exposed us to and may continue to expose us to additional regulatory changes faced by such institutional funding partners whose businesses are highly regulated. To comply with such guidance, we may need to adjust our business model and our institutional funding partners, such as banks and consumer finance companies, may need to adopt changes to the cooperation model with their business partners, including us, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations. For example, the Circular 141 provides a series of guidance on the “cash loan” business of financial institutions, including, among others, (i) requiring financial institutions that participate in the “cash loan” business not to accept any credit enhancement services or other similar services from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee and to ensure that no third parties will charge borrowers any interests or fees; (ii) requiring network microcredit companies to suspend the funding of micro loans with no specific consumption scenario or designated use of loan proceeds, and (iii) prohibiting banking financial institutions from providing loans with no designated use of loan proceeds under relevant PRC laws and regulations.

For another example, the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures provide a series of guidance on the online lending business of commercial banks, which stipulate that commercial banks shall manage and control the payment of loan and shall not outsource their core businesses (including the funding and settlement of loans and the credit approval) to third-party institutions, unless the commercial banks extend loans jointly with a third-party institution that has obtained governmental approval for operating lending business. In addition, the Circular 24 stipulates that Commercial banks shall strengthen their role as the responsible party for risk control, independently manage internet loan risks, complete on their own the parts of the risk control process that have important influences on loan risk assessment and loan risk control, and refrain from outsourcing key parts of their pre-loan, mid-loan or post-loan management to external parties.

To ensure compliance with the requirements of the Circular 141, the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures, the Circular 24 and other applicable laws and regulations, we adjusted our practice to cease charging borrowers any interests or fees. Instead, we charged financial institutions a service fee. In certain circumstances, financial institutions entrusted third-party payment service providers or banks whom we cooperated with to provide payment clearing services for our online lending business; We currently conduct a part of the investor protection program through our own qualified financial guarantee companies and charge guarantee fees directly to users. Due to the restriction on the outstanding guarantee liabilities of our own financing guarantee companies, we also cooperate with other third-party financing guarantee companies or commercial insurance companies, which provide guarantee or insurance services for the users on our platform. We cannot assure you that such changes in our business model would not materially and adversely affect our business and prospects, or that our efforts would ensure full compliance to the Circular 141 and other applicable laws and regulations.

In addition, to comply with the requirement in the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures that commercial banks must include a mandatory process for the borrower to read the loan contract in the online loan application and set up reasonable mandatory reading time, we adjusted the user interface on our platform. In March 2021, the People’s Bank of China released the Announcement No. 3 to require all lending institutions to display the annualized rate of each loan product prominently on the website, mobile app, poster and any other channels where the product is marketed, and specify the annualized rate in the loan contract. In light of this, we further updated the interface on our platform as requested by certain funding partners, but we cannot assure you that our display of information is in full compliance with such requirements. We may need to make further changes to our platform to comply with potential additional requirements in the loan application process.

For another example, the Notice on Internet Consumer Loan for College Students sets forth several requirements on the banking financial institutions participating in internet consumer loans for college students, including that the banking financial institutions shall strictly check credit qualifications and the identities of college students and their use of loans, conduct comprehensive credit assessment, and receive the written confirmations from second sources of repayment (such as parents, guardians, or other administrator of the college students) who acknowledge such internet consumer loan provided to such college student and agree that they will guarantee the repayment of the loan. We need to comply with the policies of our funding partners on identifying certain restricted borrowers, including college students. We rely on the external source of information and self-confirmation of our consumers to make the identification, the failure of which may negatively affect our compliance efforts and subject us to liabilities. In addition, we may be required to incur additional costs on identifying college students among our potential users, or to even further implement rectification measures to ensure the facilitation of loans to college students on our platform is terminated.

We cooperate with institutional funding partners, whose compliance with the PRC laws and regulations may affect our business.

We cooperate with institutional funding partners in our business, and we cannot assure you that the business operations of our institutional funding partners currently are, or will continue to be, in compliance with relevant PRC laws and regulations. In the event that our institutional funding partners do not operate their businesses in accordance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations, they will be exposed to various regulatory risks, and as a result, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. For example, the Implementation Measures of the People’s Bank of China for Protecting Rights and Interests of Financial Consumers, or the Measures for Financial Consumer Protection, require that banks and payment institutions shall follow the principles of voluntariness, equality, fairness and good faith, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers of financial products and services when providing financial products or services to such consumers. The Measures for Financial Consumer Protection also specify various requirements on banks and payment institutions to protect consumers’ financial information, including the collection, disclosure, notification, use, management, storage and confidentiality of such information. Based on the Administrative Measures for Personal Loans, lenders (banking financial institutions) are requested to specify the qualifications of the third parties, which are trusted part of specific matters in a loan investigation and shall not entrust a third party to complete the core matters of risk control in a loan investigation involving borrowers’ true intention, income level, debt status, source of proprietary funds and access of an external assessment agency, etc. For a loan of no more than RMB200,000, the relevant contracts and documents may be concluded through e-banking channels (excluding loans for personal housing purposes), and the lender shall make audio and video recordings of the signing process and properly keep the relevant videos where a contract is signed in person. The Rules on Consumer Finance Companies issued by NFRA stipulates that a consumer finance company shall implement a list system for the management of cooperative institutions and classify and manage cooperative institutions according to the contents and risks of cooperation, and that cooperative institutions shall price fairly and transparently, shall not collect interest fees from borrowers in any form, and promise to cooperate with consumer finance companies in accepting inspection by regulatory authorities and providing relevant information and materials.

Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests by Banking and Insurance Institutions, or the Measures for the Protection, requires banking and insurance institutions to establish and improve systems and mechanisms for the protection of consumer’s rights and interests, including mechanisms for review, disclosure, consumer appropriateness management, traceability of sales practices, protection of consumers’ information, list-based management of the partners, complaint handling, diversified resolution of conflicts and disputes, internal training, internal assessment, and internal audit, and has listed the consumers’ rights that the banking and insurance institutions shall protect. In the event our funding partners violate the provisions in the measures, they could become subject to penalties, including warnings, fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and as a result, we may need to adjust our business operations and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Further, on December 31, 2021, the People’s Bank of China issued the Regulations for Local Financial Supervision and Administration (Draft), which emphasizes that a local financial organization shall operate business within the area approved by the local financial regulatory authority, in adherence to the principle of serving the local area, and shall not conduct business across provincial administrative area in principle.

Moreover, the CBIRC issued the Circular 14 on July 12, 2022, which further requires commercial banks to regulate the cooperation of online loan business with third-party institutions and enter into separate cooperation agreements in respect of joint capital contribution, information technology cooperation, and other business cooperation, to clarify the rights and responsibilities of each party. This notice provided a transitional period for the existing online loan business of commercial banks until June 30, 2023. These rules also apply by analogy to branches of foreign banks, trusts, consumer finance companies and auto finance companies. On April 23, 2024, NFRA issued the Notice on Further Regulating Internet Loan Business of Joint-stock Banks and Other Three Types of Banking Institutions, which requires joint-stock banks, city commercial banks and private banks (the “Three Types of Banks”) shall refrain from excessively relying on customer acquisition, traffic redirection, or credit enhancement guarantees provided by cooperative institutions to pursue short-term rapid growth in internet loan business scale or profitability, and strengthen the management of all categories of cooperative institutions involved in internet loan business. To satisfying such requirements, a unified, institution-wide mechanism for partner admission and exit shall be established, with clear criteria and procedures, and cooperation agreements with their partners shall explicitly define exit criteria and binding terms to ensure compliance with internet loan regulations and consumer protection requirements. These rules and regulations might require some of our funding partners to evaluate their cooperation entities and adjust their cooperation with us and we comply with the relevant requirements of funding partners for their security assessment and compliance management, and will keep communicating with the funding partners and adjust our relevant practice such as supplementing and improving the content of the cooperation agreement and internal policies at their requests in a timely manner. However, if any failure to adjust our cooperation occurs, it may potentially have a material impact on the availability of our funding.

On April 24, 2026, the People’s Bank of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, the SAMR, the NFRA, the CSRC, the CNIPA, the CAC and the SAFE, jointly issued the Measures for the Online Marketing of Financial Products, which clarified the rights and responsibilities boundaries between financial institutions and third-party online platforms. To comply with the measures, we may be required to make relevant adjustments to our internal policies, system processes, marketing strategies, marketing behaviors and the arrangements with the institutional funding partners, which will increase our compliance costs and may adversely affect our business. Furthermore, if we fail to complete the necessary rectifications before the implementation date, we may face regulatory penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, and results of operations.

To comply with existing laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies relating to the online consumer finance industry, we have implemented and will continue to implement various policies and procedures to conduct our business. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations, including those governing the online consumer finance industry in China. From time to time, however, we received and may receive opinion letters issued by the relevant government authorities regarding our practices in guarantee and technology services. In these cases, we replied in time and cooperated to address the comments, having resolved most of these comments. Moreover, due to the lack of detailed rules and the expectation that the relevant laws, regulations and rules may to continue to evolve, we cannot be certain that our existing practices would not be deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations and rules. The laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry in the PRC are still at a nascent stage and subject to further changes and interpretations. It is possible that new laws and regulations may be adopted, or that existing ones may be interpreted in other ways, which could require us to further modify our business or operations. The cost to comply with such laws or regulations would force us to incur increased operating expenses, and modifications of our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our business practices or the business practices of our institutional funding partners are deemed to violate any PRC laws or regulations, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Changes in the PRC regulations relating to interest rates and fees for online consumer finance platforms and microcredit lending could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The interest rate permitted to be charged on loans originated on our platform is subject to evolving PRC laws and regulations. On August 20, 2020, the Supreme People’s Court implemented a revised judicial interpretation, or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations (2020 version), to amend and replace the prior 2015 version, pursuant to which the cap for the private lending interest rate was lowered such that any total annual interest rate (inclusive of any default rate, default penalty and any other fee) exceeding four times that of China’s benchmark one-year loan prime rate, or the LPR, as published on the 20th of each month will not be legally protected. For example, based on the LPR of 3% as published on December 22, 2025, such cap was 12%. The Private Lending Judicial Interpretations (2020 version) shall apply to the first-instance cases involving private lending disputes accepted by the people's courts after the implementation of such revised judicial interpretation.

While the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations (2020 version) stipulates that it does not apply to licensed financial institutions, the Supreme People’s Court’s prior rulings were inconsistent as to whether microcredit companies would qualify as licensed financial institutions. In December 2020, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Official Reply to Issues on the Application of the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court of New Private Lending, which confirms that the interpretations shall not be applied to any disputes arising from the relevant financial business conducted by the microcredit companies, financing guarantee companies, regional equity market, pawn enterprises, financial leasing companies, commercial factoring companies and local assets management companies that are supervised by the local financial supervision governmental authorities.

However, the People’s Bank of China and the NFRA jointly issued the Guidelines on Comprehensive Financing Cost Management for Microcredit Companies (Circular 247) in December 2025, which mandates that where the comprehensive financing costs of new loans extended by microcredit companies exceed 24%, such companies shall be subject to regulatory oversight and are required to make prompt rectification. If such costs exceed four times the one-year LPR, they must be progressively reduced, and all microcredit companies are required to bring these costs down to within four times the one-year LPR by the end of 2027. Certain non-bank financial institutions engaged in consumer credit business may be managed by reference to Circular 247.

To further clarify the exact way of calculating “total annual interest rate,” the People’s Bank of China issued the Announcement No. 3 on March 2021, which confirms that the annualized rate of a loan should be calculated as the annualized ratio of total costs (to borrower) to outstanding principal amount. The costs include interest and other fees and charges directly related to the loan. The amount of principal should be specified in the loan contract or other loan certificates. If the loan is repaid in installments, the outstanding principal amount should be the balance after each repayment. The calculation of the annualized interest rate may be based on compound interest or simple interest. The calculation based on compound interest is equivalent to that of the internal rate of return, and the simple-interest approach should be specified as such.

Meanwhile, pursuant to Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures, commercial banks shall clearly require in relevant written cooperation agreements that no cooperative institution, other than the insurance companies or institutions with guarantee qualifications, may charge borrowers any interest or fee in any form. The Provisions on Clear Disclosure of the Comprehensive Financing Cost of Personal Loan Business, which will come into effect on August 1, 2026, also stipulate that where installment payment business is handled in online consumption scenarios, the loan principal, installment arrangements, service fees charged, charging entities, the annualized comprehensive financing cost under normal performance, and contingent cost items and charging standards under breach scenarios shall be clearly displayed in a prominent manner on the payment page of the consumption order. It shall be clearly indicated that, apart from the cost items already disclosed, no other interest or fees will be charged.

In addition, due to the fact that the laws and regulations are evolving, it is uncertain whether any new PRC laws, regulations or rules will be adopted so that the interest and/or fees charged by licensed financial institutions or microcredit companies will be changed accordingly. If our microcredit company is subject to any newly adopted standards in the future, we may need to adjust the pricing of loans funded by our microcredit company or modify our business model. As of December 31, 2025, less than 0.6% of the outstanding loans that we facilitate are funded by our microcredit company.

Consequently, the PRC courts will not uphold our request to demand the payment of fees that exceed the limit from the borrower. If the borrower has already paid the fees that exceed the limit, the borrower may request that we refund the portion exceeding the limit and the PRC courts may uphold such requests. To ensure compliance with the caps, we may need to reduce the fees we charge to our institutional funding partners, subject to further negotiation with them. They may further lower the APR of their loans from time to time if the cap of aggregated borrowing costs charged by licensed financial institutions is further lowered by any newly adopted, or by the application of any existing, laws, regulations or ruling, which may lead to a reduction in the number of our funding partners. If our funding partners or us are unable to comply with such

regulatory requirements, supervision or guidance or are deemed to be charging above the limits permitted by the relevant laws and regulations, or if the number of our funding partners decreases, we could be subject to orders of suspension, cessation or rectification, cancellation of qualifications, or other penalties, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and our cooperation with our funding partners could be materially and adversely affected.

The volume of loans we originate has grown steadily over the past few years. From our inception in August 2013 through December 31, 2025, we cumulatively originated RMB1,531 billion (US$219 billion) in loans. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we originated RMB250 billion, RMB212 billion and RMB205 billion (US$29.4 billion) in loans, respectively, for approximately 8.5 million, 8.2 million and 8.2 million active users. We strategically focus on serving young generation consumers in China between the ages of 23 and 40 and seek to capture their long-term growth potential. To maintain the growth momentum of our platform, we must continuously increase loan originations by retaining current users and attracting more users. If there is insufficient demand for our loan products, investors and institutional funding partners may not be able to deploy their funds in a timely or efficient manner, and may seek alternative investment opportunities. If there are insufficient commitments from institutional funding partners, users may not be able to obtain capital through our platform and may turn to other sources for their borrowing needs. If we are unable to attract qualified users and sufficient commitments from institutional funding partners, we might not be able to increase our loan originations and operating revenue as we expect, and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

In addition, the success of our business depends on our ability to continue to serve our users’ growing credit needs as their consumption requirements change and their ability to repay loans increases with their increasing income. Moreover, we depend on repeat borrowing to cultivate user loyalty, accumulate user data and credit history, grow with our users and offer them better products and services. Around 86.8% of all active users on our platform were repeat users who had made at least one transaction on our platform before in the same year or in the previous year. If we fail to retain our existing users by offering products and services that cater to their evolving consumption needs, or if we fail to maintain or increase repeat borrowing on our platform, we may not be able to capture their long-term growth potential, and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. If our connection with these payment tools is founded to be not fully compliant with relevant PRC laws and regulations on consumer finance protection, or if our other efforts in retaining existing users and attracting new users are challenged by other relevant existing or future laws and regulations or more strict enforcement, our ability to retain and attract users at efficient cost level may be materially and adversely affected.

In 2021, we carried out changes to our online user acquisition model and introduced a more refined classification of our user cohorts to provide differentiated credit lines, pricing and billing terms. We have also expanded our offline sales force to focus more on serving regional users and small and micro enterprise (SME) owners. If the efforts in optimizing the online user acquisition model or the expansion of our offline sales team were to be unsuccessful, or efforts in creating synergy between the two channels were to fail, or the impact was unable to justify the costs, our ability to acquire users and manage user acquisition cost may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, the Announcement No. 3 provides that all lending institutions are required to display the annualized rate of each loan product prominently on the website or other channels where the product is marketed, which complements the Interim Measures for Administration of Internet Advertising, or the Internet Advertising Interim Measures, stipulating requirements for publishing advertisements online and/or offline. Then, the Measures for Internet Advertising came into force on May 1, 2023, simultaneously repealing the Internet Advertising Interim Measures. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Internet Advertising and Marketing.” Although sufficient measures have been implemented by us to comply with these laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that all advertisements we display fully comply with the regulatory requirements. For example, our qualification of advertising or the authorization from our funding partners regarding our advertisements may be challenged, and the content of our advertisements is also subject to review and censorship of the government. If the relevant laws and regulations on internet advertising are strictly implemented, we may take additional measures to further modify the way we advertise and incur additional costs for consumer acquisition. Any failure to comply with such laws and regulations would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Certain investor protection measures shall be taken by us or our third-party service provider as required by the institutional funding partners. Historically, we provided our institutional funding partners a deposit using our own funds at an amount equal to a percentage of the total loans funded by the institutional funding partners and are required to replenish such deposit from time to time, in order to compensate them for the principal and interest repayment of loans in the event of a user default.

However, the Circular 141 requires financial institutions that participate in the “cash loan” business not to accept any credit enhancement services or other similar services from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee and to ensure that no third parties will charge borrowers any interest or fees to borrowers. The Circular 141 specifies the features of “cash loans” as not relying on consumption scenarios, with no specified use of loan proceeds, no qualification requirement on the part of users and no security to the loans, among others. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Online Consumer Finance Services.” It is unclear whether our personal installment loans would be viewed as the “cash loans” specified in the Circular 141 and thus be subject to the provisions thereunder. The Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures further clarify, among others, that the commercial banks and consumer finance companies shall not accept any credit enhancement services directly or in disguised form, from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee, credit insurance or guarantee insurance.

Meanwhile, our above-mentioned historical investor protection practice may also be deemed as providing guarantee services without proper qualification under the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Regulations, which were promulgated by State Council on August 2, 2017 and became effective on October 1, 2017, and the Supplementary Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions, which were promulgated by the CBIRC, and eight other PRC regulatory agencies and became effective on October 9, 2019 and was amended in June 2021. Pursuant to these Financing Guarantee Regulations, “financing guarantee” refers to the activities in which guarantors provide guarantee to the guaranteed parties as to the debt financing (including the extension of loans or issuance of bonds), and “financing guarantee companies” refer to companies legally established and operating financing guarantee business. According to the Financing Guarantee Regulations, the establishment of financing guarantee companies shall be subject to the approval by the competent government authorities, and, unless otherwise stipulated by the state, no entity may operate financing guarantee business without such approval. If any entity violates these regulations and operates financing guarantee business without approval, the entity may be subject to various penalties including suspension of operation, confiscation of illegal gains, fines of up to RMB1,000,000 and criminal liabilities.

In addition to the Financing Guarantee Regulations, the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions further clarifies that institutions providing services such as client recommendation and credit assessment to various institutional funding partners shall not render any financing guarantee services, directly or in disguised form, without the competent approval. Otherwise, the penalties set forth in the Financing Guarantee Regulations may be imposed by the regulatory authorities, and the existing business shall be properly settled. In case an institution intends to continue the financing guarantee business, certain financing guarantee companies shall be established in accordance with the Financing Guarantee Regulations.

In an effort to ensure compliance with the requirements of those laws and regulations, we have proactively adjusted our practice and currently conduct a part of the investor protection program through our own financial guarantee companies which are qualified to provide financing guarantee for the users on our platform and charge guarantee fees directly to users. Due to the restriction on the outstanding guarantee liabilities of our own financing guarantee companies, we also cooperate with other third-party financing guarantee companies or commercial insurance companies, which provide guarantee or insurance services for the users on our platform, provided that for some of such cooperation, the variable interest entities without the financing guarantee qualification, has been required to provide the third-party financing guarantee companies and/or the commercial insurance companies with risk safeguard measures or a deposit to compensate them in the event that such financing guarantee company or commercial insurance companies performed their guarantee or insurance obligations upon the defaults of our users. We have further adjusted our cooperation model with certain institutional funding partners by having them charge fees directly to users and pay a certain percentage of such fees to us.

Due to the lack of interpretation and implementation rules and the fact that the laws and regulations are evolving, we cannot assure you that our current investor protection mechanisms on our platform will be in full compliance with Circular 141, Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures, Financing Guarantee Regulations, the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions or other existing and future laws, regulations and regulatory policies. For example, due to a lack of further interpretations, the exact definition and scope of “operating financing guarantee business” under the Financing Guarantee Regulations or “providing financing guarantee services in disguised form” under the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions are still unclear. It is uncertain whether we would be deemed to have operated financing guarantee business or provided financing guarantee services in disguised form because of our current arrangements with institutional funding partners, third-party financing guarantee companies or commercial insurance companies. Although such kind of investor protection mechanisms on our platform has not been explicitly prohibited by Circular 141, it may be subject to change and uncertain interpretation of any applicable laws and regulations. If it is deemed to be in violation of any applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties and/or be required to change our current business model and, as a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected in the future.

Moreover, if the assets of certain third-party guarantee companies and insurance companies were seized or implicated in legal or regulatory proceedings, and the loans we facilitated were not repaid in time, the funding partners may not be able to recover their funds and cease their cooperation with us, and we may fail to recoup our deposit paid to such third-party guarantee companies and insurance companies and lose our service fees. Should any of the foregoing occur, our competitive position as well as our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, due to the restriction on the outstanding guarantee liabilities and the minimum assets ratio of a financing guarantee company set forth in applicable PRC laws and regulations, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Financing Guarantee,” we may not have sufficient capital to meet the required ratio and may be required to take measures such as increasing the registered capital of our own financial guarantee companies. Although we do not expect any difficulties of the required governmental approval, we cannot assure you that these measures will be successful and in the event that we do not have sufficient capital to meet the ratio requirement, our business prospects and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We have established trusts in collaboration with trust companies. As agreed with the trust company, we are designated as the service provider for such trusts. If a loan application is approved by us, the loans will be funded from the trusts to our users directly. Such trusts are funded from institutional funding partners and, in certain circumstance, from our own capital, as a result of which we may be deemed as a lender or a provider of financial services by the PRC regulatory authorities, and we may become subject to supervision and restrictions on lending under applicable laws and regulations. For example, the Circular 141 set forth that banking financial institutions (including the trust companies) shall not extend loans jointly with any third-party institution which has not obtained approvals for the lending business, and the Regulations on the Prevention and Disposition of Illegal Fund-raising Practices, promulgated by the State Council in January 2021, which took effect in May 2021, prohibit granting loans without authorization in accordance with the law or in violation of the provisions of the State on financial administration. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Online Consumer Finance Services.”

The interpretation of relevant PRC laws and regulations are still evolving and their applicability to our business may be subject to changes in the future. For example, if a regulatory authority considers a trust funded from our own capital as involving the use of our own capital in lending, we may be deemed as a lender or a provider of financial services. In the event that we are subject to or be deemed to violate such PRC laws and regulations, we may be subject to certain administrative penalties, including the confiscation of illegal revenue, fines up to five times the amount of the illegal revenue and suspension of business operations. If we are deemed as a lender or a provider of financial services, our current service fees and various other fees charged to our users might be fully or partially deemed as interest, which shall be subject to the restrictions on interest rate as specified in applicable rules on private lending. Furthermore, On September 11, 2025, the National Financial Regulatory Administration promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Trust Companies, which came into force on January 1, 2026. The measures, among other things, prohibit trust companies from conducting "channel business" and require that trust companies must establish their own risk management systems. While we do not believe that our collaboration with trust companies constitute "channel business," there can be no assurance that the governmental authorities will not take a different view from ours, in which case we may not be able to adjust our business model with trust companies in a timely or cost-efficient matter, or at all.

In a few cases, we have been required to provide certain investor protection measures to our institutional funding partners under such trusts, which may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations. See“Item 3.Key Information—D.Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If our current investor protection measures for institutional funding partners are deemed to violate the relevant laws and regulations, or if we are deemed to have operated financial guarantee business by the PRC regulatory authorities, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

In addition, in case that certain risk warning events set forth in the trust agreements occur, including, among others, when the utilization rate of funds in the trust has been less than a certain percentage for a period of time, the trust will no longer fund any loans and shall be dissolved in advance, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be required to segregate our own assets from the assets of our institutional funding partners and borrowers.

The Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Internet Finance require that internet finance institutions segregate assets of their clients in a custodian bank from their own assets. However, other than the Guidelines to Regulate Funds Custodian for Online Lending Intermediaries, there is no clear implementation of such requirement applicable to internet finance institutions, and the scope of internet finance institutions that are subject to such assets segregation liabilities remains unclear.

On our platform, we use our best efforts to separate our own assets from those assets of the institutional funding partners and the borrowers, including, without limitation, by relying on clearing banks and payment companies for transferring funds between the institutional funding partners and borrowers. However, in certain situations, the funds may be transferred between the institutional funding partners and borrowers through bank accounts under our names. Due to the lack of clarity in the interpretation and implementation of the assets segregation requirements, we cannot assure you that our current arrangement would not be deemed as a violation of the applicable laws and regulations, or that we would not be required to change our business operations in the future. In addition, the clearing banks and payment companies we currently cooperate with are subject to changing local laws and regulations, and they may be required to change their cooperation arrangements with us or cease such arrangements entirely. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to complex and evolving statutory and regulatory requirements relating to cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Regulatory authorities in China have enhanced data protection and cybersecurity regulatory requirements. These laws continue to develop, and the PRC government may adopt other rules and restrictions in the future. However, we received and may receive certain opinion letters issued by the relevant government authorities regarding data protection and cybersecurity, and in these cases, we replied in time and cooperated to address these comments. Non-compliance could result in penalties or other significant legal liabilities.

The PRC Cybersecurity Law, which became effective in June 2017 and as amended in October 2025,created China’s first national-level data protection framework for “network operators.” It requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. Significant capital, managerial and human resources are required to comply with legal requirements, enhance information security and address any issues caused by security failures.

In addition, numerous regulations, guidelines and other measures have been and are expected to be adopted under the PRC Cybersecurity Law. For example, pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures effective in February 2022, critical information infrastructure operators and the data processing activities carries out online platform operators must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security; and online platform operators with personal information of over one million users shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before going to list abroad. The cybersecurity review will evaluate, among others, the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data, or the risk of a large amount of personal information being influenced, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments after going public, and cyber information security risk.

On August 17, 2021, the PRC State Council promulgated the Security Protection Regulations for Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to such regulations, “critical information infrastructure” shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of important industries or fields such as public communication and information service, energy, communications, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, and any other important network facilities or information systems which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administration departments of each critical industry and sector, or Protection Departments, shall be responsible for formulating eligibility criteria and determining the critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or field. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation has been issued by any Protection Departments, and we have not been informed as a critical information infrastructure operator by any governmental authorities. As the regulation was newly issued and the governmental authorities, including Protection Departments, may further formulate detailed rules or explanations with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this regulation, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and might be subject to further interpretation from the PRC governmental authorities. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we would not be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under the PRC law, also we cannot assure whether the future regulatory changes would impose additional restrictions on companies like us. If we are not able to comply with the cybersecurity and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, or removal of our app from the relevant application stores, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any regulatory inquiry, notice, investigations, warning, or sanctions on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC published the Outbound Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures, which took effect on September 1, 2022 and specify that data processors who intend to provide important data and personal information that are collected and generated in the operation within the territory of the PRC to overseas shall be subject to security assessment with the CAC. Under the current Outbound Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures, an entity must apply for a CAC security assessment if it processes personal information of over one million individuals and transfer personal information outbound, or if it has cumulatively transferred personal information outbound of more than 100,000 individuals or sensitive personal information of more than 10,000 individuals since January 1 of the previous year. The Outbound Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures further stipulate the process and requirements for the security assessment. However, on March 22, 2024, the CAC issued the Measures for Regulating and Promoting Outbound Data Flow, which took effect on the same day, in order to further regulate and promote the orderly and free flow of data legally, it is not required to apply for outbound data security assessment to be provided abroad, to conclude a standard contract for outbound provision of personal information or to pass the certification for personal information protection in certain situations, including, but not limited to, (i) for the data that have not been informed by relevant departments or regions or have been publicly announced as important data, (ii) where the personal information must be provided abroad, as it is necessary for the conclusion and performance of a contract to which the individual is a party, such as cross border shopping, or other listed situations, and (iii) in the event that it is estimated to provide abroad personal information of less than 10,000 individuals within one year. There may be a small amount of outbound transferred personal information in our future cross border shopping business, which is not be subject to such outbound data security assessment with the CAC as the newly published measures has come into effect. Although we do not need to declare such security assessment for the outbound data transfer, conclude standard contract or pass the certification for personal information protection, we will continue to take necessary measures to protect the security of personal information in the course of our business operation.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council issued the Regulation on the Administration of Cyber Data Security, or the Cyber Data Security Regulation, which became effective from January 1, 2025. The Cyber Data Security Regulation stipulated certain requirements on network data processing activities, the security and protection of network data, and the reasonable and effective use of network data, and further shed light on the protection of personal information, security of important data, management of cross-border security of network data and obligations of network platform service providers. The Cyber Data Security Regulation required, among others, where network data processing activities carried out by a network data processor affect or may affect national security, national security review shall be conducted in accordance with relevant PRC regulations. However, as the Cyber Data Security Regulation provided no further explanation or interpretation for “affect or may affect national security,” if we were deemed having carried out any network data processing activities that “affect or may affect national security," we may be subject to the national security review under article 13 of the Cyber Data Security Regulation, failing which may subject us to fines, penalties, suspension of relevant business and revocation of relevant business permits, and thus our business operations may be adversely affected.

The PRC Personal Information Protection Law, or the PIPL, took effect in November 2021. The PIPL sets forth detailed rules on processing personal information, clarifies the relevant rights of the individuals and the obligations of the personal information processors, and further strengthens the liabilities for illegal process of personal information. In addition to other rules and principles of personal information processing, the PIPL specifically provides rules for processing sensitive personal information. Sensitive personal information refers to personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, could easily lead to the infringement of human dignity or harm to the personal or property safety of an individual, including biometric recognition, religious belief, specific identity, medical and health, financial account, personal whereabouts and other information of an individual, as well as any personal information of minors under the age of 14. On September 14, 2024, National Technical Committee on Cybersecurity of Standardization Administration of China issued Notice on Issuing the Practice Guide of Network Security Standards-Guide for Identifying Sensitive Personal Information, further clarified that the definition of sensitive personal information and specified the identifying rules of such sensitive personal information. Only where there is a specific purpose and sufficient necessity, and under circumstances where strict protection measures are taken, may personal information processors process sensitive personal information. A personal information processor shall inform the individual of the necessity of processing such sensitive personal information and the impact thereof on the individual’s rights and interests.

Some information we collect, such as personal identity number and location, may be deemed to be sensitive personal information under the PIPL. The PIPL also strengthens the supervision of automatic decision making to protect the rights of individuals to obtain fair transaction terms and the supervision of mobile applications. We cannot assure you that we will comply with the PIPL in all respects, or that regulatory authorities will not order us to rectify or terminate our current practice of collecting and processing sensitive personal information. We may also become subject to fines and other penalties which may have material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition. In addition, in 2023, the CAC issued a few drafts for public comments related to personal information protection (e.g. the Administrative Measures for the Compliance Audit of Personal Information Protection (Draft for Comment), the Administrative Provisions on the Application Security of Facial Recognition Technology (Draft for Comment)), and if these drafts are formalized, we may be required to conduct periodic personal information protection compliance audits of our handling of personal information, conduct personal information protection impact assessments or even filings with respect to the application of facial recognition technology.

In addition, internet information in the PRC is regulated from a national security standpoint. According to the PRC National Security Law, institutions and mechanisms for national security review and administration will be established to conduct national security review on key technologies and IT products and services that affect or may affect national security. The PRC Data Security Law took effect in September 2021 and provides for a security review procedure for the data activities that may affect national security. It also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interest, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. we cannot assure you that our business would not be deemed to collect “important data” or “state critical data” under the PRC Data Security Law. If we are deemed to collect “important data” or “state critical data,” we may need to adopt internal reforms in order to comply with the Data Security Law.

In July 2023, the MIIT issued the Notice of Carrying out the Filing of Mobile Internet Applications, or the Notice on Filing of Apps, which provides that any operator of mobile Internet application distribution platforms (including distribution of small programs and fast applications, etc., collectively the “Apps”) that engages in Internet information services within the territory of China shall go through the filing formalities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and any App operator that fails to complete such formalities shall not engage in App Internet information services. Any app that carried out business before the promulgation of this Notice on Filing of Apps shall, in accordance with this Notice on Filing of Apps, go through such filing formalities before the end of March, 2024. From April 2024 to June 2024, the MIIT may organize the inspection of the filing of Apps, and any App that failed to go through such filing formalities or engages in illegal activities shall be handled in accordance with laws and regulations. As of the end of June 2024, we have filed all apps and our small programs that have carried out business.

While we take measures to comply with the applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the measures undertaken by us and our business partners. The activities of third parties such as our customers and business partners are beyond our control. If our business partners violate the PRC Cybersecurity Law and related laws and regulations, or fail to fully comply with the service agreements with us, or if any of our employees fails to comply with our internal control measures and misuses the information, we may be subject to penalties. Although we have adopted measures to comply with the requirements of the regulators to the best we can, we cannot guarantee that we will not

be subject to more similar rectification requests from the governmental authorities or that we will fully comply with all applicable rules and regulations at all times. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with all applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, or any failure or perceived failure of our business partners to do so, or any failure or perceived failure of our employees to comply with our internal control measures, may prevent us from using or providing certain network products and services, resulting in fines and other penalties such as suspension of our related business, closure of our website and apps and suspension of new downloads of our apps, as well as subjecting us to negative publicity and legal proceedings or regulatory actions and discouraging current and potential users and customers from using our services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If we are unable to effectively maintain the quality of our loan portfolio, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our financial condition and results of operations are affected by our ability to effectively maintain the quality of our loan portfolio. There is no assurance that the quality of our loan portfolio will remain at the current level or improve. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we originated RMB250 billion, RMB212 billion and RMB205 billion (US$29.4 billion) in loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our outstanding principal balance of loans was approximately RMB124 billion, RMB110 billion and RMB96.6 billion (US$13.8 billion), respectively. Our financing receivables, net amounted to RMB4,145 million, RMB4,781 million and RMB5,618 million (US$803 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our 90 day+ delinquency ratio was 2.9%, 3.6% and 3.1% as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The quality of our loan portfolio may be negatively affected by a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others, the slowdown and structural reform of the PRC economy, adverse development in general economic conditions, an increase in unemployment rates among our target users, epidemics and natural disasters. The quality of our loan portfolio may also deteriorate if we are not able to manage credit risks. In addition, we may experience an adverse change in user credit risk as we expand our user base and offer new product features and higher credit lines to users. For example, while we have set certain requirements for the use of flexible repayment options, such as requiring minimum monthly repayments and keeping the user’s credit line at the approved amount, the flexible repayment options may affect our loan delinquencies and charge-offs as the outstanding principal balance of the new loan borrowed by a user using the flexible repayment options will be considered as current, as long as the user meets the payment schedule of the new loan agreed to by the user and us. We may also experience an adverse change in user credit risk if our credit assessment and control process fail to effectively contain the credit exposures of higher-risk users in using our existing or new credit products.

Moreover, our risk management system and policies are subject to change from time to time. We use our proprietary risk control system to assess credit risks of our users. While we continually improve our risk management capabilities as we accumulate user data, the risk control system may inaccurately predict future credit losses under certain circumstances. For instance, after initial credit lines are granted, a user’s risk profile may change due to a variety of factors, such as deteriorating financial situations, and there is no assurance that such changes will be captured in a timely manner. The models and algorithms used by our risk control system may contain errors, flaws or other deficiencies that may lead to inaccurate credit assessment, and the data provided by users and external data sources may be incorrect or obsolete. If any of the foregoing were to occur in the future, our loan pricing and approval process could be negatively affected, resulting in misclassified loans or incorrect approvals or denials of credit applications. Our risk management capabilities also rely upon our anti-fraud detection, risk modeling, and refined operations of risk management, all of which involve certain risks in their effectiveness of managing the risk of our loan portfolio. We cannot assure you that our risk management system and policies have been, or will be, effective in managing our credit risks and hence the asset quality of our loan portfolio.

If we are unable to effectively maintain and manage the quality of our loan portfolio due to any reason, the delinquency rates and the charge-offs of our loan portfolio may increase. In some types of loans we facilitate, the service fees we would receive from institutional funding partners are related to the quality and performance of the loans. If we fail to identify the risks in such loans, we may receive reduced service fees or even no service fees. Moreover, if the quality of our loan portfolio were to deteriorate, institutional funding partners may be unwilling to offer favorable terms in our cooperation or even decide not to continue to cooperate with us, and users may seek to revise the terms of their loans or reduce the use of our platform for borrowing. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business, competitive position, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We need adequate funding at a reasonable cost to successfully operate our business, and access to adequate funding at a reasonable cost cannot be assured.

The growth and success of our operations depend on the availability of adequate funding to meet user demand for loans on our platform. We derive our funding for our platform from a variety of sources and types of investors, including our institutional funding partners on our platform and investors of asset-backed securities. We have obtained the majority of our funding from institutional funding partners since 2018. Our ability to diversify funding sources is subject to the development of regulatory requirements. For example, the Circular 141 prohibits banking financial institutions from providing loans to persons without source of income or investing in asset-backed securities with underlying assets consisting of “cash loans” or “campus loans.” If college students are deemed as persons without source of income, the funding of loans to college students provided by financial institutions may need to be terminated. Although investors of asset-backed securities were not our major source of funding in historical periods, to the extent we intend to increase funds obtained through asset-back securities, the foregoing requirement would affect the amount of funding that we could obtain through this channel.

In addition, the Notice on Internet Consumer Loan for College Students issued in February 2021 sets forth several requirements on the banking financial institutions participating in internet consumer loans for college students, including that the banking financial institutions shall strictly check credit qualifications and the identities of college students and their use of loans, conduct comprehensive credit assessment, and receive the written confirmations from second sources of repayment (such as parents, guardians, or other administrator of the college students) who acknowledge such internet consumer loan provided to such college student and agree that they will guarantee the repayment of the loan. We have to comply with the policies of our funding partners on identifying certain restricted borrowers, including college students. Therefore, we may be required to incur additional costs on identifying college students among our potential users, which will increase our cost of attracting and retaining users.

Moreover, to the extent there is insufficient funding from funding partners willing to accept the risk of default posed by potential users or the particular type of funding could be matched to only certain group of our users due to restrictions imposed by current or existing laws or regulations, our platform will be unable to fund certain loan originations. If adequate funds are not available to meet users’ demand for loans, loan originations on our platform may be significantly impacted. Also, to the extent that risk-adjusted return requirements of our funding sources change, funding sources may choose not to fund loans originated on our platform.

In addition, our growth strategy involves offering our users competitively priced financial products and services. As the online and offline consumption market is intensely competitive, we may attempt to further reduce our funding cost by modifying the investment products offered to our investors and the terms and conditions of cooperation agreements with our funding partners. To the extent that our funding sources find the risk-adjusted returns with us less attractive, we may not be able to obtain the requisite level of funding. As some of our funding partners require us to provide deposits and compensate them in case of default while others do not require such deposits but offer us less favorable terms, we have to adjust our funding model from time to time to balance the amount of deposits paid to funding sources and the commercial viability of funding terms. If our platform is unable to provide potential users with loans or fund the loans on a timely basis due to insufficient funding or less favorable pricing compared to that of our competitors, it would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our expansion into offering our users higher credit lines, new loan products and financial services, and new product categories on our e-commerce channel, and our expansion into serving an increased number of young generation consumers, may expose us to new challenges and more risks.

We have a limited operating history and have been rapidly expanding our products and services and our user base since our inception. For example, we started to offer personal installment loans to our users in addition to installment purchase loans in 2014. In 2015, we began to offer flexible repayment options, which allow users who meet our criteria to reschedule or postpone their current monthly payment. In recent years, we have expanded our product offerings to include a wide range of products including apparel and footwear, bags, fashion accessories, household goods, cosmetics, personal care products, baby and maternity products, food and beverages, and virtual goods. To serve our expanded user base and our users’ evolving credit needs, we continuously offer new credit products and offer our users higher credit lines as they obtain higher incomes with greater ability to repay. We may also further launch new initiatives from time to time to expand our products and services offerings.

Expansion into new products and service categories involves new risks and challenges. Our lack of familiarity with these new product and service offerings and lack of relevant user data may make it more difficult for us to anticipate user demand and preferences and manage credit risk. We may misjudge user demand, resulting in inventory buildup and possible inventory write-down. It may also make it more difficult for us to inspect and control quality and ensure proper handling, storage and delivery. We may experience higher return rates on new products, receive more customer complaints and become subject to costly product liability claims, which would harm our brand and reputation as well as our financial performance. The expansion into new products and services could also subject us to legal, operational, and reputational risks that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to recoup our investments.

In addition, as our user base shifts to consist of more young generation consumers, we may not able to accurately assess the credit risks of these new users due to our lack of credit data and experience. Higher credit limit products may also carry more risks, and we may not be able to adequately address the default risk of our loans originated under these higher credit limit products due to a lack of historical data. Serving a changing user base may also expose us to new challenges and more risks. If we fail to execute our growth strategies, or if we fail to address the challenges and risks, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If our credit assessment and risk management model is ineffective, or the credit and other information that we receive from prospective users and third parties is inaccurate and thus does not accurately reflect the user creditworthiness, the accuracy of our credit assessment and risk management will be adversely affected.

Our ability to effectively segment users into appropriate risk profiles, attract and retain users, and to offer funding partners attractive risk-adjusted returns depend on the effectiveness of our credit assessment and risk management model as well as accurate information on user creditworthiness. We rely on our risk control system to assess credit risk of users. While we continuously improve our risk management capabilities by updating the algorithms, data processing and other technology for the system, if the model contains systematic technical or other errors, is ineffective in analyzing data, or contains other flaws, the accuracy of our credit assessment and the effectiveness of our risk management will be adversely affected, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

For our credit assessment, we obtain from prospective users and third parties’ certain information of the prospective users, which may not be complete, accurate or reliable. Our credit assessment of a user may not reflect that particular user’s actual creditworthiness due to outdated, incomplete or inaccurate user information. Additionally, once we have obtained a user’s information, the user may subsequently (i) become delinquent in the payment of an outstanding obligation; (ii) default on a pre-existing debt obligation; (iii) take on additional debt; or (iv) experience other adverse financial events, making the information we previously obtained inaccurate. We currently determine whether users have outstanding loans through consumer finance platforms using external databases at the time they obtain a loan from us. We also compare a user’s name against our database on a regular basis. Once we detect that a user has multiple outstanding loans with substantial aggregate balances and poses a high credit risk, we will place such user on a high-risk user list and closely monitor the user going forward.

However, there is no assurance that we have complete and accurate information relating to all of our users’ outstanding loans. For example, a user may borrow money through our platform in order to pay off loans on other consumer finance platforms, and vice versa. If a user incurs additional debt before fully repaying any loan that user takes out on our platform, the additional debt may impair the ability of that user to make payments on his or her loan with us and our funding sources, ability to receive investment returns associated with such loan. In addition, the additional debt may adversely affect the user’s creditworthiness generally and could result in the financial distress or insolvency of the user. To the extent that a user has other indebtedness and cannot repay all of his or her indebtedness, the user may choose to make payments to other platforms instead of us. Such inaccurate or incomplete user information could affect the accuracy of our credit assessment and the effectiveness of our risk management, which could in turn harm our reputation, and as a result, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If our existing and new loan products or financial services do not maintain or achieve sufficient market acceptance, our financial results and competitive position will be harmed.

We have devoted significant resources to, and will continue to put an emphasis on, upgrading and marketing our existing loan products and enhancing their market awareness. We also incur expenses and expend resources upfront to develop and market new loan products and financial services that incorporate additional features, improve functionality or otherwise make our platform more attractive to users. New loan products and financial services must achieve high levels of market acceptance in order for us to recoup our investments in developing and marketing them.

Our existing and new loan products and financial services could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:

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users may not find the terms of our loan products, such as the costs and credit limits, competitive or appealing;

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we may fail to predict market demand accurately and provide loan products and financial services that meet this demand in a timely fashion;

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users, investors and institutional funding partners using our platforms may not like, find useful or agree with, the changes we make;

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there may be defects, errors or failures on our platforms;

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there may be negative publicity about our loan products or financial services, or our platform’s performance or effectiveness;

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regulatory authorities may take the view that the new products, financial services or platform changes do not comply with the PRC laws, regulations or rules applicable to us or our funding partners;

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regulations or rules applicable to us or our funding partners; and

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there may be competing products or services introduced or anticipated to be introduced by our competitors.

If our existing and new loan products and services and investment products do not maintain or achieve adequate acceptance in the market, our competitive position, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our current level of fee rates may decline in the future. Any material reduction in our fee rates could reduce our profitability.

We generate financial services income by charging fees from the users on our platform through our own guarantee companies and from third-party guarantee companies, who in turn charge guarantee service fees to our users. We also generate financial services income by charging fees from financial institutions. These fee rates may also be affected by a change over time in the mix of the types of products we provide to our users and partners, the macroeconomic factors, as well as the competition in the online consumer finance industry. For example, the amount of facilitation and servicing fees on performance-based loans we charge from our funding partners is increasing. As we receive a generally lower fee rate for such loans, it may decrease our profitability. In line with the general regulatory trends in enforcing a lower maximum percentage on fees charged for financial services, we may have to further reduce our fee rates. Any material reduction in our fee rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we fail to promote and maintain our brand in an effective and cost-efficient way, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that effectively developing and maintaining awareness of our brand is critical to attracting and retaining users. This in turn largely depends on the effectiveness of our user acquisition strategy, our marketing efforts, our cooperation with institutional funding partners and the success of the channels we use to promote our platform. If any of our current user acquisition strategies or marketing channels becomes less effective, more costly or no longer feasible, we may not be able to attract new users in a cost-effective manner or convert potential users into active users.

Our efforts to build our brand have caused us to incur expenses, and it is likely that our future marketing efforts will require us to incur additional expenses. These efforts may not result in increased operating revenue in the immediate future or any increases at all and, even if they do, any increases in operating revenue may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand while incurring additional expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, and our ability to grow our business may be impaired.

Any negative publicity or user complaints with respect to us, the consumer finance industry in general and our third-party service providers may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The reputation of our brands is critical to our business and competitiveness. Any negative publicity, publicized incidents in connection with the use of our products or services and/or user complaints, whether or not we are negligent or at fault, including those relating to our management, business, compliance with the law, financial condition or prospects and our business operations related to campus online lending, whether with or without merit, could severely compromise our reputation and harm our business and operating results. Negative publicity associated with fabricated or malicious reports to

the government authorities on our products or services made by competitors or our users may also adversely affect our brand image and reputation and undermine our trust and credibility.

As China’s consumer finance industry is new and the regulatory framework for this industry is also evolving, negative publicity about this industry and the market segment in which we operate may arise from time to time. Negative publicity about China’s consumer finance industry in general may also have a negative impact on our reputation, regardless of whether or not we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. The PRC government has instituted specific rules, including the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Internet Finance, the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures, and the Circular 141, to develop a more transparent regulatory environment for the online consumer finance industry. Any players in China’s online consumer finance industry who are not in compliance with these regulations may adversely impact the reputation of the industry as a whole.

Furthermore, any negative development or perception of the consumer finance industry as a whole, including campus lending, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents or as a result of conduct by other market players, could compromise our image, undermine our trust and credibility, and negatively impact our ability to attract new users, investors and institutional funding partners. Other negative developments in the consumer finance industry, such as widespread user defaults, fraudulent behavior, the closure of other online consumer finance platforms, or incidents indirectly resulting from the accumulation of large amounts of debt and inability to repay by any particular user, may also lead to tightened regulatory scrutiny of the sector and limit the scope of permissible business activities that may be conducted by market players in the consumer finance industry.

We receive customer complaints in the ordinary course of our business and handle them in accordance with the terms and conditions of our platform and applicable laws and regulations. Historically, such complaints have not been material to our business. However, if customer complaints increase significantly in the future, whether as a result of factors beyond our control such as misunderstandings by customers or bad-faith complaint activities seeking improper gains, we may be required to devote additional resources to complaint handling and to further adjust our operations to satisfy regulatory requirements.

In addition, any actual or claimed incidents related to extreme user behaviors or aggressive or illegal loan collection activities may harm our reputation, and if users, investors or institutional funding partners associate us with other peers in the industry who have been implicated in such incidents, they may be less willing to engage in borrowing or funding activities on our platform. In the ordinary course of our business, we may need to bring lawsuits against certain borrowers for delinquent loans. If courts do not support our claims, such legal proceedings may also negative impact our reputation and brand image. If any of the foregoing takes place, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Fraudulent activities on our platforms or that target our users could negatively impact our operating results, brand and reputation.

We are subject to risks associated with fraudulent activities on our platforms as well as risks associated with handling user and investor information. Our resources, technologies and fraud detection tools may be insufficient to accurately detect and prevent fraud. In addition, our young generation consumers may be more susceptible to fraud due to their limited financial knowledge and experience in using financial services. They may not be well equipped to detect sophisticated fraudulent schemes that directly target them. For instance, our users may be encouraged by third parties or organized criminal groups to incur personal installment loans on our platform and transfer the proceeds to them, who have no intention to repay, ultimately resulting in default. Other scammers may pretend to be us, offer our users fraudulent loans and charge fraudulent “service fees” to our users. We provide our users with education on financial planning and management, including on the concept of credit, credit and personal information protection, fraud and identity theft prevention. However, we cannot assure you that these efforts will be effective in preventing fraud.

While we have not historically experienced any significant incident of fraud that caused material losses to us, significant increases in fraudulent activities on our platform would divert significant resources from us in cooperating for the investigations, and we may be ordered to compensate for the loss in the scams, which could negatively impact our brand and reputation, increase our operational costs, result in losses to us and our funding sources, reduce loan originations on our platform and lead us to take additional steps to reduce the risk of fraud and further increase our costs and expenses. High-profile fraudulent activity could also lead to regulatory intervention and may divert our management’s time and attention and cause us to incur additional expenses and costs. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain cooperation with our funding partners or to maintain sufficient liquidity to originate loans to our users, our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Our institutional funding partners typically agree to provide funding to our users who meet their predetermined criteria, subject to their approval process. These agreements have fixed terms ranging from one to two years. Some of these agreements have automatic renewal options upon expiration. In addition, while our users’ loan requests are usually approved if they fall within the parameters set and agreed upon by us and our institutional funding partners, the funding institutions may implement additional requirements in their approval process outside of our monitor and control. Thus, there is no assurance that our institutional funding partners could provide reliable, sustainable and adequate funding to support the required liquidity, either because they could decline to fund user loans originated on our platform or decline to renew or renegotiate their participation on our platform. Moreover, some institutional funding partners have required that in the event where the repayment of loans by the borrower is overdue for a certain period of time, the funding partner would have the right to terminate the loan and is entitled to a compensation equal to the amount of the outstanding principal and interests from the us or our affiliated guarantee companies. If we are unable to provide such compensation, the funding partner may terminate the cooperation with us, which in turn may negatively affect the confidence of other funding partners in us. In such events, our liquidity, the availability of our investor protection funds and our business prospects will be adversely and negatively affected.

In addition, if the PRC laws and regulations impose more restrictions on cooperation with institutional funding partners, institutional funding partners may become more selective in choosing cooperation partners, which may drive up the funding costs and the competition among online lending platforms to cooperate with a limited number of institutional funding partners as well as other non-institutional funding sources. Furthermore, if the PRC laws and regulations are issued that prohibit our cooperation with our institutional funding partners, including licensed financial institutions, microcredit lenders or other consumer finance platforms, our cooperation with our funding partners may have to be terminated or suspended, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to sustain our historical growth rates.

We have experienced rapid growth since we commenced our online consumer finance business. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our historical growth rates in future periods. Our revenue growth may slow, or our operating revenue may decline for a number of possible reasons, including decreasing consumer spending, changes in regulations and government policies, increasing competition, slowing in the growth of China’s online consumer finance industry, difficulties in delivery and fulfillment of online purchases, emergence of alternative business models, changes in government policies or general economic conditions, and natural disasters or virus outbreaks. If our growth rate declines, investors’ perceptions of our business and business prospects may be adversely affected and the market price of our ADSs could decline.

Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain relationships with our business partners and other third parties, and at the same time, we are subject to risks associated with our business partners and other third parties.

We currently rely on a number of business partners and other third parties in various aspects of our business. For example, we source products from third-party suppliers for our online direct sales. In particular, we have cooperated extensively with JD.com, from which we source a significant amount of products that we offer on our e-commerce channel. We cannot assure you that our current suppliers will continue to sell products to us on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, after the current agreement expires. In addition, if we fail to attract new suppliers to sell their products to us due to any reason, our business and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have third-party sellers on our e-commerce platforms. We do not have as much control over the quality, storage and delivery of products sold directly on our online marketplace as we do over the products that we sell directly ourselves. If any third-party seller does not control the quality of the products that it sells on our e-commerce platforms, or if it does not deliver the products or delivers them late or delivers products that are materially different from its description of them, or if it sells certain products without licenses or permits as required by the relevant laws and regulations, we could face claims that we should be held liable for any losses or face product liability claims. We may also incur liability or become subject to administrative penalties for counterfeit or unauthorized products sold on our platforms, or for products sold on our platforms or content posted on our platforms that infringe on intellectual property rights, or for other misconduct, including carrying out fictitious transactions or deleting unfavorable comments. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to E-Commerce” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Product Quality and Consumer Rights Protection.”

In addition, we cooperate with a number of business partners and other third parties to fulfill and deliver our products to our users. For example, we use the warehousing and delivery infrastructure of JD.com and SF Express for fulfilling user orders on our e-commerce channel. Our ability to process and fulfill orders accurately and provide high-quality user service depends on the fulfillment infrastructure of our business partners and other third parties. Any interruptions to or failures in their delivery and fulfillment services could prevent the timely or proper delivery of our products to users. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by any disruptions to their delivery and fulfillment services.

Furthermore, we work closely with certain third-party service providers, such as third-party payment platforms, custody and settlement service providers, commercial data providers, and loan collection service providers, in conducting our business. If these third-party service providers fail to function properly, we cannot assure you that we would be able to find an alternative in a timely and cost-efficient manner, or at all. Moreover, any aggressive practices or misconduct by any of our third-party service providers, including third-party loan collection service providers, could damage our reputation and subject us to claims and investigations. If we are unable to effectively monitor and regulate our third-party loan collection service providers, we may need to conduct more loan collection activities ourselves, which may increase our costs, subject us to heightened reputational and legal risks and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Pursuing, establishing and maintaining relationships with business partners and other third parties, as well as integrating their data and services with our system, require significant time and resources. Our current agreements with partners and other third parties generally do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to our partners to favor our competitors’ products or services. Certain types of partners may devote more resources to support their own businesses which compete with us. For example, JD Finance conducts consumer finance business and is supported with the significant resources available from JD.com.

The smooth operation of our business also depends on the compliance by our business partners and other third parties with applicable laws and regulations. Any negative publicity about business partners and other third parties, such as negative publicity about their loan collection practices and any failure by them to adequately protect the information of our users and investors, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to otherwise meet required quality and service standards, could harm our reputation and further lead to decrease in the willingness of prospective borrowers. We may also be hold responsible for any misconduct of their loan collection practice. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our reputation is associated with these business partners and other third parties, and if any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation may suffer.

Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to governmental supervision and regulation by the relevant PRC governmental authorities. Together, these government authorities promulgate and enforce regulations that cover many aspects of the operation of our business including the online retail, the online finance industries. The PRC government extensively regulates the internet industry. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations.” As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations.

We are required to obtain various licenses and permits from different regulatory authorities in order to distribute certain categories of products on our website. We have made efforts to obtain all the applicable licenses and permits, but due to the large number and variety of products sold on our websites, we may not always be able to do so, and we may be penalized by governmental authorities for selling products without proper licenses. As we increase our product selection, we may also become subject to new or existing laws and regulations that did not affect us before. Furthermore, we do not directly own the websites or mobile internet applications due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China, which may result in significantly disruptions to our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us. We are also required to obtain certain licenses and permits for our online consumer financing and microcredit services. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—The laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry in China are developing and evolving, and our business operations have been and may need to continue to be modified to ensure full compliance with relevant laws and regulations.”

Our online consumer finance platform, Fenqile, operated by Shenzhen Fenqile, has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of domestic call center service in May 2022, which will remain valid until May 2027, and certain value-added telecommunications service license for online data processing and transaction processing in July 2019, which will remain valid until July 2029. It is uncertain if the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries will be required to obtain a separate operating license with respect to our mobile applications in addition to the value-added telecommunications business license. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment Restrictions.” If the PRC government determines that we are operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses or imposes additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it has the power, among other things, to levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue the relevant parts of our business or to impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions by the PRC government may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, we engage in network microcredit business through Ji’an Fenqile Network Microcredit Co., Ltd., or Ji’an Microcredit, a subsidiary of Shenzhen Fenqile, in Ji’an, Jiangxi Province, which obtained a network microcredit license from the relevant local authority. The microcredit license was updated in July 2024 and will remain valid until August 2026. However, since the regulatory regime and practice with respect to network microcredit companies are evolving in recent years, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Microcredit,” we cannot assure you that we would not be subject to any rectification requirements or administrative penalties due to any non-compliance, nor can we assure you that we will be able to satisfy rectification requirements, if any, and maintain such license or renew the license.

For example, in November 2020, the CBIRC and the People’s Bank of China released the Interim Measures for the Administration of Network Microcredit Companies Business (Draft) to solicit public comments. The draft measures make it clear that a network microcredit business shall be carried out mainly in the provincial administrative areas to which the entity is registered and shall not be cross-provincial without prior approval. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit business within a province shall not be less than RMB1 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit cross-provinces shall not be less than RMB5 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The draft measures would establish a three-year transition period, and those operating cross-provincial network microcredit businesses without approval will be phased-out. Although we believe that Ji’an Microcredit is only a supplementary funding source and we do not intend to rely on it as a major source for funding, we cannot assure you that Ji’an Microcredit will be able to maintain or renew its microcredit license if the draft measures are implemented.

If we are deemed to engage in a personal credit reporting business and violate any PRC laws or regulations governing personal credit reporting businesses, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In particular, we are subject to changes surrounding the Measures for Credit Reporting Business, the interpretation and implementation of which may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future.

The PRC government has adopted several regulations governing personal credit reporting businesses. These regulations include the Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry, enacted by the State Council and became effective in March 2013, and the Management Rules on Credit Agencies, issued by the People’s Bank of China, in the same year. According to the Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry, “credit reporting business” means the activities of collecting, organizing, storing and processing “credit information” of individuals and enterprises, as well as providing such information to others, and a “credit reporting agency” refers to a duly established agency whose primary business is credit reporting. Enterprises or individuals engaging in personal credit reporting business shall obtain a license from the People’s Bank of China. Enterprises or individuals shall not engage in personal credit reporting business without the approval by the People’s Bank of China. Entities engaged in personal credit reporting business without such approval may be subject to penalties, including ban of business, confiscation of revenues related to personal credit reporting business, imposition of fines of RMB50,000 to RMB500,000 or criminal liabilities.

In September 2021, the People’s Bank of China released the Measures for Credit Reporting Business, which took effect on January 1, 2022. The Measures for Credit Reporting Business defines “credit information” as information that “serves the financial and economic activities and is used to determine the credit status of individuals and enterprises, which refers to basic information, loan information and other relevant information collected in accordance with the law and other information originated from analysis and evaluation of credit status of individuals and enterprises based on the foregoing information.” The Measures for Credit Reporting Business also requires, among other things, that the credit reporting agency shall report to the People’s Bank of China the information processors that collaborate with such credit reporting agency with respect to the collection, storing, processing and analyzing of the credit information. Separately, entities “actually providing credit reporting function services” in the name of “credit information service, credit service, credit evaluation, credit rating, credit repair, etc.” are also subject to the Measures for Credit Reporting Business. Any agency carrying out personal credit reporting business without the necessary permit should complete the rectification within 18 months after the implementation date of the Measures for Credit Reporting Business.

As the Measures for Credit Reporting Business is relatively recent, we cannot assure that we could clearly understand the articles under it and keep in compliance with it. For example, the Measures for Credit Reporting Business does not specify what constitutes “activities relating to credit reporting business.” It is also unclear what activities may be deemed as “actually providing credit reporting services.” Further, the Measures for Credit Reporting Business does not provide a clear guidance or execution rules on how and when these providers, if deemed to be conducting credit reporting business, could apply for required licenses or otherwise comply with the Measures for Credit Reporting Business.

In April 2021, the People’s Bank of China , the CBIRC, the CSRC and SAFE invited a number of internet platform operators for a meeting to discuss the operations and compliance of their internet finance business including conducting credit reporting business through authorized credit reporting agency. If we are found to be carrying out credit reporting business or credit reporting function services by the PRC authorities, we may be required to obtain a personal credit reporting business license or pursue other avenue to ensure compliance. We will closely monitor and assess the regulatory developments. We may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to address the requirements under the Measures for Credit Reporting Business and to make necessary changes to our policies and practices, including obtaining an personal credit reporting business license or if we are deemed as an information processor, we may be required to collaborate with a licensed credit reporting agency and to be reported to the People's Bank of China with respect to the collection, storing, processing and analyzing of credit information. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the Measures for Credit Reporting Business and other related laws and regulations in the future could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, on July 7, 2021, the Credit Information System Bureau of People’s Bank of China further issued the Notice Relating to Disconnecting Direct Connection to 13 internet platforms (not including us) requiring the internet platforms to achieve a complete “disconnected direct connection” in terms of personal information with financial institutions, meaning that the direct flow of personal information from internet platforms that collect such information to financial institutions is prohibited.

Although we are not one of the 13 internet platforms who received the Notice Relating to Disconnecting Connection, we have entered into a collaboration agreement and have implemented a system interfacing with licensed credit reporting institution, and considering the Guidelines for Business Cooperation between Banking Financial Institutions and Financing Guarantee Companies issued in April 2018 stipulate that banks and guarantee companies may separately accept clients’ applications and recommend clients to each other, in some cases, we have also shared personal information with financial institutions by our financing guarantee companies, trying to ensure the flow of personal information comply with the Measures for Credit Reporting Business and the Notice Relating to Disconnecting Direct Connection to the largest extent. According to the Notice Relating to Disconnecting Direct Connection, the Credit Reporting Measures and other related laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure by us to meet the relevant requirements may subject us to fine or criminal liability, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. However, as neither clear guidance nor implementation rules with regard to the Measures for Credit Reporting Business has been issued and the acceptance criteria of the regulators has not been introduced, we will closely monitor the regulatory requirements and adjust the applicable measures in a timely manner to ensure that the flow of credit data be in compliance with the Measures for Credit Reporting Business to the largest extent. However, we may incur significant costs and expenses to ensure compliance and to make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices.

New laws and regulations may impose additional requirements and other obligations on our e-commerce business, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to requirements of licenses and permits, the PRC laws and regulations also require e-commerce platform operators to take measures to protect consumer rights. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to E-Commerce.” Failure to do so may subject the e-commerce platform operators to rectification requirements and penalties. For example, the E-Commerce Law requires e-commerce platform operators to take necessary actions if the merchants on the platform fail to display prominently on their home page the information contained in their business licenses or administrative permits relating to their operations.

Moreover, under the E-Commerce Law, except for in certain circumstances, all e-commerce operators, including e-commerce platform operators and merchants on these platforms, shall register with local branches of the SAMR, provide identity information of merchants on their platform to local branches of the SAMR and prompt any merchants failing to make such registrations to comply with the relevant registration requirements. We have required merchants on our platform to complete such registrations. As a result of such requirements, we may lose existing merchants and fail to attract potential merchants who may not be willing to cooperate with us in full compliance with the E-Commerce Law. In addition, the E-Commerce Law imposes a number of new obligations on e-commerce platform operators, including the obligations to (i) ensure platforms’ security including protection of data privacy, (ii) ensure fair dealing and protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers on the platform, (iii) publicize transaction information preservation and transaction rules, and (iv) protect intellectual properties.

In addition, the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions which became effective on May 1, 2021 specify that online transaction operators, as well as online platform operators, shall conduct their businesses in full compliance with the Anti-unfair Competition Law and other relevant PRC laws and regulations, and shall not unfairly compete with other operators or disturb social and economic orders. Such unfair competition conducts include, but are not limited to, carrying out any fictitious transactions and making up user evaluations. Furthermore, on June 27, 2025, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee implemented a newly amended Anti-unfair Competition Law of the PRC which stipulates that business operators shall not, (i) use data, algorithms, technology, platform rules, or the like to influence user choices or otherwise engage in certain conduct that obstructs or disrupts the normal operation of network products or services lawfully provided by other business operators, (ii) by means of fraud, coercion, circumvention, sabotage of technical or management measures, or other improper methods, obtain or use data lawfully held by other business operators, thereby harming their lawful rights and interests and disrupting the order of market competition, and (iii) abuse platform rules to directly, or by instructing others to, carry out fictitious transactions, fabricate reviews, or initiate malicious product returns against other business operators, thereby harming their lawful rights and interests and disrupting the order of market competition.

We cannot assure you that our current business operations satisfy the obligations provided under the E-Commerce Law and the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions in all respects. If the PRC governmental authorities determine that we are not in compliance with all the requirements proposed under relevant laws and regulations, we may be subject to fines and/or other sanctions, which may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

We are subject to risks associated with subscription services.

We offer subscription services to subscribing users, offering benefits such as coupon for membership of third-party platforms, product vouchers and virtual gifts, and generate revenues from such subscription services. If the benefits we offer fail to attract users or meet their expectations, we may not be able to maintain or increase the number of our subscribing users, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our subscribing services are evolving, and we may be subject to operational risks in the launch and promotion of the subscribing services that are not fully foreseen. We may also be subject to potential regulatory and compliance risks if the relevant laws, regulations and their interpretations change from time to time, which may adversely and materially affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Increasing focus with respect to environmental, social and governance matters may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks. Failure to adapt to or comply with the evolving expectations and standards on environmental, social and governance matters from investors and the PRC government may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

The PRC government and public advocacy groups have been increasingly focused on environment, social and governance, or ESG, issues in recent years, making our business more sensitive to ESG issues and changes in governmental policies and laws and regulations associated with environment protection and other ESG-related matters. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, and other influential investors are also increasingly focused on ESG

practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. Regardless of the industry, increased focus from investors and the PRC government on ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Any ESG concern or issue could increase our regulatory compliance costs. If we do not adapt to or comply with the evolving expectations and standards on ESG matters from investors and the PRC government or are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, we may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and the price of our ADSs could be adversely effected.

In recent years, we have donated to the pandemic-hit city of Wuhan for purchases of scarce medical supplies. We have also donated to Henan province in central China, which was hit by heavy rains and flooding, to support relief efforts and help local communities resume normal life, work and production. In additional to the philanthropic actions, we have been actively integrating social responsibility into its operations, products, and services. For our outstanding ESG efforts, we have received the Wealth and Society Corporate Commitment Certificate from The Asian Banker’s Global Wealth and Society Corporate Commitment Certification Program 2021.

Fluctuations in interest rates could negatively affect our business.

The profitability of our business depends on the interest rates at which our users are willing to borrow, and the interest rates at which our funding partners are willing to lend. Specific benchmark rates may fluctuate as a result of changes in economic conditions and governmental policies. If we fail to respond to the fluctuations in interest rates in a timely manner and reprice our loan products, our loan products may become less attractive to our users. For example, in a falling interest rate environment, potential users may seek lower priced loans from other channels if we do not lower the interest rates on our loan products. Similarly, in a rising interest rate environment, potential investors may seek higher return investments from other channels if we do not increase the return on our investment products. Moreover, if we are unable to reprice our loan products and investment products correspondingly, the spreads between the interest rates on our loan products and the expected rates of return on our investment products may be reduced, and our profitability may be adversely affected.

We incurred net losses in the past and may incur net losses in the future.

We incurred net losses in the past while we had net incomes since 2017. We anticipate that our operating expenses will increase in the foreseeable future as we seek to continue to grow our business, attract potential users, investors and partners, and further enhance and develop product and service offerings. These efforts may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our operating revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. We strategically focus on serving young generation consumers and seek to capture their long-term growth potential. To the extent we are unable to execute this strategy or if we are unable to generate increased revenue on repeat users, we may not continue to generate net income. Our 90 day+ delinquency ratio was 2.9%, 3.6% and 3.1% as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. If our charge-off rates were to increase in the future, we may incur losses. We have also adopted, and may continue to adopt, accounting standards that affect our net income. If any of the foregoing occurs, we may incur net losses again and may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis for the foreseeable future.

Misconduct, errors and failure to perform by our employees could harm our business and reputation.

We are exposed to many types of operational risks, including the risk of misconduct and errors by our employees. Our business depends on our employees to interact with users and investors, process large numbers of transactions and support the loan collection process, all of which involve the use and disclosure of personal information. We could be materially and adversely affected if transactions were redirected, misappropriated or otherwise improperly executed, if personal information was disclosed to unintended recipients, or if an operational breakdown or failure in the processing of transactions occurred, whether as a result of human error, purposeful sabotage or fraudulent manipulation of our operations or systems. In addition, the manner in which we store and use certain personal information and interact with users and investors is governed by various PRC laws. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct or errors by employees, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses. If any of our employees take, convert or misuse funds, documents or data or fail to follow protocol when interacting with users and investors, we could be liable for damages and subject to regulatory actions and penalties. We could also be perceived to have facilitated or participated in the illegal misappropriation of funds, documents or data, or have failed to follow protocol, and therefore be subject to civil or criminal liability.

If our ability to collect delinquent loans is impaired, or if the collection efforts of our in-house team or third-party service providers are impaired, our business and results of operations might be materially and adversely affected.

We have built a collection team with both in-house employees and third-party service providers to handle the collection of delinquent loans. If either our employees or our third-party service providers’ collection methods, such as phone calls, text messages, in-person visits, legal letters and litigations and/or arbitrations, are not effective and we fail to respond quickly and improve our collection methods, our delinquent loan collection rate may decrease. While we have implemented and enforced policies and procedures relating to collection activities by us and third-party service providers, including initiating litigations and arbitrations against delinquent users, if those collection methods were to be viewed by the users or regulatory authorities as harassments, threats or other illegal conducts, we may be subject to lawsuits initiated by the users or prohibited by the regulatory authorities from using certain collection methods. If this were to happen and we fail to adopt alternative collection methods in a timely manner or the alternative collection methods are proven to be ineffective, we might not be able to maintain our delinquent loan collection rate and the funding sources’ confidence in our platform may be negatively impacted. If any of the foregoing takes place and impairs our ability to collect delinquent loans, the loan originations on our platform will decrease, and our business and the results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Moreover, the current regulatory regime for debt collection in China remains evolving. Although we aim to ensure compliance of our collection efforts with the relevant laws and regulations and we have established strict internal policies to prohibit aggressive practices, we cannot assure you that our collection team will not engage in any misconduct as part of their collection efforts. Any such misconduct by our collection personnel or the perception that our collection practices are considered to be aggressive and not compliant with the relevant laws and regulations in China may result in harm to our reputation and business, which could further reduce our ability to collect payments from borrowers, the willingness of prospective customers to use our products or lead to fines and penalties imposed by the relevant regulatory authorities, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

If we fail to keep up with technology advancements, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We utilize AI and machine learning technology to operate and improve our credit assessment and risk management model, improve our operational efficiency, and conduct targeted marketing. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to adapt and respond effectively to the technology advancements on a timely basis. The online consumer finance industry is rapidly evolving with continuous technological changes. If we are unable to develop and improve our technological capabilities that keep pace with rapid technological and industry changes, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. If new technologies emerge that are able to access credit and manage risk more effectively, such technologies could adversely impact our ability to compete effectively more effectively. We must continue to invest substantial resources in research and development to enhance our technology. We may not be able to execute our technological strategies successfully due to a variety of reasons such as technical difficulties, inaccurate predictions of industry trend and demand, or lack of necessary resources. Failure to keep up with technological advancements may result in less attractive products and services and reduced credit assessment and risk management abilities, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and prospects.

Uncertainties relating to the growth and profitability of the online retail industry in China in general, and the e-commerce industry in particular, could adversely affect our operating revenue and business prospects.

Online direct sales on our e-commerce channel account for a significant portion of our total operating revenue. Our future results of operations will depend on numerous factors affecting the development of the e-commerce industry in China, which may be beyond our control. These factors include:

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the growth of internet, broadband, personal computer and mobile penetration and usage in China, and the rate of any such growth;

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the level of trust and confidence of Chinese consumers in online shopping, as well as changes in user demographics and consumer tastes and preferences;

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the selection, price and popularity of products that we and our competitors offer online;

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whether alternative retail channels or business models that better address the needs of consumers emerge in China; and

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the development of fulfillment, payment and other ancillary services associated with online purchases.

A decline in the popularity of online shopping in general, or any failure by us to adapt our website and improve the online shopping experience of our users in response to trends and consumer requirements, may adversely affect our operating revenue and business prospects.

Furthermore, the e-commerce industry is subject to macroeconomic changes, and retail purchases tend to decline during recessionary periods. Many factors outside of our control, including inflation and deflation, currency exchange rate fluctuation, volatility of stock and property markets, interest rates, tax rates, other government policies, and unemployment rates, can adversely affect consumer confidence and spending, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability. Unfavorable developments in domestic and international politics, including military conflicts, political turmoil and social instability, may also adversely affect consumer confidence and reduce spending, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability.

Our delivery, return and exchange policies may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

We have adopted user-friendly return and exchange policies. We may also be required by law to adopt new or amend existing return and exchange policies from time to time. For example, pursuant to the PRC Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law and the Interim Measures for Seven-day Unconditional Return of Online Purchased Goods (2020 version), consumers are entitled to return goods purchased online within seven days upon receipt of such goods for no reason, subject to certain exceptions. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview— Regulations—Regulations Relating to E-Commerce” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview— Regulations—Regulations Relating to Product Quality and Consumer Rights Protection.” Following the establishment of the Consumer Rights Protection Committee and the upgrading of the “5S Guardian System”, our consumer protection work is in a refined and long-term development. In terms of organizational structure, a consumer rights protection center has been set up, which is responsible for user research, consumer protection governance system and mechanism construction, optimizing customer consumption experience and providing service quality and efficiency. These policies improve users’ shopping experience and promote user loyalty, which in turn help us acquire and retain users. However, these policies also subject us to additional costs and expenses which we may not be able to recoup with increased revenue. Our ability to handle a large volume of returns is unproven. If our return and exchange policy is misused by a significant number of users, our costs may increase significantly and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we revise these policies to reduce our costs and expenses, our users may be dissatisfied, which may result in a loss of existing users or failure to acquire new users at a desirable pace, and may materially and adversely affect our results of operations as a result.

If we fail to compete effectively, our results of operations and market share could be harmed.

The online and offline consumption market is highly competitive and evolving in China. Our competitors operate with different business models, have different cost structures or participate in different market segments. They may ultimately prove more successful or more adaptable to new regulatory, technological and other developments. Some of our current and potential competitors have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do, and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and support of their platforms.

Our competitors may also have longer operating histories, more extensive user or investor bases, larger amounts of data, greater brand recognition and loyalty, and broader partner relationships than we do. Additionally, a current or potential competitor may acquire one or more of our existing competitors or form a strategic alliance with one or more of our competitors. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future growth. In addition, our competitors may be better at developing new products, responding to new technologies, charging lower fees on loans and undertaking more extensive marketing campaigns. When new competitors seek to enter our target market, or when existing market participants seek to increase their market share, they sometimes undercut the pricing and/or terms prevalent in that market, which could adversely affect our market share or ability to exploit new market opportunities. Also, since the online consumer finance industry in China is relatively new and fast evolving, potential investors and users may not fully understand how our platform works. Our pricing and terms could deteriorate if we fail to act to meet these competitive challenges.

In addition, in response to more stringent PRC laws and regulations regarding cash loans, more online lending platforms may expand their services and products to scenario-based lending, including partnering with e-commerce platforms, which may drive up the competition among online lending platforms. Such intensified competition may increase our operation costs and adversely affect our results of operations and profitability. Furthermore, to the extent that our competitors are able to offer more attractive terms to our business partners, such business partners may choose to terminate their relationships with us. In addition, as our competitors may implement certain procedures to reduce their fees in response to the current or potential PRC regulations on interest rates and fees charged by online lending platforms, we may need to reduce our fees as well to comply with such regulations and to remain competitive in the online lending industry. If we are unable to compete with our competitors, or if we are forced to charge lower fees due to competitive pressures, we could experience reduced revenues or our platforms could fail to achieve market acceptance, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council officially promulgated the Guidelines to Anti-Monopoly in the Field of Internet Platforms, or the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms. The Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms mainly covers five aspects, including general provisions, monopoly agreements, abusing market dominance, concentration of undertakings, and abusing of administrative powers eliminating or restricting competition. The Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms prohibit certain monopolistic acts of internet platforms so as to preserve market competition and safeguard interests of users and undertakings participating in internet platform economy, including without limitation, prohibiting platforms with dominant position from abusing their market dominance, such as discriminating customers in terms of pricing and other transactional conditions using big data and analytics, coercing counterparties into exclusivity arrangements, using technology means to block competitors’ interface, favorable positioning in search results of goods displayed, using bundle services to sell services or products, and compulsory collection of unnecessary user data.

As the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms were newly promulgated, it is uncertain to estimate its specific impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We cannot assure you that our business operations comply with such regulations and authorities’ requirements in all respects. If any non-compliance is raised by relevant authorities and determined against us, we may be subject to fines and other penalties and need to adjust some of our business practice, which could be costly. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and amended in June 2022, requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the Ministry of Commerce before they can be completed. Due to the enhanced implementation of the Anti-Monopoly Law, we may be under heightened regulatory scrutiny, which will increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, low and nominally priced share options, restricted share units and other types of awards under our share incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

Our performance is largely dependent on talented and highly-skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, develop, motivate, and retain highly-skilled personnel. We have adopted share incentive plans to provide additional incentives in the forms of low and nominally priced share options, restricted share units and other types of awards to employees, directors and consultants. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans” for a detailed discussion. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recorded an aggregate of RMB117.9 million, RMB94.6 million and RMB96.2 million (US$13.8 million), respectively, in share-based compensation expenses. We believe the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share-based awards to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

If the total addressable market for our target user cohort is smaller than what we believe it is, our results of operations may be adversely affected, and our business may suffer.

It is very difficult to estimate the total addressable market for our target user cohort due to factors such as market demand, the PRC regulations of the credit industry, competition, general economic conditions and the relatively short history of the online consumer finance industry in China. We believe that our total addressable market of users consists of new generation consumers. However, if there is less demand than we anticipate for loan products offered on our platform, it may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly due to the seasonality of our business and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

We experience some seasonality in our business, reflecting a combination of seasonal demand for consumer loans and seasonality patterns associated with the online retail industry. For example, we generally experience less user traffic and purchase orders during national holidays in China, particularly during the Chinese New Year holiday season in the first quarter of each year. Furthermore, e-commerce companies in China hold special promotional campaigns on November 11 each year, which improve our results for that quarter. The demand for our products and services is higher in March, April, September, October and November, which generally corresponds to the start of school and our promotional activities around November 11. While our growth has somewhat masked this seasonality, our quarterly operating results could be affected by such seasonality in the future.

Therefore, our quarterly results of operations, including our operating revenue, expenses, net loss or income and other key metrics, may vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results for any single quarter are not necessarily an indication of future performance.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics, including avian influenza, sever acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), Ebola, Zika virus, H7N9 flu, avian flu or another pandemic. Any such occurrences could cause sever disruption to our daily operations. In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in China and globally. Our business could also be adversely affected if our employees are affected by health epidemics. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general. Our headquarters are located in Shenzhen, where most of our directors and management and a significant portion of our employees currently reside. Most of our in-house and outsourcing collection team, customer service team are located in Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang. Most of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in leased facilities located in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Beijing. Consequently, we are highly susceptible to factors adversely affecting Shenzhen, Wuhan, Guangzhou and Beijing. If any of the abovementioned natural disasters, health epidemics or other outbreaks were to occur in Shenzhen, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Beijing, or any other city where we have major operations in China, our operation may experience material disruptions, such as temporary closure of our offices and suspension of services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to obtain additional operating capital on favorable terms or at all.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis. We believe that our current cash, cash provided by operating activities and funds available through our bank loans and credit facilities, will be sufficient to meet our current and anticipated needs for general corporate purposes for at least the next 12 months. However, we need to make continued investments in facilities, hardware, software, technological systems and to retain talents to remain competitive. Due to the unpredictable nature of the capital markets and our industry, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing operating results. If adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In such event, there may also be significant doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders.

Any failure to protect the confidential information of our users, funding sources and other third parties or improper use of such data may subject us to liabilities imposed by data privacy and protection laws and regulations, negatively impact our reputation, and discourage users from using our platform.

Our platform collects, stores and processes certain personal and other sensitive data from our users and funding sources. There are numerous laws governing privacy and the storage, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personally identifiable information and user data. Specifically, personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions. PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations relating to the protection of privacy and personal information, under which internet service providers and other network operators are required to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, to obtain appropriate user consent and to establish user information protection systems with appropriate remedial measures. However, the regulatory framework for privacy protection in China and worldwide is still evolving and likely be subject to changes. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations in China are expanded to require changes in business practices or privacy policies, or if the PRC governmental authorities interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Meanwhile, in addition to laws, regulations and other applicable rules regarding privacy and privacy advocacy, industry associations or other private parties may propose new and different privacy standards. It is possible that these laws or privacy standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and privacy standards, could result in additional cost and liability to us, cause the App stores to remove our mobile applications, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business.

For example, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which originally took effect in June 2017 and as amended in October 2025, provides that personal information and important data collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure in the course of their operations in the PRC should be stored in the PRC, and the law imposes heightened regulation and additional security obligations on operators of critical information infrastructure. In addition, the SAMR and the Standardization Administration jointly issued the new Standard of Information Security Technology—Personal Information Security Specification (GB/T 35273¬2020) in March 2020, which took effect in October 2020. Pursuant to this standard, the personal data controller refers to entities or persons who are authorized to determine the purposes and means for processing personal information. The personal data controller should collect information in accordance with the principles of legality, minimization and voluntariness and should also obtain a consent from the information provider. In addition, the Data Security Law and the PIPL became effective on September 1, 2021 and on November 1, 2021, respectively, and a draft of the Interim Provisions on the Protection and Management of Personal Information of Mobile Internet Applications was published to solicit public comments on April 26, 2021. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security.”

We expect that these areas will receive greater attention and scrutiny from regulators and the public going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Further, we use certain data collected from external data sources to make credit assessment. In the event that the data collection and provision by any of our external data sources is considered in violation of the personal information protection and data security laws and regulations, such as the PRC Cybersecurity Law, we may not be able to use relevant data for our credit assessment and our business may be materially and adversely affected. For more details of credit assessment activities, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If we are deemed to engage in a personal credit reporting business and violate any PRC laws or regulations governing personal credit reporting businesses, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In particular, we are subject to changes surrounding the Measures for Credit Reporting Business, the interpretation and implementation of which in the future may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Failure to prevent cybersecurity breaches will materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

The massive data that we have processed and stored makes us or third-party service providers who host our servers a target and potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar disruptions. In addition, we store part of our data on third-party cloud computing platform servers that are vulnerable to service breaks or cyber-attacks, the occurrence of which may result in data breach or loss. While we and/or the applicable third-party service providers that we cooperate with have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, security measures, whether taken by us and/or by third-party service providers with whom we cooperate with could be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential user and investor information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. Security breaches or unauthorized access to third-party servers which results in leakage of personal data and user information may also harm consumer trust in us and damages our brand reputation. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity.

If security measures are breached because of any third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our technology infrastructure are exposed and exploited, our relationships with users and investors could be severely damaged, we could incur significant liability and our business and operations could be adversely affected in addition to the increased operating costs we incur for data protection.

In addition, we rely on the massive amount of data and user information that we have accumulated over time to conduct our business. In particular, we use user information to make credit assessment of users through our risk control system. These data might be lost due to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar disruptions. A noticeable trend in the laws, regulations and policies in China toward an increased level of data protection has also restricted our access to user data in some ways as well as the third-party data providers’ ability to provide us with comprehensive data and user information. If the amount and quality of the data we collect are negatively affected, the effectiveness of our risk management may be undermined, which may lead to higher charge-off rates and adversely and materially affect our business and results of operations.

Any significant disruption in service on our platforms, our computer systems or third-party service providers’ systems, including events beyond our control, could reduce the attractiveness of our platforms and result in a loss of users or investors.

In the event of a platform outage and physical data loss, our ability to perform our servicing obligations, process loan applications or make funds available on our platforms would be materially and adversely affected. The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our platforms and our underlying network infrastructure are critical to our operations, user service, reputation, and ability to retain existing and attract new users, investors and institutional funding partners. Much of our system hardware is hosted in leased facilities located in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Beijing. We also rely significantly on our third-party service providers for the operation of our platform. Our operations depend on our ability to protect our systems against damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, computer viruses, or attempts to harm our systems, criminal acts and similar events. If there is a lapse in service or damage to our leased facilities in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Beijing, we could experience interruptions and delays in our service and may incur additional expenses in arranging new facilities.

Any interruptions or delays in our service, whether as a result of third-party or our error, natural disasters, health pandemics or security breaches, whether accidental or willful, could harm our relationships with our users, investors and institutional funding partners and our reputation. Our disaster recovery plan has not been tested under actual disaster conditions, and we may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. These factors could prevent us from processing or posting payments on loans, damage our brand and reputation, divert our employees’ attention, subject us to liability and cause users, investors and institutional funding partners to abandon our platforms, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on App Stores to disseminate our mobile applications.

We offer our services mainly through our mobile applications. Our mobile applications are offered via App Stores operated by third parties, such as Apple’s App Store, which could suspend or terminate users’ access to our mobile applications, increase access costs or change the terms of access in a way that makes our applications more difficult to access. As a result, our ability to expand our user base may be adversely affected if potential users experience difficulties in or are prevented from accessing our mobile applications. In the past, our mobile applications were taken down from certain third-party App Stores for a short period of time. We cannot assure you that we will not experience incidents of similar nature in the future, and occurrence of such incidents may adversely affect our brand and reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our platforms and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical, and if it contains undetected errors, our business could be adversely affected.

Our platforms and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our platform and internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process and manage immense amounts of data. The software on which we rely has contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected errors or bugs. Errors or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for users and funding sources, delay introductions of new features or enhancements, result in errors or compromise our ability to protect user or investor data or our intellectual property. Any errors, bugs or defects discovered in the software on which we rely could result in harm to our reputation, loss of users or investors or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We believe that trademarks, trade secrets, copyright and other intellectual property we use are critical to our business. We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret protection laws in China, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and our brand. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. For example, we regularly file applications to register our trademarks in China, but these applications may not be successful and may be challenged by third parties. As a result, we may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect our revenues and competitive position.

In addition, any unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our revenues and our reputation. In particular, we may have difficulty addressing the threats to our business associated with piracy of our content, particularly our original content. Our content may be potentially subject to unauthorized consumer copying and illegal digital dissemination without an economic return to us. We adopt a variety of measures to mitigate risks associated with piracy, including by litigation and through technology measures. We cannot assure that such measures will be effective.

In addition, while we typically require our employees who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. In addition, such agreements may be breached. Accordingly, we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us related to the ownership of such intellectual property.

Furthermore, policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive, and we may need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend intellectual property or to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. Such litigation and an adverse determination in any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. The experience and capabilities of China courts in handling intellectual property litigation varies and outcomes are unpredictable.

We have been and may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. Some of our trademarks applications have been challenged by third parties, and we may not be able to successfully register such trademarks. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed upon by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.

Additionally, the application and interpretation of China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own.

In addition, from time to time, we may be subject to other legal proceedings and claims arising from our ordinary course of business. In September 2020, we and certain of our officers and directors were named as defendants in two putative federal securities class actions, both of which were dismissed. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more information. However, any adverse outcome of such cases in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

Defending litigations or other claims against us is costly and can impose a significant burden on our management and employees, and there can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained in all cases. Such claims, even if they do not result in liability, may harm our reputation. Any resulting liability or expenses, or changes required to our platform to reduce the risk of future liability, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile applications, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition to our website, we also offer consumer finance products on our mobile applications, which are regulated by the Regulations for Administration of Mobile Internet Application Information Services, or the MIAIS Regulations, promulgated by the CAC, in June 2016, amended in June 2022 and became effective in August 2022. Under the MIAIS Regulations, the provider of the mobile internet application shall have more and detailed obligations when owning or operating a mobile internet application, including making and disclosing management rules and platform conventions, guaranteeing cyber data security and personal information protection and completing assessments of security in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. According to the MIAIS Regulations, the providers of mobile applications shall not engage in any activity that is prohibited by laws and regulations, such as endangering national security, disrupting social order or infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of others.

We have implemented internal control procedures screening the information and content on our mobile applications to ensure their compliance with the MIAIS Regulations. However, we cannot assure you that all the information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile applications complies with the requirements of the MIAIS Regulations at all times. If our mobile applications were found to be violating the MIAIS Regulations, we may be subject to relevant penalties, including warning, service suspension or removal of our mobile applications from the relevant mobile application store, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Erroneous reports with respect to certain of our users have been sent to the credit reference center of the People’s Bank of China, which may result in reputational damage to us.

Some of our institutional funding partners report delinquencies of our users to the credit reference center of the People’s Bank of China, which adversely affect such users’ credit profiles and abilities to obtain loans in the future. Due to errors in our interfaces with certain institutional funding partners, we have occasionally failed to inform certain institutional funding partners about repayments made by users. As a result, such institutional funding partners believed that the users were delinquent on loan repayments and therefore made erroneous reports to the credit reference center of the People’s Bank of China. Neither we nor the institutional funding partners are subject to legal liabilities as long as the institutional funding partners inform the People’s Bank of China about the errors in a timely fashion after receiving complaints from the borrowers. Such errors in reports have been isolated incidents and have not resulted in material adverse effect on our business as of the date of this annual report. We have started to request our institutional funding partners to compare their records of delinquent borrowers with ours to avoid future errors. However, there can be no assurance that our institutional funding partners will always cooperate with us or that such measures will be effective in preventing errors. If additional erroneous reports were made to the People’s Bank of China in the future, we may suffer negative publicity and reputational damage, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations could damage our reputation.

According to the applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations as described in detains in “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Anti-Money Laundering,” internet finance service providers are required to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, such as the establishment of a customer identification program, the monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, the preservation of customer information and transaction records, the provision of assistance to the public security department and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering.

The People’s Bank of China released the Measures for Supervision and Administration of Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Financing of Financial Institutions in April 2021, which became effective in August 2021. The measures provide that financial institutions, including internet microcredit companies, shall establish a self-assessment system for anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing risks at the headquarters level, regularly or from time to time assess the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing risks, and report the self-assessment to the People’s Bank of China or its local branches within ten business days from the date of approval by the board of directors or senior management. Financial institutions shall, in accordance with the provisions and in combination with the relevant requirements of the internal control system and risk management mechanism, perform the obligations of customer due diligence, customer identity information and transaction records preservation, large amount transaction and suspicious transaction reporting.

We have implemented various policies and procedures, including internal controls, collaborations with relevant regulatory authorities, and “know-your-customer” procedures, for anti-money laundering purposes. We have also established access to the Anti-Money Laundering Internet Monitoring Platform to report large-sum transactions and suspicious transactions thereon in accordance with the relevant requirements. In addition, we rely on our institutional funding partners and payment processors, in particular the online payment companies that handle the transfer of funds between borrowers and lenders, to have their own appropriate anti-money laundering policies and procedures in compliance with the People’s Bank of China requirements. Certain of our institutional funding partners and the online payment companies are subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and are regulated in that respect by the People’s Bank of China.

However, there is no assurance that our anti-money laundering policies and procedures will protect us from being exploited for money laundering purposes or that we will be deemed to be in compliance with applicable anti-money laundering implementing rules, if and when adopted. Moreover, if any of our third-party service providers fail to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, our reputation could suffer and we could become subject to regulatory intervention, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time we may evaluate and consummate strategic investments or acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results.

We have made, and may evaluate and consider to make, strategic investments, combinations, acquisitions or alliances to further increase the value of our platforms and better serve users, investors and institutional funding partners. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Strategic Investments.”

The investments and acquired assets or businesses may not achieve the financial results we expect and may result in losses. Moreover, these investments, as well as potential future investments we may make, may require significant attention from our management, in particular to ensure that such changes do not disrupt any existing collaborations, or affect our users’ opinion and perception of our products and services. The diversion of our management’s attention and any difficulties encountered during integration could have a material adverse effect on our ability to manage our business. In addition, strategic investments, acquisitions or new business initiatives could expose us to potential risks, including:

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risks associated with the assimilation of new operations, services, technologies and personnel;

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unforeseen or hidden liabilities;

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the diversion of resources from our existing businesses and technologies;

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the inability to generate sufficient revenues to offset the costs and expenses of the transaction; and

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the potential loss of, or harm to, relationships with employees and marketplace users as a result of the integration of new businesses or investment.

Any failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future acquisitions and investments could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions or investments, incur unanticipated liabilities and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, increased leverage, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential liabilities of the acquired business, and the invested or acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. For example, the private companies that we have invested in could be adversely affected by macroeconomic factors, which may lead to impairment in the fair values of our investments and in turn adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating these transactions may be significant. In addition to obtaining the necessary corporate governance approvals, we may also need to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant governmental authorities for the acquisitions to comply with applicable laws and regulations, which could result in increased costs and delays.

The current tensions in international trade and rising political tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business.

In recent years, there have been heightened trade and political tensions in international relations, particularly between the United States and China. These tensions have affected both diplomatic and economic ties between the two countries and created uncertainties to the international economy as a whole. Heightened tensions could reduce levels of trade, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities between major economies. The existing tensions and any further deterioration in the relationship between the United States and China and between other countries may have a negative impact on the general, economic, political, and social conditions around the globe, United States and China in particular, and thus adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The U.S. government has implemented policies restricting international trade and investment, such as tariffs, export controls, economic or trade sanctions, and foreign investment filing and approval requirements. These actions may materially and adversely affect international trade, global financial markets, and the stability of the global economic condition. For example, since early 2025, the United States has implemented significant changes to U.S. trade policy with China, including by imposing additional tariffs on Chinese imports. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States, among other measures. There remains considerable uncertainty regarding future tariff rates and the trajectory of U.S.-China trade relations. It also remains uncertain whether increased tariffs and trade tensions will create further disruptions and uncertainties to the international trade and lead to a downturn to the global economy.

In addition, the United States government has taken efforts to limit the outbound U.S. investments to China. On August 9, 2023, the Biden administration released an executive order directing the U.S. Department of the Treasury to create an outbound foreign direct investment review program that will require reporting on or (in more narrow circumstances) will prohibit investments by U.S. persons involving “covered national security technologies and products.” On October 28, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a final rule imposing restrictions on U.S. outbound investment in Chinese companies active in developing certain national security technologies, or the Outbound Investment Rules. The Outbound Investment Rules took effect on January 2, 2025. The Outbound Investment Rules target investments involving persons and entities associated with “countries of concern,” currently limited to China, and it imposes investment prohibition and notification requirements on a wide range of investments in companies engaged in activities relating to three sectors: (i) semiconductors and microelectronics, (ii) quantum information technologies, and (iii) artificial intelligence systems, with

persons from countries of concern engaged in these technologies defined as “covered foreign persons.” Investments by U.S. persons subject to the Outbound Investment Rules, which are defined as “covered transactions,” include acquisition of equity or a contingent equity interest, provision of certain debt financing, conversion of contingent equity interest into equity interest, involvement in greenfield or brownfield investment, entrance into a joint venture, and acquisition of a limited partner interest in non-U.S. pooled investment fund. The Outbound Investment Rules exclude some investments from the scope of “covered transactions,” including those in publicly traded securities listed on a national stock exchange. The Outbound Investment Rules may introduce new hurdles and uncertainties for cross-border collaborations, investments, and funding opportunities of China-based companies. We do not believe LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. would be defined as “covered foreign person” under the Outbound Investment Rules, because we do not engage in a “covered activity” (as defined in the Outbound Investment Rules) or otherwise meet the definition of “covered foreign person” provided in the Outbound Investment Rules. However, there is no assurance that the U.S. Department of the Treasury will take the same view as ours. If we were to be deemed a “covered foreign person,” and if U.S. persons engaged in a “covered transaction” that involves the acquisition of our equity interests, such U.S. persons may be prohibited to do so or may need to make a notification, as applicable pursuant to the Outbound Investment Rules. In addition, our ability to raise capital or contingent equity capital from U.S. investors may be limited due to the Outbound Investment Rules and other similar laws, regulations and policies, given that relevant laws, regulations, and policies continue to evolve and we cannot rule out the possibility of being deemed a covered foreign person in the future due to different views taken by the U.S. Department of Treasury, potential amendments to the Outbound Investment Rules or the introduction of similar regulations. In addition, on February 21, 2025, the White House released President Trump’s “America First Investment Policy” memorandum, outlining several initiatives to incentivize investment from U.S. allies and partners while restricting investments involving “foreign adversaries” including China. In addition, on December 18, 2025, the Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act of 2025, or the COINS Act, was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026. The COINS Act largely preserves the core framework of the Outbound Investment Rule while expanding its scope and coverage in certain respects such as expanding covered activities in high-performance computing and supercomputing and hypersonic systems and including more countries of concern The COINS Act will not become effective until the U.S. Department of the Treasury issues implementing regulations, which must be promulgated through notice-and-comment rulemaking and no later than March 13, 2027. Accordingly, the Treasury may amend, expand or otherwise modify existing outbound investment prohibitions and restrictions pursuant to the COINS Act. If our ability to raise such capital is significantly and negatively affected, it could be detrimental to our business, financial condition and prospects.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may lose investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, adopted rules requiring every public companies to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, when a company meets the SEC’s criteria, an independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. However, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our management may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. Further, because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements on a timely basis.

Moreover, the process of designing and implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a financial reporting system that satisfies our reporting obligations. Our failure to discover and address any material weaknesses or deficiencies in the future may result in inaccuracies in our financial statements or delay in the preparation of our financial statements. This could in turn result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Ineffective internal control over financial reporting could also expose us to increased risk of fraud or misappropriations of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which our ADSs are listed, regulatory investigations or civil or criminal sanctions.

We are subject to changing laws and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance and public disclosure that have increased both our costs and the risk of non-compliance.

We are subject to rules and regulations by various governing bodies, including, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded, and the various regulatory authorities in China and the Cayman Islands, and to new and evolving regulatory measures under applicable law. Our efforts to comply with new and changing laws and regulations have resulted in and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.

Moreover, because these laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance becomes available. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices. If we fail to address and comply with these regulations and any subsequent changes, we may be subject to penalty and our business may be harmed.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this annual report. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. There is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

Competition for employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.

We believe our success depends on the efforts and talent of our employees, including risk management, software engineering, technology and product development, financial and marketing personnel. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled technical, risk management and financial personnel is extremely intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment.

In addition, we invest significant time and expenses in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and the quality of our services and our ability to serve users and investors could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, we are required by the PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing provident fund, medical insurance, on-the-job injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments to the statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. If our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, rise in the future, we would have to control them or pass these increased labor costs to our users by increasing the fees of our services, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We may not have sufficient business insurance coverage.

Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy and changes in the level of consumer confidence could reduce the demand for consumer loans and investments, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The consumer financing industry is sensitive to general economic changes that affect consumer confidence, and any slowing in growth rate or general or perceived economic downturn in China may negatively impact our business. Many factors outside of our control, including inflation and deflation, interest rates, volatility of equity and debt securities markets, taxation rates, employment and other government policies can adversely affect consumer confidence. In recent years, the global macroeconomic environment was facing challenges. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Hamas-Israel conflict, the conflict in the Persian Gulf and surrounding areas as far west as Israel and Lebanon, and the restrictions at various times on shipping through the straits of Hormuz and the Red Sea have hightened geopolitical tensions across the world. The impact of the regional conflicts has contributed to increases in food and energy prices and thus to inflation more generally, with the potential for even more serious consequences if oil and gas facilities are destroyed or shipping is affected for an extended period of time. The growth of China’s economy has slowed down since 2012 compared to the previous decade and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. In addition, there have also been concerns about the relationship between China and the United States, resulted from the current trade and political tension between the two countries. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Due to the complex political and economic environment and international laws and regulations, our overseas business operations face additional risks and uncertainties.

Most of our operations are conducted in mainland China. As our business scales up and we accumulate more operation experience, we have also gradually and selectively explored overseas markets to fuel our business growth.

While overseas business may not be our area of focus at present, if we plan to expand our overseas business in the future, any unfavorable international trade policies or any restrictions on Chinese companies may affect consumer demand for our products and services, affect our competitive position, or prevent us from doing business in certain countries. Moreover, if any tensions or adverse government trade policies negatively impact the Chinese economy or the global economy, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Due to the complex local regulatory environment we are not familiar with, we may incur substantial compliance costs in conducting business in overseas markets and still face potential litigation, regulatory procedures, penalties or other costs, such as any additional losses we may suffer in the process of cooperating with a local third party due to its own reasons. As we have very limited experience operating in overseas markets, we also face difficulties in operating effectively in overseas markets.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because our founder, chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer, Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao, owns more than 50% of our total voting power. For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and will rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

Risks Related to the American Depositary Shares

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile.

Since our ADSs became listed on the Nasdaq on December 21, 2017, the trading price of our ADSs has ranged from US$1.26 to US$20.00. The trading prices of ADSs are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of internet or other companies based in China that have listed their securities in the United States in recent years. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities, including Internet and e-commerce companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in 2022, which may from time to time have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs. In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular industries or companies.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of the ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

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regulatory developments affecting us, our users, or our industry;

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conditions in the online consumer finance industry and the public perception of the legitimacy and ethics of certain business practices of our competitors or other market players within the industry;

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announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our product and service offerings or those of our competitors;

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changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other online and offline consumption platforms;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results;

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changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

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announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

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additions to or departures of our senior management;

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detrimental negative publicity about us, our management or our industry;

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fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar;

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release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs; and

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sales or perceived potential sales of additional Class A ordinary shares or ADSs.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that any share repurchase program will enhance our long-term shareholder value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our ADSs and diminish our cash reserves.

On March 16, 2022, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$50 million worth of our shares (including ADSs) over the next twelve months through March 16, 2023. On November 17, 2022, our board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$20 million worth of our shares (including ADSs) over the next twelve months through November 17, 2023. Our share

repurchases could affect our ADS trading prices, increase their volatility, reduce our cash reserves and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading prices of our ADSs.

We have a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consists of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares with disparate voting powers. Each Class A ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote on all matters subject to vote at general meetings of the Company, and each Class B ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to ten votes on all matters subject to vote at general meetings of the Company. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares in any event. As of February 28, 2026, Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao, the beneficial owner of our Class B ordinary shares, beneficially owns 74.82% of the aggregate voting power of our company. As a result, Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao will have considerable influence over matters such as electing directors and approving material mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary share by a shareholder to any non-affiliates of such shareholder, or upon a change of control of the shareholder who holds the Class B ordinary share, each of such Class B ordinary share shall be automatically and immediately converted into one Class A ordinary share. If at any time Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao and his affiliates collectively hold less than five percent (5%) of our issued and outstanding shares, each Class B ordinary share will automatically be re-designated into one Class A ordinary share without any action being required by the holders of Class B ordinary shares and whether or not the certificates representing such shares are surrendered to the Company or its transfer agent, and no Class B ordinary shares shall be issued by us thereafter. The concentrated control associated with our dual-class share structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could also discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions, which could have the effect of depriving the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price.

You may need to rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends either out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends on our ordinary shares, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value in the future or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the ADSs.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that a seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. Short sellers hope to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as short sellers expect to pay less in that purchase than they received in the sale. As it is in short sellers’ interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions and allegations regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

We may be subject to short seller attacks from time to time. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we may have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short sellers by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company. Even if such

allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact the market price of our ADSs and our business operations.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of the ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the ADSs to decline. As of February 28, 2026, we had 258,234,320 Class A ordinary shares outstanding, including 235,110,848 Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs. All of our ADSs will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining Class A ordinary shares outstanding will be available for sale subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. To the extent shares are sold into the market, the market price of the ADSs could decline.

Certain holders of our Class A ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

We have adopted a 2017 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan, under which we have the discretion to grant a broad range of equity-based awards to eligible participants. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.” We have registered certain ordinary shares that we may issue under this equity compensation plan and intend to register all ordinary shares that we may issue under this equity compensation plan. Once we register these ordinary shares, they can be freely sold in the public market in the form of ADSs upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates and relevant lock-up agreements. If a large number of our ordinary shares or securities convertible into our ordinary shares are sold in the public market in the form of ADSs after they become eligible for sale, the sales could reduce the trading price of our ADSs and impede our ability to raise future capital. In addition, any ordinary shares that we issue under an equity incentive plan would dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who purchased ADSs.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting. As a holder of ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as the holder of the underlying Class A ordinary shares that are represented by your ADSs. If we ask for voting instructions, upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will endeavor to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders for convening a general meeting is seven (7) calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to enable you to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting or to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution which is to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will endeavor to notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you if we ask it to. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out

your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares that are represented by your ADSs, and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares are not voted as you requested.

Except in limited circumstances, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not give voting instructions, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will give us (or our nominee) a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meetings if you do not timely and properly give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, unless:

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we have failed to timely provide the depositary with our notice of meeting and related voting materials;

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we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;

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we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; or

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a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that, if you fail to timely and properly give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, you cannot prevent the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs from being voted at that meeting, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence our management. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

The deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent.

We and the depositary may amend the deposit agreement, and we may initiate termination of it, without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make such rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class A ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the annual report based on foreign laws.

Our Cayman Islands legal counsel has advised us that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States, and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands to impose liabilities against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. Our PRC legal counsel has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether PRC courts would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in each respective jurisdiction against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. See “Item 3. Key Information—Enforcement of Civil Liabilities” for details.

There is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments). A judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (i) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (ii) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (iii) is final and conclusive, (iv) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty (v) is not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, and (vi) is not impeachable on the grounds of fraud and was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of reciprocity with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our director and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate laws than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (apart from the memorandum and articles of association, the register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands. Our directors have discretion under our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

The memorandum and articles of association contains anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs.

Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contains certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish and issue from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and holders of the ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions. In addition, our dual-class structure could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions. See “—Our dual-class share structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs may view as beneficial.”

Certain existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

As of February 28, 2026, our directors and officers collectively own an aggregate of 75.1% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, they have substantial influence over our business, including significant corporate actions such as mergers, consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions.

They may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our ADSs due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. For more information regarding our principal shareholders and their affiliated entities, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

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the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

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the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

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the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

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the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, which could subject United States investors in our ADSs or ordinary shares to significant adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

We will be a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) for a taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income (the “income test”) or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income and net foreign currency gains. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are generally categorized as passive assets, and goodwill and other unbooked intangibles associated with active business activity are generally taken into account as non-passive assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat the consolidated variable interest entities (including their respective subsidiaries) as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, not only because we are able to direct the activities of operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements. A certain portion of our financial services income and assets is treated as active solely for purposes of the PFIC determination. Any change in the composition of the loans originated on our platform may affect the composition of our income and assets for purposes of the PFIC determination. Based on the nature and composition of our income and assets, and the market price of our ADSs, we believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025. There can be no assurances that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future year, and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year unless the market price of our ADSs increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of our cash and other passive assets in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. holder may be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. Additionally, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which U.S. holders hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. holders even if we do not satisfy either the income test or the asset test in any subsequent year. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company

We commenced our online consumer finance business and began to operate Fenqile in October 2013 through Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Fenqile. In October 2013, Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Lejiaxin, was incorporated as an investment holding company in the PRC and established its wholly owned subsidiary, Shenzhen Beizhipiji Technology Co., Ltd. or Beizhipiji in June 2014 to operate our online investment platform Juzi Licai. In November 2013, Staging Finance Holding Ltd., or Staging Finance, was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company, which then established our wholly owned subsidiary, Installment (HK) Investment Limited, or Installment HK, in Hong Kong. Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Shijitong was established in July 2014 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Installment HK in the PRC. In March 2017, we changed our name from “Staging Finance Holding Ltd.” to “LexinFintech Holdings Ltd.”

Through Beijing Shijitong and Shenzhen Lexin Software, we obtained control over Beijing Lejiaxin, Shenzhen Xinjie, Shenzhen Fenqile, Qianhai Dingsheng and Mengtian Technology, or collectively, the variable interest entities, based on a series of contractual arrangements. See “—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.”

On December 21, 2017, our ADSs commenced trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “LX.” We raised from our initial public offering of approximately US$108.4 million in net proceeds (including the net proceeds generated from the offering of additional 1,800,000 ADSs upon the underwriters’ exercise of their over-allotment option in full) after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us.

In September 2019, we issued and sold convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$300 million to PAGAC Lemongrass Holding I Ltd. through a private placement. On March 13, 2023, we entered into an amendment agreement with PAGAC Lemongrass Holding I Limited regarding previous documents governing the notes. The notes were paid in full by April 2024.

In February 2020, we successfully bid for a plot of land in Shenzhen’s Nanshan district. Total purchase price for the acquisition of the land plot was RMB1.032 billion. Pursuant to the terms of the bid, the Company was required to pay 50% of the total purchase price (minus the security deposit) immediately after the signing of the definitive agreements, and the remaining 50% of the purchase price within one year after the signing. The Company made the first installment payment of RMB516 million in February 2020, and the second installment payment of RMB516 million in February 2021. The land use rights are subject to certain agreed-upon performance requirements and transfer restrictions.

Our principal executive offices are located at 27/F, CES Tower, No. 3099 Keyuan South Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 755 3637 8888. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc. located at 801 2nd Avenue, Suite 403, New York, NY 10017.

Strategic Investments

We have conducted strategic investments both domestically and abroad. Our investment activities in recent years include equity investments in companies operating in the online consumer finance, insurance and other sub-sectors in the fintech space. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—From time to time we may evaluate and consummate strategic investments or acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results.” We expect to continue to evaluate and pursue potential opportunities for strategic investments.

B. Business Overview

Overview

We are a leading consumer finance technology company in China with a decade-long operating history. Upholding financial risk management as our operational cornerstone, we strive to apply advanced technologies such as AI and big data to form an online risk assessment and management system based on quantitative decision-making. Leveraging Lexin’s unique consumption ecosystem that integrates online consumer financing, offline inclusive financing, fintech empowerment services, and e-commerce platforms, we efficiently connect financial institutions with consumers through technology and financial services, offering convenient and speedy finance services to young generation consumers in China.

With our technology capabilities, our offerings to financial partners span from multi-channel online intelligent marketing and customer acquisition, offline channel customer acquisition, product design and operation for diversified consumer financing and inclusive financing, customer risk assessment and operation, and post-loan services for loan products. Our core competencies include:

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Unique Lexin consumption ecosystem that integrates online consumer financing, offline inclusive financing, fintech empowerment services, and e-commerce platforms, fostering mutual collaboration and synergy;

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Large and highly potential young generation customer base in China that we have accumulated over the past decade;

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Effective and industry-leading risk management capabilities tailored for small-sized and dispersed consumer loan products supported by a robust online quantitative credit risk management system;

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Industry-leading fintech prowess centered around AI and big data;

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An extensive network of financial institution partners built over a decade of successful business collaborations with broad geographic coverage and diversity in types;

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Financial products deeply resonate with consumer needs, crafted by the original founders with rich experience and business acumen; and

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A senior management team with extensive experience from leading technology and financial companies in China.

We provide a wide array of credit services, including credit facilitation service, tech-empowerment service, and installment e-commerce platform service. Meanwhile, we provide diversified services to financial institutions including credit assessment, operation system upgrades, user acquisition services and guarantee services utilizing state-of-the-art technologies including big data, advanced computing and artificial intelligence.

We strategically focus on serving the young generation of consumers in China between the ages of 23 and 40, who have high growth potential and prime credit profiles. These customers, we believe, have untapped income potential, unsatisfied consumption demand that is temporarily mismatched with their income levels, a strong desire to build up credit profiles and a call for satisfying user experience. In addition, we believe that the young generation consumers will grow and become the primary consumption driver in China economy in the future. We aspire to become one of their most trustworthy consumer brands.

Our Services

We provide a range of products and services to promising, young and prime customers and diversified financial institutions based on our insights into consumer behaviors and unique platform capabilities, including credit facilitation service, tech-empowerment service, and installment e-commerce platform service.

Credit facilitation service

Aiming to meet underserved consumers’ credit needs, we apply AI-based matching technology on our Fenqile platform to match consumers having various credit profiles with financial institutions, such as customer acquisition, preliminary credit screening, and loan collections to facilitate the transactions. The loan products offered under our credit facilitation service are primarily funded by our funding partners, our consolidated trusts, asset-backed securitized debts and our microcredit company. We also provide guarantee services through our financing guarantee companies, and cooperate with other third-party financing guarantee companies and/or commercial insurance companies to provide guarantee and insurance services to our borrowers. We are required to provide risk safeguard measures or a deposit as indemnity to these third-parties in the event of default by our borrowers. Moreover, under our new fintech empowerment model, we work with internet super-platforms and banking partners where we assist the banking partners with customer risk assessment and assume the corresponding credit risk.

Tech-empowerment service

We offer a comprehensive set of tailored technology solutions at various stages of the credit facilitation process to match the diverse needs of our financial institution partners and third parties such as loan facilitation platforms and insurance companies, including customer acquisition, credit assessment, operations and post-loan services. We also offer subscription services to our customers to enhance their experience. Our tech-empowerment service primarily includes profit-sharing model, referral model, intelligent credit platform model and subscription services. Our tech-empowerment service generated approximately 16% of total loan originations in 2025. We historically provided Fintech SaaS technology services for financial institutions, which were discontinued in 2025.

Profit-sharing model

Our profit-sharing model focuses on providing technology solutions to our financial institution partners throughout the entire credit facilitation process between potential borrowers and the institutional funding partners, such as customer acquisition, credit assessment, and post-loan collection services. Under the profit-sharing model, we take no or very limited credit risk on the borrowers’ principals and interests and charge the financial institutions a service fee at a pre-set percentage of the agreed-upon interests. As of December 31, 2025, we have worked with a total of 58 institutional funding partners under this model.

Referral model

We refer potential customers to our institutional funding partners under our referral model. For other lending platforms, we refer a portion of our customers to them and charge referral fees. For insurance companies, we direct our customers to them through advertisements and earn referral fees from the insurance companies. In all cases, our referral services do not involve any principal risk exposure.

Intelligent credit platform model

In addition to providing user acquisition and matching, initial credit screening, and post-loan services to our institutional funding partners, we refer users on our platform for whom we may temporarily not in an appropriate position to provide services to other third-parties and charge service fees. Since 2024, we have been building our innovative intelligent credit platform (ICP) within the Fenqile app, leveraging big data and cloud computing technologies to match certain borrowers with financial institutions. For customers who are out of our risk preference range, we refer them to financial partners including financial guarantee companies and funding partners with complementary risk preferences. For loans facilitated through the ICP, we do not bear principal risk and typically charge service fees or a share of interests from the funding financial institutions. We ceased such business in October 2025 in compliance with the regulatory updates.

Subscription services

We offer subscription services to subscribing users, offering benefits such as coupon for membership of third-party platforms, product vouchers and virtual gifts of our installment e-commerce platforms, and generate revenues from such subscription services.

Installment e-commerce platform service

Leveraging our core capabilities in financial payment, risk management and consumer insights, our Fenqile platform provides services to merchants, large brands and small and mid-sized enterprises, equipping them with an e-commerce platform to strengthen their consumer-based operations, while at the meantime offers our young and promising consumers with superior shopping experience that is more convenient, more considerate and more flexible in payment.

With our competitive strengths, the Fenqile platform differentiates itself by offering flexible options such as zero down payment and installment purchases, and thus improving the conversion rate of purchase and rewarding the merchants and brands a platform of high speed growth, attractive transaction volume, and promising consumption potential.

Our core product offerings are primarily focused in mainland China. With our expanding scale and growing operational expertise, we are selectively exploring international markets to catalyze our global business expansion.

Our Users

Our target user base is focused on consumers in China between the ages of 23 and 40 with high growth potential and premium credit profiles. As of December 31, 2025, the total number of our registered users reached 245 million, and users with credit line reached 51 million, among whom over 87% are aged between 23 and 40 years old. We are committed to identifying the needs of our consumers for credit services at different life stages and facilitate to provide financial services within their reach. Relying on our efficient risk management systems, we provide customized services and products to our borrowers based on their credit needs and risk profiles through diversified financing channels. The number of our cumulative active users reached 37.3 million in 2025. As their consumer finance service provider, we grow alongside our users since they are young and win their recognition and loyalty over years of services. In addition to credit services, we also help our users fulfill various consumption needs through our installment e-commerce platform. As of December 31, 2025, over 35% of our active users have used more than one of our products.

Products for Users

We offer diversified and differentiated products and services to meet various demands from our users. Our products include installment loan products and installment purchase products for personal consumption.

On Fenqile, we offer credit lines to qualified users for their various daily use. We gain insight about our users based on big data and AI technology to adequately identify and meet their individual needs, offering unsecured credit products with various amounts, maturity, interest rates, and repayment methods for users’ selection.

When a user applies for a credit line for the first time, the amount of credit line we approve ranges from RMB3,000 to RMB200,000, and the aggregate amount of personal installment loans borrowed by a single user may not exceed the credit line available to that user. Based on our continuous risk monitoring and assessment, we may adjust the amount of the credit line, change the percentage of the credit line that may be applied toward personal installment loans, or revoke the credit line. We may grant up to RMB200,000 of credit line to existing users who have established a good credit and repayment history with us.

Users approved for our credit line are eligible to apply for personal installment loans with credit terms generally ranging from 1 to 24 months. Users can have multiple installment loans outstanding as long as the aggregated outstanding balance does not exceed the credit limit available. Users may use installment loans to obtain cash or to finance purchases on our marketplace through our e-commerce channel.

We offer a range of consumer finance products designed to address different customer needs across credit profiles and use scenarios. Our core products include Flexible Loan, an installment loan product that provides flexible credit lines and fast disbursement to meet customers’ short-term liquidity needs. In addition to the main Fenqile installment purchase products, we offer Fenqile Inclusive, which is designed to serve a broader customer base, including small and micro enterprises (SMEs) as well as individual micro-merchants and underserved customers for their working capital needs, with accessible and flexible installment products. We also operate an e-commerce platform where users can purchase in lump-sum or installment their favorite products, such as cell phones, electronics, trendy apparels, cosmetics and daily necessities.

User Acquisition and Retention

To date, we have successfully accumulated a large user base and achieved deep market penetration among young generation consumers in China by providing a consumption platform that integrates high-quality financial services, online and offline consumption scenarios, subscription benefits, and superior user experience.

We acquire users primarily through four ways: (i) online advertising and related channels, including targeted text-messaging supported by our models and advertising on online platforms and apps such as Douyin and WeChat; (ii) organic traffic, which consists of internet traffic generated from our brand recognition, as well as MGM (member get member) ; (iii) our offline sales team who can provide more firsthand detailed information of user and accurate credit assessment through offline market due diligence; and (iv) e-commerce platforms operated by us and third parties.

We also continued to optimize our offline user acquisition channels and achieved growth of 16.0% in transaction volume per order in 2025 compared to 2024.

Along with improving user acquisition ability and efficiency, we further refined the credit rating system of our existing user cohorts through data and model optimization, as a result we are able to improve identification of premium users

and effectively explore and satisfy the needs of different user cohorts with customized operating strategies, and significantly enhanced user satisfaction and retention. The average GMV generated by one existing active user was flat year-over-year in 2025.

We also provide our users with a wide variety of products and superior user experience through our e-commerce platform, which significantly enhances our user retention. We have further expanded and enriched the offerings in the existing categories and brands of products offered on the platform, such as cosmetic products, trendy apparels, and daily necessities, enabling young customers to meet their increasing daily consumption needs on our e-commerce platform. In 2025, our total GMV increased by 110% and e-commerce GMV per active user increased by 36.7% on a year-over-year basis from 2024.

Our Institutional Customers and Partners

We benefit from our position of having diversified funding sources. We primarily finance the loans to users through funding provided by commercial banks, consumer finance companies and other licensed financial institutions as well as through the establishment of consolidated trusts and issuance of asset-backed securities. We refer to these funding sources collectively as our institutional funding partners. In 2025, institutional funding accounted for 100% of our newly funded loans.

We had cumulatively served over 180 funding partners as of December 31, 2025. The outstanding balance of funds provided by institutional funding partners was RMB114 billion and RMB89.7 billion (US$12.8 billion) respectively as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025.

We provide technology-driven services to our institutional funding partners, including efficient customer acquisition through online and offline channels, credit screening, and post-loan services. We provide our institutional funding partners with extensive and real-time technology solutions through our seamlessly integrated technology infrastructure, which help them rapidly expand the base of credible borrowers, increase the volume of credit assets and gain risk-adjusted returns throughout the economic cycle.

We use our platform to refer qualified users to institutional funding partners based on their risk and return requirements. Our proprietary Wormhole system connects our users and funding partners’ systems in real time, which minimizes manual review and approval process by the funding partners and allocates credit needs to various funding sources with different risk-and-return parameters.

We previously offered credit digitalization solutions to our institutional funding partners, providing digitalized solutions throughout the credit process of loan products, including channel co-building, product co-developing, joint risk management, whole life cycle operation and customer service. We discontinued this legacy credit digitalization business in the third quarter of 2025.

Starting from the third quarter of 2025, we launched our new digital technology services, under which we provide risk management empowerment services to banking partners and offer full guarantees on loans facilitated under this cooperation model through our guarantee company. Under this new model, the banking partners utilize their own channels, customers and loan products, while we solely provide risk management and guarantee services.

Our Continuously Enhanced Risk Management Capabilities

We have comprehensively strengthened our risk management framework, focusing on the following three key areas: data and model development, risk control system construction, and intelligent tool development.

Data and Model Development

By continuously introducing high-quality data sources and iteratively optimizing our algorithms, we have enhanced our core risk identification capabilities and our ability to navigate risk volatility. Specifically, we continuously incorporate qualification profiling data, such as aviation and travel records, occupation information, and social security data, to improve our ability to identify premium customers. By establishing a full-lifecycle data management platform, we more agilely identified and phased out ineffective or low quality data, reducing noises in decision-making and significantly improving data effectiveness. In terms of modeling, we established and refined a holistic model system that combines business insights with advanced algorithms such as causal inference and survival analysis, which significantly enhanced our models' efficacy in risk identification and business growth.

Risk Control System Construction

By refining both negative and positive strategies, we strengthened our ability to manage high-risk customer segments while enhancing our operational system for premium customers, effectively addressing risk volatility caused by industry uncertainties. For high-risk customers, we strengthened negative strategies, implementing timely transaction controls and phase-out disposals for those with significantly rising risk profiles. For premium customers, we further optimized credit limits, pricing, and repayment strategies to continuously enhance the competitiveness of our offerings. We also improved customer satisfaction and retention rates through personalized, real-time re-offers and exclusive dedicated one-on-one services, thereby optimizing our overall asset structure.

Intelligent Tool Development

We continuously advanced the deep integration of intelligent risk control tools with large AI models, making significant progress in building a next-generation intelligent risk control system. In strategy application, we utilized large AI models to create "strategy agents," achieving full-process automation and intelligence—from audience selection and homogeneous group segmentation to strategy generation and performance evaluation. This paradigm shift from a quantitative-driven to AI-driven approach has significantly improved both the efficiency and effectiveness of credit limit decisions. In data support, we achieved configurable management across the entire process—from data ingestion and processing to business application. This established a unified, flexible, and scalable data support system, providing a consistent and reliable data foundation for pre-loan approval, in-loan monitoring, and post-loan management.

Technology and Security

Technology has been our driving force and core competency. Our business success and growth of operation results sit on our strong technological capabilities and innovations. Our research and development expenses in 2025 amounted to RMB595 million (US$85.1 million), representing 4.5% of our operating revenue in 2025 and a year-on-year increase by 3.0%. Our strong commitments to technology and research and development talents, as well as abundant investments in research and development resources have empowered us to maintain our industry-leading technology capabilities, which have laid a solid foundation for our seamless user experience, continuous improvement in operational efficiency, robust information security of our platform, and various innovative initiatives.

Data Security Management and Capability

In 2025, we have continued to enhance our data security management framework covering the full data lifecycle, including data collection, transmission, storage, usage, sharing and disposal, to ensure that all data processing activities meet applicable compliance and audit requirements. We conduct regular security training, scenario-based drills and performance assessments to strengthen our employees’ ability to identify risks, prevent data leakage and respond to security incidents.

Our security framework has evolved from a static, rule-based approach to a more proactive model driven by dynamic behavioral monitoring. Leveraging our security operation management platform and the analytical capabilities of large language models, we are able to perform business-contextual analysis of data access activities and identify high-risk behaviors involving sensitive data with greater precision. Through a multi-layered defense system spanning cloud, endpoint and network boundaries, and the use of encryption, dynamic data masking, data isolation and data loss prevention technologies, we seek to safeguard the integrity, availability and confidentiality of our data.

Benefiting from our continued investment in data protection and governance, we have maintained a straight record of zero leakage in data security. In 2025, our systems intercepted over 560 million potential data security threats, effectively defending against typical cyberattacks in particular, which we believe further strengthened the foundation supporting our business operations and innovation.

Risk Management Technology System

We continue to enhance our risk management system with a focus on improving intelligence, automation and precision. We have introduced intelligent strategy tools that utilize AI technologies to support automated rule recommendations, assist risk management personnel in reviewing and optimizing historical strategies, and conduct ongoing portfolio-level risk monitoring and early warning. These tools improve both the efficiency and accuracy of risk strategy management and enable faster responses to evolving business conditions.

In addition, we have developed a unified feature platform that enables efficient processing and centralized management of risk-related features, providing flexible and reusable data assets for strategy development. We have also implemented an intelligent supplemental verification system, which automatically identifies and processes additional user information for credit enhancement purposes, improving both risk identification accuracy and user experience.

These enhancements address prior limitations, such as fragmented feature management, reliance on manual strategy development and limited user verification channels. As a result, our risk management system has become more real-time, flexible and scalable. We believe these capabilities also provide a solid foundation for further advancement of intelligent risk management, including automated strategy generation, automated data mining and performance tracking.

Data-Driven and Refined Marketing System

Leveraging our customer data platform, we analyze user data to develop detailed user profiles, enabling refined user segmentation strategies and tailored marketing programs based on user behavior, preferences and historical transaction data. Through our strategy simulation system, we model and predict the performance of different marketing strategies, allowing our operational teams to configure and adjust strategies more effectively through visualized tools. We also utilize AI models to identify optimal timing for user engagement, which we believe enhances user experience and improves marketing effectiveness. By integrating with our experimentation platform and leveraging experimental data, we continuously test and refine product features and user experience to better align with user needs. In addition, through the integration of our campaign management platform and real-time analytics capabilities, we monitor key business metrics, user behavior and conversion performance, enabling timely evaluation of marketing effectiveness and rapid adjustment of strategies. Through these ongoing iterations, we continue to enhance the efficiency and intelligence of our marketing activities and move toward more data-driven decision-making and marketing automation.

Efficiency Enhancement and Compliance Framework

We have integrated AI capabilities, including large language models and AI agents, into various aspects of our operations to enhance user experience, improve operational efficiency and support compliance. On the user-facing side, AI technologies enable more natural human-machine interactions and more accurate matching of user needs, transforming user engagement from passive responses to more proactive and predictive interactions. In our risk management processes, AI-powered tools have improved both efficiency and accuracy of risk identification. At the strategy level, AI-enabled systems support the generation of differentiated risk strategies by analyzing multi-dimensional user data, and facilitate continuous optimization and evaluation of strategies across the full lifecycle. In our compliance and quality control processes, AI-assisted systems enhance semantic understanding and multi-modal analysis capabilities, improving coverage and accuracy of compliance reviews. In user operations, AI-enabled tools assist users in completing certain processes through intelligent interactions, improving user experience while reducing manual workload and supporting risk control objectives.

In customer service, AI agents have become an important component of our service infrastructure. These systems provide efficient and accurate responses to user inquiries, significantly improving service efficiency and user satisfaction. Currently, AI-powered customer service handles a substantial portion of daily user inquiries, reducing reliance on manual support while improving response time and service quality.

Competition

The credit service market in China is well-developed and highly competitive. As a leading credit technology-empowered consumer financial service enabler in China, we compete with major internet companies, traditional financial institutions, and other installment loan service providers with similar business matrix.

Some participants in the internet industry have built up large user bases relying on their strengths in e-commerce platform scenarios and financial resources. With the more active implementation of anti-monopoly policies in China, we expect the market landscape to change in favor of smaller players, with more opportunities to develop their strength and gain market share in their specific market segments. We are strategically focused on the young generation consumers that are not fully covered by traditional financial institutions. Our consumption scenarios, risk management efficiency and superior user experience are major and unique competitiveness that we enjoy over banks and other platform operators.

Competition in installment e-commerce platform services is also intense but in more dimensions. We compete directly with dominant players in the internet industry on such services. We may also compete in various sub-sectors with operators of payment services, local brands run by sophisticated international players, and start-ups in BNPL business.

Despite all these competition and challenges, our installment e-commerce platform is well-positioned to leverage our know-how and technology capabilities to address customers’ demands, thereby bolstering our competitiveness.

Comparing to the two segments above, the market for fintech empowerment services is at an early stage of a more tech-intensive and capability-driven market. There are players with business covering certain parts of services to financial institutions such as customer acquisition. Our fintech empowerment service is able to compete favorably by leveraging technological capabilities and business experience accumulated in the credit service sector and providing services that better address the demands of the financial institutions.

We believe that our ability to compete effectively for users, investors and funding partners depends on many factors, including the variety of product and service offerings, user experience, effectiveness of risk management, risk-adjusted return, partnership with third parties, marketing efforts and brand strength. Furthermore, as our business continues to grow, we face significant competition for highly-skilled personnel, including operation managers, engineers, product managers and risk management personnel. The success of our growth strategy depends on our ability to retain existing personnel and attract additional talent.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. We have registered 257 patents in China and have applied for 289 additional patents with the PRC State Intellectual Property Office. We have registered 252 software copyrights and 31 copyrights for artworks with the PRC National Copyright Administration. We have 205 registered domain names, including lexin.com, lexinfintech.com, and fenqile.com. As of the date of this annual report, we had 520 registered trademarks, including our “ ,” “,” and “” trademarks.

Insurance

We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, on-the-job injury insurance, and housing provident fund plans through a PRC government-mandated defined contribution plan for our employees. We also purchased vehicles insurance and directors and officers liabilities insurance. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be sufficient for our business operations in China.

Seasonality

We experience some seasonality in our business, reflecting a combination of seasonal demand for consumer loans and seasonality patterns associated with the online consumption. For example, we generally experience less user traffic and purchase orders during national holidays in China, particularly during the Chinese New Year holiday season in the first quarter of each year. Furthermore, e-commerce companies in China hold special promotional campaigns in June or November each year, which improve our results for that quarter. The demand for our products and services is higher in March, April, September, October and November, which generally corresponds to the start of school and our promotional activities around those promotional campaigns. While our growth has somewhat masked this seasonality, our quarterly operating results could be affected by such seasonality in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly due to the seasonality of our business and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.”

Regulations

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China.

We are regulated by various government authorities, including, among others:

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the MIIT, regulating the telecommunications and telecommunications-related activities including the internet information services and other value-added telecommunication services;

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the People’s Bank of China, as the central bank of China, regulating the formation and implementation of monetary policy, issuing the currency, supervising the commercial banks and assisting the administration of the financing;

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the CBIRC, regulating financial institutions and promulgating the regulations related to the administration of financial institutions.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment Restrictions

The PRC Foreign Investment Law

The establishment, operation and management of corporate entities in the PRC, including foreign-invested companies, are subject to the PRC Company Law. On December 29, 2023, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the third revised Company Law, which made further amendments such as improving the company’s establishment and exit system, optimizing the company’s organizational structure, perfecting the company’s capital system and strengthening the responsibilities of controlling shareholders and management personnel, etc., and has taken effect on July 1, 2024. Unless otherwise provided in the PRC Foreign Investment Law, the provisions of the Company Law shall prevail. With respect to the period for payment of the registered capital, pursuant to the latest revised Company Law, all shareholders of a PRC limited liability company shall fully pay up the registered capital subscribed for by such shareholders within five years since the establishment date of the PRC limited liability company, unless otherwise provided by laws and regulations. On July 1, 2024, the State Council issued the Regulations of the State Council on the Implementation of the Registered Capital Registration Management System of the “ Company Law of the People’s Republic of China”, which further specified the detailed requirements and measures of the registration and management of registered capital under the latest revised Company Law. Pursuant to such provisions, there shall be a three-year interim period from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2027 for the existing companies to adjust their time limit for capital contribution.

In March 2019, the National People’s Congress passed the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which became effective in January 2020. The PRC Foreign Investment Law replaces the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Laws on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Foreign-Capital Enterprises to become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC. In December 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law, which became effective in January 2020 and further clarified and elaborated the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. The Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations embody the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments, including, among other things:

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Negative List. Investments in the PRC by foreign investors and foreign-invested enterprises are regulated by the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (Edition 2025), was promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce and the NDRC in December 2025 and came into effect on February 1, 2026, and the 2024 Negative List, was promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce and the NDRC in September 2024 and became effective on in November 2024. The Foreign Investment Law reiterates and officially establishes the pre-access national treatment plus negative list management system for foreign investment. The negative list, in a unified manner, lists the restrictive measures for the entry of foreign investment. It further expands the scope of permitted industries by foreign investment by reducing the number of industries that fall within the negative list where restrictions on the shareholding percentage or requirements on the composition of board or senior management still exists. In addition, industries such as value-added telecommunication services (except e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications services, store-and-forward service and call center service), including internet information services, are still restricted from foreign investment pursuant to the 2024 Negative List. We provide the value-added telecommunication services that are restricted to foreign investment through the consolidated variable interest entities.

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Information Reporting System. The Foreign Investment Law provides that a foreign investment information reporting system shall apply to the foreign-invested enterprises. In December 2019, the Ministry of Commerce and the SAMR jointly issued the Measures for Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, which became effective in January 2020 and superseded the Interim Administrative Measures for the Record-filing of the Establishment and Modification of Foreign-invested Enterprises on the same date. Pursuant to these measures, since January 1, 2020, foreign investors that carry out investment activities directly or indirectly in China and the relevant foreign-invested enterprises shall, through the Enterprise Registration System and the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System operated by the SAMR, disclose their investment information to the competent authorities by submitting reports related to the establishment, modification and cancelation of corporations, and their annual reports.

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Transition Period. The Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law require that, among others, existing foreign-invested enterprises established before the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law may choose to change their organizational forms or structures and go through the change of registration procedures at any time prior to January 1, 2025. Otherwise, the relevant local branch of the SAMR shall not process other registration matters applied for by the enterprise, and shall publicize relevant information of such enterprise.

In December 2020, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce promulgated Measures for Security Review of Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 18, 2021. The Foreign Investment Security Review Mechanism in charge of organization, coordination and guidance of foreign investment security review is thereunder established. A working mechanism office shall be established under the NDRC and led by the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce to undertake routine work on the security review of foreign investment. According to the Foreign Investment Security Review Mechanism, foreign investment activities falling in the scope such as important cultural products and services, important information technologies and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields that concern state security while obtaining the actual control over the enterprises invested in, a foreign investor or a party concerned in the PRC shall take the initiative to make a declaration to the working mechanism office prior to making the investment.

For more details of the Foreign Investment Law, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.”

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment in Value-Added Telecommunication Services

According to the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises issued by the State Council in December 2001 and amended in September 2008, February 2016, and April 2022 respectively, the ultimate capital contribution percentage held by foreign investors in a foreign-invested value- added telecommunications enterprise shall not exceed 50% unless otherwise provided by the state. Furthermore, on March 29, 2022, the State Council issued the Decision of the State Council to Amend and Repeal Certain Administrative Regulations, which amended the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises issued in 2001, the main foreign investors who are engaged in value-added telecommunications business will be no longer subject to the requirement to demonstrate a good track record and operational experience in providing the services, and the amended rules simplify the application process for telecommunication business operation permits and shorten the review period. The Circular of the MIIT on Liberalizing the Restrictions on Foreign Shareholding Percentages in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing Business (for-profit e-commerce business) promulgated by the MIIT, in June 2015, or Circular 196, allow a foreign investor to own more than 50% of the total equity interest in an e-commerce business.

In July 2006, the Ministry of Information Industry (which was integrated into the MIIT with other governmental departments in March 2008), issued the Notice of the Ministry of Information Industry on Strengthening the Administration over Foreign Investment in the Operation of Value-Added Telecommunications Business. According to the notice, a foreign investor in the telecommunications service industry must establish a foreign invested enterprise and apply for a telecommunications service license. The notice also requires that: (i) PRC domestic telecommunications enterprises must not, through any form, lease, transfer or sell a telecommunications service license to a foreign investor, or provide resources, offices and working places, facilities or other assistance to support illegal telecommunications services operations by a foreign investor; (ii) value-added telecommunications enterprises or their shareholders must directly own the domain names and trademarks used in their daily operations; and (iii) each value-added telecommunications enterprise must have necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities only in the regions covered by its license. The 2024 Negative List stipulates that the ultimate foreign equity ownership in a value-added telecommunications service provider shall not exceed 50%, except for e-commerce business, domestic multi-party communications services business, store-and-forward business and call center business which may be 100% owned by foreign investors.

On June 8, 2020, MIIT issued the Notice of Strengthening the Administration of Call Center Service, which provides that any entities engaging in call center service shall obtain corresponding business permits as required by the relevant laws and regulations, and shall conduct the business subject to the Catalog of Telecommunications Business.

In light of the above restrictions and requirements, we provide the value-added telecommunication services through the consolidated variable interest entities, and such variable interest entities own the relevant domain names and registered trademarks and have the necessary personnel to operate the website.

Regulations relating to Internet Information Services

Regulations relating to Value-added Telecommunication Service

The Telecommunications Regulations of PRC promulgated in September 2000 and amended in July 2014 and February 2016, respectively, by the State Council and its related implementation rules, including the Catalog of Classification of Telecommunications Business issued and amended in June 2019 by the MIIT, categorize various types of telecommunications and telecommunications-related activities into basic or value-added telecommunications services. The Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating, promulgated by the MIIT in 2009 and most recently amended in July 2017, set forth more specific provisions regarding the types of licenses required to operate value-added telecommunications services, the qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses and the administration and supervision of such licenses. Under these regulations, a commercial operator of value-added telecommunications services must first obtain a license for value-added telecommunications business, or value-added telecommunications service license, from the MIIT or its provincial level counterparts.

Administration of mobile internet application information services is strengthened through the Regulations for Administration of Mobile Internet Application Information Services, or the MIAIS Regulations, issued in June 2016 and amended in June 2022, effective in August 2022. The MIAIS Regulations were enacted to regulate application information services and application distribution services which engage in Internet application stores and others. App providers and application distribution platforms are required to obtain relevant qualifications pursuant to PRC laws and regulations. The amended provisions also outline the requirements for application providers, which include, among others, (i) verifying user identity information; (ii) obtaining an internet news and information services license or other administrative licenses for information services; and (iii) establishing a mechanism for examining the content of the information. In particular, the amended provisions stipulate the obligations in relation to cybersecurity, data security and personal information protection, emphasizing the necessity for personal information collection and the fact that users shall not be denied the use of the basic function services of certain applications merely on account of their refusal to provide unnecessary personal information.

Our online consumer finance platform, Fenqile, operated by Shenzhen Fenqile, has obtained (i) certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operation of domestic call center service from MIIT in May 2022, which will remain valid until May 2027; and (ii) certain value-added telecommunications service license for online data processing and transaction processing from the Guangdong Administration of Telecommunications in July 2024, which will remain valid until July 2029. Mengtian Technology, one of the variable interest entities, has obtained certain value-added telecommunications service license for the operations of online data processing and transaction processing and internet content service from the Guangdong Administration of Telecommunications in January 2024, which will remain valid until January 2029. Furthermore, it is uncertain if the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries will be required to obtain a separate operating license with respect to our mobile applications in addition to the value-added telecommunications business license.

Regulations Relating to Official Accounts of Internet Users

On September 7, 2017, the CAC promulgated the Administrative Provisions on the Information Services Provided through Official Accounts of Internet Users, which became effective on October 8, 2017. It requires that providers review user information such as account information and qualifications for and scope of services, categorize users, and file such information with the local cyberspace administrator; and further establish a database with respect to registered persons, published content, the number of people subscribing to a given account, and the number of people reading the relevant articles published by the official user accounts, and implement specific management systems for official user accounts to be filed with the CAC. On December 15, 2019, the CAC promulgated the Regulations on the Ecological Governance of Network Information Content, effective from March 1, 2020, which specify the content scopes that are encouraged, prohibited or prevented from producing, re-producing and publishing. The network information content service platforms should fulfill the main responsibility of content management and establish an ecological governance mechanism of the network information, improve system for user registration, account management, information publishing review, emergency response, and etc.

On January 22, 2021, the CAC promulgated the amended Administrative Provisions on the Information Services Provided through Official Accounts of Internet Users, effective from February 22, 2021, further clarifies that the providers shall assume primary responsibility for establishing, improving and strictly implementing user registration, information content verification, emergency response, cybersecurity, data security, personal information protections, intellectual properties protections, credit assessment and other administration system. The providers shall take measures such as compound verification to authenticate the identification information of registered users based on mobile phone number, organization code, identity card number, etc., and the providers shall not serve users who fail to provide their real identity information or make false registration. In addition, the providers shall mark the verified official accounts and publicize the content category, the name of the operator, the registered operation address, the organization code, contact information and other registration information according to different natures of the users. If any official accounts violate the laws and regulations, the providers shall take appropriate measures to stop any such violations, such as, notifying the user to make corrections, restricting account functions, suspending information update, stopping advertising, closing or canceling accounts, keep relevant records and promptly report to the competent authorities.

Regulations Relating to Online Consumer Finance Services

Regulations Relating to Online Lending Business

The PRC laws and regulations governing our online lending business are developing and evolving.

The Guidelines, issued and effective on July 18, 2015, stipulates that direct lending on P2P online lending platforms falls within the scope of lending between private citizens, and P2P online lending shall stick to its functions of serving as a platform to provide investors and financiers with information exchange, matching, credit rating and other intermediary services. It emphasizes that, P2P online lending institutions shall specify their nature as information intermediaries, mainly provide information services for the direct lending between borrowers and lenders, and shall neither provide credit enhancement services nor engage in illegal fund-raising. Also, it outlines that the online lending business shall be regulated by the China Banking Regulatory Commission, which was merged into the CBIRC in 2018.

In December 2017, the Internet Finance Rectification Office and the Online Lending Rectification Office jointly issued the Circular 141, outlining general requirements on the “cash loan” business conducted by network microcredit companies, banking financial institutions and online lending information intermediaries. The Circular 141 specifies the features of “cash loans” as not relying on consumption scenarios, with no specified use of loan proceeds, with no qualification requirement on users, and unsecured. The Circular 141 sets forth several general requirements with respect to “cash loan” business, including, without limitation: (i) no organizations or individuals may conduct the lending business without obtaining approvals for the lending business; (ii) the aggregated borrowing costs of borrowers charged by institutions in the forms of interest and various fees should be annualized and subject to the limit on interest rate of private lending set forth in the judicial interpretations issued by the Supreme People’s Court; (iii) all relevant institutions shall follow the “know-your-customer” principle and prudentially assess and determine the borrower’s eligibility, credit limit and cooling-off period. Loans to any borrower without income sources are prohibited; and (iv) all relevant institutions shall enhance the internal risk control and prudentially use the “data-driven” risk management model.

The Circular 141 also sets forth several requirements on banking financial institutions participating in “cash loan” business, including, among other things, (i) such banking financial institutions shall not extend loans jointly with any third-party institution which has not obtained approvals for the lending business, or fund such institution for the purpose of extending loans in any form; (ii) with respect to the loan business conducted in cooperation with third-party institutions, such banking financial institutions shall not outsource the core business (including the credit assessment and risk control), and shall not accept any credit enhancement service whether or not in a disguised form (including the commitment to taking default risks) provided by any third-party institutions with no guarantee qualification and (iii) such banking financial institutions must require and ensure that the third-party institutions shall not collect any interests or fees from the borrowers.

Any violation of the Circular 141 may result in penalties including suspension of operation, orders to make rectification, condemnation, revocation of license, order to cease business operation, and criminal liabilities.

In July 2020, the CBIRC implemented the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measure to formulate the regulation regime for online lending business conducted by commercial banks, which was amended in June 2021. For example, the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures require that a commercial bank shall not grant an individual with a credit line more than RMB200,000 and the term of the personal credit loan extended under such credit shall not exceed one year in the case of repayment of the principal due in a lump sum. Meanwhile, reading of the loan contract by a borrower shall be mandatory in the loan application process and reasonable time limit shall be set therefor. Furthermore, based on the Administrative Measures for Personal Loans promulgated by the NFRA on February 2 and became effective on July 1, 2024, lenders (banking financial institutions) shall establish an effective whole‑process management mechanism and risk management for personal loans. The term of loans for personal consumption shall not exceed five years, for a loan of no more than RMB200,000, the relevant contracts and documents may be concluded through e-banking channels (excluding loans for personal housing purposes), and the lender shall make audio and video recordings of the signing process and properly keep the relevant videos where a contract is signed in person. And the lenders are requested to specify the qualifications of the third parties, which are trusted part of specific matters in a loan investigation and shall not entrust a third party to complete the core matters of risk control in a loan investigation involving borrowers’ true intention, income level, debt status, source of proprietary funds and access of an external assessment agency, etc.

In addition, the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures set several rules for commercial banks to collaborate with external institutions on online lending, including: (i) commercial banks shall conduct pre-admission assessments on cooperative external institutions and manage such external institutions by a name list; (ii) commercial banks shall not accept any credit enhancement services directly or in disguised form, from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee, credit insurance or guarantee insurance; (iii) the cooperative external institutions (except for an insurance company or an institution with guarantee qualification) shall not charge any interest or expense to the borrower in any form; (iv) commercial banks shall independently conduct the credit approval, contract execution and other core risk control business; (v) the collaboration agreement between the commercial banks and the cooperative external institutions shall be executed in writing and specify the cooperation scope, data confidentiality, transitional arrangement for change or termination of the matters under cooperation, and the commitment of the external institutions for cooperating with the commercial bank in accepting the inspection by the banking regulatory authorities; and (vi) the commercial banks shall fully disclose, in conspicuous place of relevant page, the information of the cooperative external institutions, the information of the cooperative product, as well as rights and responsibilities of the commercial bank and the cooperative external institutions.

The Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures set forth a transitional period of these measures, which is two years from the date on which the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures is implemented. The business newly increased in the transitional period shall comply with the requirement therein, and a plan to rectify the online lending business within such transitional period shall be formulated and submitted to the banking regulatory authority within one month from the implementation date. The Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures shall also apply as reference to the online lending business conducted by consumer finance companies and auto finance companies (except for the above-mentioned requirements on the terms of personal credit loan).

In February 2021, the CBIRC issued the Circular 24, which sets forth several requirements on the online lending business of the commercial banks, including: (i) the commercial banks shall conduct the risk control measures independently and the core credit assessment and risk control business are prohibited to be outsourced; (ii) except for the commercial banks which have no actual business sites, mainly conduct online business and meet other requirements stipulated by the CBIRC, local commercial banks shall conduct online lending within the jurisdiction where such commercial banks are registered; and (iii) with respect to the online loan business conducted in cooperation with third-party institutions, the capital contribution of cooperative institutions shall not be less than 30% in a single loan. The online lending business of branches of foreign banks, trust companies, consumer finance companies and auto finance companies shall be subject to the Circular 24 and the Commercial Banks Online Lending Measures.

In July 2022, the CBIRC issued the Circular 14, which further requires commercial banks to strengthen their risk control and regulate the cooperation with third-party institutions in online loan business, including: (i) commercial banks shall enter into separate cooperation agreements in respect of joint capital contribution, information technology cooperation and other business cooperation, respectively, for clarifying rights and responsibilities of each party; (ii) commercial banks shall fulfill the primary responsibility in respect of loan administration. If internet loans involve cooperation with cooperative institutions in, for example, marketing, payment and settlement, and information technology, commercial banks shall strengthen the management of core risk control links, and shall not lower risk control standards due to business cooperation; (iii) commercial banks shall strengthen information and data management, and the written agreements signed by a commercial bank with a cooperative institution shall clearly specify the specific requirements for submission of relevant information. These rules also apply to branches of foreign banks, trusts, consumer finance companies and auto finance companies.

On March 18, 2024, the NFRA promulgated the Rules on Consumer Finance Companies, which came into effect on April 18, 2024, raises the threshold of relevant authorization criteria of consumer finance companies, such as asset scale and operating income of major equity investors, as well as the minimum equity ratio requirement, in a bid to promote shareholders to play a supporting role and assume shareholder responsibility. It strengthens supervision on business classification, corporate governance supervision, and risk management, and enhancing consumer protection. The Rules on Consumer Finance Companies also stipulates that (i) a consumer finance company shall implement a list system for the management of cooperative institutions, and classify and manage cooperative institutions according to the contents and risks of cooperation. “cooperative institutions” as mentioned includes but is not limited to all kinds of institutions that cooperate with consumer finance companies in marketing, joint financing, loan issuance, payment and settlement, risk sharing, information technology, overdue collection, etc., (ii) consumer finance companies shall not jointly invest in the issuance of loans with institutions without lending qualifications; It shall not accept credit enhancement services provided by institutions without guarantee qualification and failing to meet the requirements of credit insurance and guarantee insurance operation supervision; No relaxation of loan quality control due to the introduction of guarantee and credit enhancement; (iii) The consumer finance company shall sign a cooperation agreement with the cooperative institution, clearly stipulate necessary conditions, and the cooperative institution shall promise to cooperate with the consumer finance company to accept the inspection of the regulatory authorities and provide relevant information and materials. The cooperative institution shall be required not to collect interest fees from the borrower in any form, except for financial institutions, insurance companies and cooperative institutions with guarantee qualifications that jointly invest in the issuance of loans.

On April 23, 2024, the NFRA issued the Notice on Further Regulating Internet Loan Business of Joint-stock Banks and Other Three Types of Banking Institutions. It requires Three Types of Banks to (i) refrain from excessively relying on customer acquisition, traffic redirection, or credit enhancement guarantees provided by cooperative institutions to pursue short-term rapid growth in internet loan business scale or profitability; (ii) continuously improve their internet loan business management mechanisms and institutional frameworks, establish robust policies and procedures, and formulate scientifically effective risk management indicators, avoid overreliance on a single category of internet loan business or a single partner; (iii) prudently evaluate borrowers’ genuine debt repayment capacity and ensure that credit review standards shall not be lowered solely due to credit enhancement guarantees provided by cooperative institutions; (iv) establish a unified, institution-wide mechanism for partner admission and exit with clear criteria and procedures; and (v) implement measures such as reducing cooperation scale or terminating cooperation for partners with significantly elevated delinquency rates or financing costs.

On April 1, 2025, the NFRA promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Internet Loan Assistance Business of Commercial Banks and Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Financial Services, which came into effect on October 1, 2025. The notice reinforces the head office’s responsibility for managing internet loan facilitation, sets clear entry requirements for platform operators and credit enhancement service providers, and emphasizes that commercial banks must adhere to the principles of centralized management by head offices, alignment of authority and responsibilities with benefits, reasonable risk pricing, and appropriate business scale when conducting internet loan assistance business. It further stipulates that (i) a commercial bank shall specify platform and credit enhancement service fees standards and ranges in agreements, include the latter in borrowers’ total financing costs, and specify the overall cost range; a platform operator shall not charge borrowers any interest or fees and a credit enhancement service provider must not inflate credit enhancement service rates through disguised charges such as consulting or advisory fees; (ii) the total financing cost paid by borrowers for each loan shall comply with the relevant provisions of the Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Further Strengthening Financial Trial Work; a commercial bank and its internet loan facilitation partner shall fully disclose key information to borrowers, and shall not charge any fees other than those explicitly disclosed; (iii) a commercial bank shall maintain and disclose an official list of approved platform and credit enhancement partners, and shall not cooperate with unlisted entities; if a commercial bank pays cooperation fees based on a proportion of the actual interest received from the loan, the payment schedule shall be

aligned with the loan principal repayment schedule; and (iv) a commercial bank shall include the credit enhancement balances provided by credit enhancement service providers under unified credit management and assess their compensation capacity at least on a quarterly basis.

On March 17, 2025, the NFRA issued the Notice on Developing Consumer Finance to Boost Consumption, which stipulated several measures to guide financial institutions in actively supporting consumption enhancement, including: (i) with respect to the customers with good creditworthiness large-sum consumption needs, the maximum limit for self-disbursement of personal consumption loans may be increased on a temporary basis from RMB 300,000 to RMB 500,000, and the maximum limit for personal online consumption loans may be increased on a temporary basis from RMB 200,000 to RMB 300,000; (ii) with respect to the customers with long-term consumption needs, the loan tenure of personal consumption loans granted by commercial banks may be extended on a temporary basis from a maximum of five years to a maximum of seven years.

On June 19, 2025, the People’s Bank of China, the NDRC, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, the NFRA, and the CSRC jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Financial Support for Boosting and Expanding Consumption. The Guiding Opinions on Financial Support for Boosting and Expanding Consumption provides that in order to strengthen the credit supply for goods and services consumption and better meet financing needs in consumption sectors, financial institutions shall serve as the primary channel of credit support, promote the integration of internet and big data technologies with consumer finance, streamline the application, approval and disbursement processes for online consumer credit products and enhance the accessibility of consumer financing.

On December 12, 2025, the Ministry of Commerce, the People’s Bank of China and the NFRA jointly issued a Circular on Strengthening Commerce-Finance Synergy to Further Boost Consumption, which stipulates measures to guide financial institutions to intensify support for key consumption sectors, including: calibrating loan disbursement ratios, tenors, and interest rates based on repayment capacity and creditworthiness, implementing differentiated policies for personal consumption loan limits, maturities and pricing, and expediting the expansion of personal consumption loan business.

Regulations Relating to Loan Interest

The Civil Code of PRC, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress in May 2020 and became effective in January 2021, requires that the interest rates charged under a loan agreement must not violate applicable provisions of the PRC laws and regulations and the interest shall not be deducted from the proceeds of the loan in advance, and if the interest is deducted from the proceeds in advance, the loan shall be repaid and the interest shall be calculated based on the actual loan amount.

In accordance with the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Court in August 2015 and effective in September 2015, or the 2015 Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, agreements between a lender and a borrower on loans with annual interest rates below 24% are valid and enforceable. With respect to loans with annual interest rates between 24% and 36%, if the interest on the loans has already been paid to the lender, and so long as such payment has not damaged the interest of the state, the community or any third parties, the courts will likely turn down the borrower’s request to demand the return of the interest payment. If the annual interest rate of a private loan is higher than 36%, the obligations to pay interest payment in excess of the maximum interest rate allowed will be invalidated.

In December 2020, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Decision on Amending the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues the Application of Law in the Trial of Private Lending Cases (2nd Revisions in the year of 2020), which amended several provisions of the 2015 Judicial Interpretation including the upper limit of judicial protection for private lending interest rates. The Judicial Interpretation Amendment provides that where the lender requests the borrower to pay interest in accordance with the interest rate agreed upon in the agreement, the people’s court shall support such request, except where the interest rate agreed by both parties exceeds four times of the one-year Loan Prime Rate at the time of the establishment of the agreement, or the Quadruple LPR Limit. The one-year Loan Prime Rate refers to the one-year loan market quoted interest rate issued by the National Bank Interbank Funding Center which was authorized by the People’s Bank of China, on the 20th of each month since August 20, 2019. According to the Judicial Interpretation Amendment, the upper limit of interest rates of 24% and 36% provided in the 2015 Private Lending Judicial Interpretation, are replaced by the Quadruple LPR Limit. Moreover, if the lender and the borrower agree on both the overdue interest rate and the liquidated damages or other fees, the lender may choose to claim any or all of them, but the portion in total exceeding the Quadruple LPR Limit shall not be supported by the people’s court.

In addition, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Official Reply to Issues on the Application of the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court of New Private Lending in December 2020, and it became effective in January 2021. The official reply confirms that any disputes arising from the relevant financial business conducted by the microcredit companies, financing guarantee companies, regional equity market, Pawn Enterprises, financial leasing companies, commercial factoring companies and local assets management companies that are supervised by the local financial supervision governmental authorities, shall not apply to the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court of New Private Lending.

In March 2021, the People’s Bank of China releases the Announcement No. 3 to ensure orderly competition in the loan market and protect the legitimate rights and interests of financial consumers, all loan products are required to expressly list their annualized interest rates, specifically: (i) all lending institutions are required to display the annualized rate of each loan product prominently on the website, mobile app, poster, and any other channels where the product is marketed, and specify the annualized rate in the loan contract. Daily and monthly interest rates may also be displayed if necessary, but not more prominently than the annualized interest rates; (ii) lending institutions include but are not limited to depository financial institutions, automobile finance companies, consumer finance companies, micro-lending companies, and internet platforms that advertise or display loan services; (iii) the annualized rate of a loan should be calculated as the annualized ratio of total costs (to borrower) to outstanding principal amount. The costs include interest and other fees and charges directly related to the loan. The amount of principal should be specified in the loan contract or other loan certificates. If the loan is repaid in installments, the outstanding principal amount should be the balance after each repayment; and (iv) the calculation of the annualized interest rate may be based on compound interest or simple interest. The calculation based on compound interest is equivalent to that of the internal rate of return, and the simple-interest approach should be specified as such.

On March 15, 2026, the NFRA and the People’s Bank of China jointly issued the Provisions on Clear Disclosure of the Comprehensive Financing Cost of Personal Loan Business, which will come into effect on August 1, 2026, stipulate that: (i) when conducting personal loan business, lenders shall present a disclosure statement of comprehensive financing costs to borrowers; (ii) where installment payment business is handled in online consumption scenarios, the loan principal, installment arrangements, service fees charged, charging entities, the annualized comprehensive financing cost under normal performance, and contingent cost items and charging standards under breach scenarios shall be clearly displayed in a prominent manner on the payment page of the consumption order. Meanwhile, it shall be clearly indicated that, apart from the cost items already disclosed, no other interest or fees will be charged; (iii) in cooperation agreements signed with cooperating institutions, lenders shall clearly specify the responsibilities and obligations of all parties in implementing the requirements for the disclosure of the comprehensive financing cost. Lenders shall strengthen the management of cooperating institutions and promptly take corrective measures against violations or breaches by cooperating institutions, and if the circumstances are serious, lenders shall take measures such as terminating cooperation, recovering losses in accordance with the law, and pursuing legal liability; (iv) the term “lenders” as referred to in these Provisions means financial institutions and local financial organizations such as commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, rural credit cooperatives, auto finance companies, consumer finance companies, finance companies of enterprise groups, trust companies, and microloan companies. “Cooperating institutions” means third-party institutions that cooperate with lenders in carrying out personal loan business in areas such as marketing and customer acquisition, guarantee and credit enhancement.

Regulations Relating to Campus Online Lending

In April 2017, the CBIRC issued the Guidelines on Prevention and Control of the Risks in Banking Industry, to emphasize the relevant requirements on the campus online lending business provided in the Rectification of Campus Online Lending Notice, which include the prohibitions of: (i) marketing to individuals unable to repay loans; (ii) providing online lending service to college students under the age of eighteen; (iii) conducting false and fraudulent advertising and promotion; or (iv) providing usurious loans in disguised forms.

In May 2017, the CBIRC, the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Regulation and Management Work of Campus Online Lending Business, which provides that (i) the commercial banks and the policy banks may research and develop financial products and provide loans that provide general assistance to college students and support them in areas such as learning and training, consumption and entrepreneurship, and provide customized and quality financial services to college students with reasonable credit limits and interest rates; (ii) any entity established without approval of the relevant banking regulatory authority shall not provide any credit services to college students so as to eliminate fraud, usurious loans or violent loan collections; and (iii) all campus online lending business conducted by the online lending information intermediaries shall be suspended and the outstanding balance of campus online lending loans shall be gradually reduced until reaching a zero balance.

In February 2021, the CBIRC, the People’s Bank of China, the Ministry of Education, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the Notice on Internet Consumer Loan for

College Students. The Notice on Internet Consumer Loan for College Students provides that the microcredit companies are prohibited to provide internet consumer loans to college students. In addition, it sets forth several requirements on the banking financial institutions participating in internet consumer loans for college students, including without limitation: (i) the banking financial institutions and its cooperative institution shall not conduct online precision marketing aimed at college students, and shall complete necessary filings and reports with relevant authorities before offline promotion in campus; (ii) the banking financial institutions shall strictly check credit qualifications and the identities of college students and their use of loans, conduct comprehensive credit assessment, and receive the written confirm from the second repayment sources (such as parents, guardians, or other administrator of the college students) that they agree such internet consumer loan provided to such college student and they will guarantee the repayment of such internet consumer loan; and (iii) all credit information of internet consumer loan for college students shall be submitted to the financial credit information database in a timely, complete and accurate manner, and college students who do not agree to submit such credit information shall not be extended the loan.

Regulations Relating to Illegal Fund-Raising and Unapproved Loan Facilitation

Raising funds by entities or individuals from the general public must be conducted in strict compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations to avoid administrative and criminal liabilities. The Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning the Penalty on Illegal Fund-Raising issued by the General Office of the State Council in July 2007, explicitly prohibit illegal public fund-raising. The main features of illegal public fund-raising include: (i) illegally soliciting and raising funds from the general public by means of issuing stocks, bonds, lotteries or other securities without obtaining the approval of relevant authorities, (ii) promising a return of interest or profits or investment returns in cash, properties or other forms within a specified period of time and (iii) using a legitimate form to disguise the unlawful purpose.

To further clarify the criminal charges and punishments relating to illegal public fund-raising, the Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Judicial Interpretations to Issues Concerning Applications of Laws for Trial of Criminal Cases on Illegal Fund-Raising which came into force in January 2011 and was revised in March 2022. These judicial interpretations provide that a public fund-raising will constitute a criminal offense related to “illegally soliciting deposits from the public” under the PRC Criminal Law, if it meets all of the following four criteria: (i) the fund-raising without the legal permit of the relevant authorities or is concealed under the guise of legitimate acts; (ii) the fundraising employs general solicitation or advertising such as the Internet, social media, promotion meetings, leafleting and messaging service advertising; (iii) the fundraiser promises to repay, after a specified period of time, the capital and interests, or investment returns in cash, properties in kind and other forms; and (iv) the fund-raising targets at the general public as opposed to specific individuals. An illegal fund-raising activity will be fined or prosecuted in the event that it constitutes a criminal offense. Pursuant to the judicial interpretations, an offender will be subject to criminal liabilities, if it illegally solicits deposits from the general public or illegally solicits deposits in disguised form (i) in an amount exceeding RMB1,000,000, (ii) with over 150 fund-raising targets involved, or (iii) with the direct economic loss caused to fund-raising targets exceeding RMB500,000. Also, an offender will be subject to criminal liabilities if it illegally solicits deposits from the general public or illegally solicits deposits in disguised form in an amount exceeding RMB500,000 or with the direct economic loss caused to fund-raising targets exceeding RMB250,000 and concurrently falls under the following circumstances (i) where it/he has been criminally prosecuted for illegal fund-raising, (ii) where it/he has been had been subject to administrative punishment for illegal fund-raising within two (2) years, or (iii) where there is adverse social impact or other serious consequences.

In January 2019, the Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate and Ministry of Public Security issued the Opinions on Handling Criminal Cases of Illegal Fund-raising, which further clarified, among other things, that the PRC financial administration laws and regulations shall be considered as the basis for determining the illegality of illegal fund-raising.

To further clarify the criminal liability and punishments relating to illegal loan facilitation, the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning Handling Criminal Cases involving Illegal Loan Lending in July 2019, which became effective in October 2019. Pursuant to these opinions, anyone who illegally offers loans to unspecific targets (including entities and individuals) in the society for profit-making purposes without the approval by the regulatory authorities or beyond its business scope ten times or more within two years, which disturbs the financial market order and involves serious circumstances, shall be convicted of the crime of illegal business operation and punished accordingly in accordance with the PRC Criminal Law. These opinions also clarified that, to involve “serious circumstances,” the illegal lendings shall fulfill the condition that the actual annual interest rate exceeds 36%, provided that the introduction fee, consulting fee, management fee, overdue interest and liquidated damages shall be included in the calculation of actual annual interest rate.

On August 1, 2019, the General Office of the State Council issued and promulgated the Guidance on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Platform Economy, which provides that the market-access management and supervision of financial services provided through online platforms in the finance sector are regulated by the laws, regulations and other relevant rules. In addition, entities conducting financial information intermediaries services and transaction-matching services are subject to the market-access management pursuant to relevant laws.

The Regulations on the Prevention and Disposition of Illegal Fund-raising Practices promulgated by the State Council in January 2021, which took effect in May 2021, prohibits illegal fund-raising practices in any form.

The funding of loans by us going through the trusts may render us to be deemed as a lender or a provider of financial services by the PRC regulatory authorities, and we may be subject to supervision and restrictions on lending under such PRC laws and regulations.

Regulations Relating to Microcredit

The Guidance on the Pilot Establishment of Microcredit Companies jointly promulgated by the CBIRC and the People’s Bank of China in May 2008 allows provincial governments to approve the establishment of microcredit companies on a test basis. Based on this guidance, many provincial governments in China, including that of Jiangxi Province, promulgated local implementation rules on the administration of microcredit companies. For example, Jiangxi Financial Service Office, the regulatory authority for microcredit companies in Jiangxi Province, promulgated Implementation Rules for the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies in Jiangxi Province in January 2026, to impose the management duties upon the relevant regulatory authorities and to specify more detailed requirements on the microcredit companies, in accordance with which, among other requirements, (i) the microfinance companies are prohibited from

engaging in deposit taking activities from the public and illegal fund-raising; (ii) the modification of certain company registration issues shall be subject to the approval by the relevant regulatory authorities.

In addition, Jiangxi Financial Service Office further issued the Guidelines for the Supervision and Administration of Network Microcredit Companies of Jiangxi Province (for Trial Implementation) in September 2016, or Jiangxi Network Microcredit Companies Guidelines, to provide more specific rules on the supervision and administration of network microcredit companies in Jiangxi Province, pursuant to which, among other things, the network microcredit company could raise funds through transferring credit asset and asset-backed securitization with the approval of the regulatory authority, apart from the capital contributions paid by its shareholders and loans from no more than two banking financial institutions. In addition, Jiangxi Network Microcredit Companies Guidelines require that (i) the network microcredit company shall primarily conduct its microcredit loan business through the internet, and that the working capital used in the microcredit loan business through the internet shall be no less than 70% of the aggregate working capital of such network microcredit company, and (ii) the aggregate loan balance within the municipality where such network microcredit company is located shall be no less than 30% of the aggregate loan balance of the network microcredit company.

In November 2017, the Internet Finance Rectification Office issued the Notice on the Immediate Suspension of Approvals for the Establishment of Network Microcredit Companies, which became effective immediately and provides that the relevant regulatory authorities of microcredit companies at all levels shall suspend the approval of the establishment of network microcredit companies and the approval of any microcredit business conducted across provincial lines.

On December 1, 2017, the Internet Finance Rectification Office and the Online Lending Rectification Office jointly issued the Circular 141, which emphasizes the suspension of approving new network microcredit companies and further imposes measures to strengthen the regulation of network microcredit companies. Such measures include, among others, that the network microcredit companies shall not provide campus loans, and should suspend the funding of network micro-loans with no specific scenario or designated use of loan proceeds, gradually reduce the volume of the existing business relating to such loans and take rectification measures in a period to be separately specified by authorities.

On December 8, 2017, the Online Lending Rectification Office promulgated the Rectification Implementation Plans of Network Microcredit Companies to further detail the requirements on network microcredit companies. Pursuant to the Rectification Implementation Plans of Network Microcredit Companies, “network micro-loans” are defined as micro-loans provided through the internet by network microcredit companies controlled by internet enterprise. The features of network micro-loans include online borrower acquisition, credit assessment based on the online information collected from the business operation and internet consumption, as well as online loan application, approval and funding.

Consistent with the Guidance on the Pilot Establishment of Microcredit Companies and the Circular 141, the Rectification Implementation Plans of Network Microcredit Companies emphasize several aspects where inspection and rectification measures must be carried out for the network micro-loans industry, which include, among others, (i) the network microcredit companies shall be approved by the competent authorities in accordance with the applicable regulations promulgated by the State Council, and the approved network microcredit companies in violation of any regulatory requirements shall be re-examined; (ii) qualification requirements to conduct network micro-loan business (including the qualification of sponsor shareholders, the sources of borrowers, the internet scenario and the digital risk-management technology); (iii) whether the qualification and funding source of the shareholders of network microcredit companies are in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations; (iv) whether the “integrated actual interest” (namely the aggregated borrowing costs charged to borrowers in the form of interest and various fees) are annualized and subject to the limit on interest rate of private lending set forth in the judicial interpretations issued by the Supreme People’s Court and, whether any interest, handling fee, management fee or deposit are deducted from the principal of loans provided to the borrowers in advance; (v) whether campus loans, or network micro-loans with no specific scenario or designated use of loan proceeds are granted; (vi) with respect to the loan business conducted in cooperation with third-party institutions, whether the network microcredit companies outsource the core business (including the credit assessment and risk control), or accept any credit enhancement service (whether or not in a disguised form) provided by any third-party institutions with no guarantee qualification; or whether any applicable third-party institution collects any interests or fees from the borrowers; and (vii) entities that conduct network micro-loans business without relevant approval or license for lending business.

The Rectification Implementation Plans of Network Microcredit Companies also set forth that all related institutions shall be subject to inspection and investigation before the end of January 2018. Depending on the results, different measures shall be taken before the end of March 2018: (i) for institutions holding network microcredit licenses but do not meet the qualification requirements to conduct network micro-loan business, their network microcredit licenses shall be revoked and such institutions will be prohibited from conducting loan business outside the administrative jurisdiction of their respective approving authorities; (ii) for institutions holding network microcredit licenses that meet the qualification requirements to

conduct network micro-loan business but were found not in compliance with other requirements, such as the requirements on the integrated actual interest rate, the scope of loan and the cooperation with third-party institutions, such institutions shall take rectification measures in a period separately specified by authorities, and in the event that the rectification does not meet the authorities’ requirements, such institutions shall be subject to several sanctions, including revocation of license and orders to cease business operation.

The Interim Measures for the Administration of Network Microcredit Companies Business (Draft) was released by the CBIRC and the People’s Bank of China in November 2020 to solicit public comments. The draft measures makes it clear that a network microcredit business shall be carried out mainly in the provincial administrative areas to which the entity is registered and shall not be cross-provincial without prior approval. The registered capital of a company operating a network microcredit business shall not be less than RMB1 billion and shall be a one-time paid-in monetary capital. The draft measures would expressly prohibit loans from being used to invest in bonds, stocks, financial derivatives, or asset management products to purchase houses or to repay mortgage loans. The draft measures would establish a three-year transition period, and those operating cross-provincial network microcredit businesses without approval will be phased-out.

On December 31, 2024, the NFRA promulgated Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies, which stipulates the following requirements with respect to the microcredit companies, including: (i) internet microcredit companies shall ensure that core business segments such as loan application acceptance, risk review, approval, disbursement and recovery are completed through online operations. Microcredit companies are not allowed to conduct business across provinces, autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities. The conditions for the operating regions of internet microcredit companies shall be separately stipulated; (ii) the loan balance for consumption purposes per household by an internet microcredit company shall not exceed RMB200,000, and the total loan balance for production and operation purposes per household shall not exceed RMB10 million; (iii) microcredit companies shall pay the loan principal to the borrowers in full amount as stipulated in the loan contracts, and shall not deduct interest, handling fees, management fees, security deposits or the like in advance; (iv) microcredit companies shall not merely provide services such as marketing and customer acquisition without actual funding, credit profiling and risk assessment, information technology support, or overdue debt collection, if they collaborate with a third-party institution to conduct lending business; (v) the balance of funds raised by microcredit companies through non-standardized forms such as bank loans and shareholder loans shall not exceed one-fold of their net assets at the end of the previous year. The balance of funds raised by microcredit companies through standardized forms such as bond issuance and asset securitization products shall not exceed four-fold of their net assets at the end of the previous year. The risk prevention and control system established by Internet-based microcredit companies shall include data-driven risk control models, anti - fraud systems, risk identification mechanisms, risk monitoring means, risk disposal measures, customer identity identification and registration systems, etc. Internet microcredit companies shall mainly rely on endogenous data information within Internet platforms and other data information obtained through legal channels to assess and prevent customers’ credit risks; (vi) microcredit companies shall strengthen the list-based management of cooperative institutions, establish a unified access mechanism covering various cooperative institutions, and clarify the corresponding standards and procedures. Microcredit companies that carry out marketing and customer acquisition, publish loan products or disburse loans through internet platforms such as websites, mobile applications, and small programs (including their own and those of cooperative institutions) shall file the information of such Internet platforms and the detailed information of the products with the local financial management institutions. Microcredit companies shall not assist entities without a lending business qualification in applying for the registration of websites, mobile applications, or mini-programs containing financial-related terms; (vii) for microcredit companies with serious illegal and irregular behaviors, the provincial local financial management institutions may revoke their microcredit business qualifications in accordance with relevant laws, regulations and regulatory provisions, and require them to complete the change registration or cancellation registration of their names and business scopes with the market supervision and management departments within the prescribed time limit; (viii) microcredit companies shall gradually meet the requirements stipulated in the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies within the transition period specified by the provincial local financial management institutions. The transition period shall in principle not exceed two years.

In December 2025, the People’s Bank of China and the NFRA jointly issued the Guidelines on Comprehensive Financing Cost Management for Microcredit Companies, or Circular 247, and the Q&A on the implementation of Circular 247 (the “Q&A”). To promote the reduction of comprehensive financing costs for loans by the microcredit companies, the Circular 247 stipulates that: (i) local financial regulatory authorities shall guide microcredit companies to disclose the comprehensive financing costs to borrowers prior to the execution of loan agreements. Comprehensive financing costs refer to interest and fees borne by the borrower directly related to the loan business, including but not limited to loan interest, guarantee fees, and insurance premiums. Such costs shall be disclosed in annualized form, specifying the fee items, charging standards, and the entities who collecting such costs. No other forms of interest or fees shall be charged to borrowers; (ii) local financial regulatory authorities shall guide microcredit companies to strictly comply with applicable laws and

regulations regarding the comprehensive financing costs of newly issued loans. Where such costs exceed 24%, local financial regulatory authorities shall take regulatory measures in accordance with the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies, urge the microcredit companies to make immediate rectification, and concurrently, share information regarding such violation with the relevant local branch of the People’s Bank of China in a timely manner, to be integrated into the dynamic management for access to the credit reference system; (iii) where comprehensive financing costs of newly issued loans exceed four times the one-year Loan Prime Rate (LPR), local financial regulatory authorities shall take regulatory measures under the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Microcredit Companies to guide microcredit companies in gradually reducing the comprehensive financing cost of newly issued loans. For microcredit companies with larger scales and sound operations, regulatory authorities may appropriately intensify guidance, leading large companies to play a demonstrative role and drive the development of smaller ones. In principle, all microcredit companies shall reduce such costs to within four times the one-year LPR by the end of 2027; (iv) from 2026, local financial regulatory authorities shall, by year-end, assess progress and effectiveness in reducing comprehensive financing costs of newly issued loans (including cost levels, regulatory measures, and supportive policies), and evaluate feasibility of achieving the target of capping such costs at four times the one-year LPR. The Q&A further clarifies: (i) in principle, by the end of 2026, the proportion of newly issued loans with comprehensive financing costs exceeding four times the one-year LPR shall drop significantly; by the end of 2027, all such costs of newly issued loans shall be capped at four times the one-year LPR; (ii) certain non-bank financial institutions engaged in consumer credit business may be managed by reference to Circular 247.

We engage in network microcredit businesses through Ji’an Microcredit, a subsidiary of Shenzhen Fenqile, in Ji’an, Jiangxi Province, which obtained a network microcredit license from the relevant local authority. The microcredit license was updated in July 2024 and will remain valid until August 2026.

Regulations Relating to Financing Guarantee

In March 2010, the CBIRC, the NDRC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Commerce, the People’s Bank of China, the SAIC and the Ministry of Finance of PRC promulgated the Tentative Administrative Measures for Financing Guarantee Companies. The Tentative Administrative Measures for Financing Guarantee Companies require an entity or individual to obtain a prior approval from the relevant regulatory body to engage in the financing guarantee business, and defines “financing guarantee” as an activity whereby the guarantor and the creditor, such as a financial institution in the banking sector, agree that the guarantor shall bear the guarantee obligations in the event that the secured party fails to perform its financing debt owed to the creditor.

In August 2017, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Regulations, which became effective on October 1, 2017. The Financing Guarantee Regulations define “financing guarantee” as a guarantee provided for the debt financing (including the extension of loans or issuance of bonds), and set out that the establishment of a financing guarantee company or engagement in the financing guarantee business without approval may result in several penalties including banning, an order to cease business operation, confiscation of illegal gains, fines of up to RMB1,000,000 and criminal liabilities. The Financing Guarantee Regulations also set forth that the outstanding guarantee liabilities of a financing guarantee company shall not exceed ten times of its net assets, and that the outstanding guarantee liabilities of a financing guarantee company vis-à-vis the same guaranteed party shall not exceed 10% of the net assets of the financing guarantee company, while the outstanding guarantee liabilities of a financing guarantee company vis-à-vis the same guaranteed party and its affiliated parties shall not exceed 15% of its net assets.

In April 2018, seven PRC regulatory agencies including the CBIRC, the NDRC and the MIIT jointly issued four supporting documents, including Administration Measures for the Permits to Conduct Financing Guarantee Business, Measures for the Calculation of Outstanding Financing Guarantee Liabilities, Administration Measures for the Assets Ratio of Financing Guarantee Companies, and Guidelines to the Cooperation by and between the Banking Financial Institutions and Financing.

Guarantee Companies, to set forth implementation measures of the Financing Guarantee Regulations. These measures cover various aspects of business operations of financing guarantee companies, including certain limits on outstanding guarantee liabilities and liability-to-asset ratio, and the requirements on cooperation model with the banking financial institutions.

On October 9, 2019, the CBIRC and other eight PRC regulatory agencies promulgated the Supplementary Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions. The Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions provides that, among others, institutions

providing services such as client recommendation and credit assessment to various institutional funding partners shall not render any financing guarantee service, whether directly or in disguised form, without the necessary approval. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If our current investor protection measures for institutional funding partners are deemed to violate the relevant laws and regulations, or if we are deemed to have operated financial guarantee business by the PRC regulatory authorities, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

In July 2020, the CBIRC issued the Guidelines for Off-Site Supervision of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Off-Site Supervision Guidelines, which took effect in September 2020. The Off-Site Supervision Guidelines stipulate the guidelines for the competent regulatory authorities to continuously analyze and evaluate the risk of financing guarantee companies and the financing guarantee industry, by way of collecting report data and other internal and external data of the financing guarantee companies and by carrying out corresponding measures. Pursuant to the Off-Site Supervision Guidelines, financing guarantee companies shall establish and implement an off-site supervision information report system and submit related data and non-data information in accordance with the requirements of the competent regulatory authorities. The Off-Site Supervision Guidelines note that the corporate governance, internal control, risk management capabilities, guarantee business, associated guarantee risks, asset quality, liquidity indicators and investment conditions of financing guarantee companies shall be the key areas for the off-site supervision.

Shenzhen Lexin Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., one of subsidiaries of Shenzhen Fenqile, through which we provide the guarantee to our borrowers on our e-commerce channel for the loan provided by our institutional funding partners on our platform, has obtained the license to conduct financing guarantee business in September 2017. The license was re-issued in July 2025, and the paid-in capital set forth therein is equal to RMB1.0 billion. Meanwhile, Ganjiang New Area Mengtian Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., a subsidiary established by Mengtian Technology, has obtained the license to conduct financing guarantee business in October 2019. The license was re-issued in August 2024, and the registered capital set forth therein is equal to RMB1.0 billion. In addition, Hainan Xinchuang Aurora Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd., a subsidiary established by Beihai Aurora has obtained the license to conduct financing guarantee business in July 2023, and the paid-in capital set forth therein is equal to RMB1.0 billion.

In December 2021, the People’s Bank of China issued the Regulations for Local Financial Supervision and Administration (Draft) to solicit public opinions, which clarifies the responsibilities of local financial regulatory authorities and outlines the principles for regulating illegal financial activities of local financial organizations including micro-loan companies and financing guarantee companies.

Regulations Relating to Commercial Factoring

The Notice on the Pilot Launch of Commercial Factoring, issued by the Ministry of Commerce in 2012, approves the pilot launch of commercial factoring in the Shanghai Pudong New Area and the Tianjin Binhai New Area. The Ministry of Commerce also issued another notice to expand the list of pilot areas to include the Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Sunan Modern Construction Demonstration Zone and Suzhou Industrial Park. In 2015, the Ministry of Commerce issued the Opinions on Supporting the Innovative Development of Pilot Free Trade Zones, which approved the pilot commercial factoring businesses in all the free trade zones. Under these notices issued by the Ministry of Commerce and local implementing rules, commercial factoring companies may be established in these areas upon the approval of the local counterpart of the Ministry of Commerce or other competent authorities.

On May 8, 2018, the Ministry of Commerce issued the Notice of Matters concerning the Adjustments to the Duties of Administration of Financial Leasing Companies, Commercial Factoring Companies and Pawnshops, according to which the Ministry of Commerce has transferred the duties of developing business operation and supervision rules for commercial factoring companies to the CBIRC effective on April 20, 2018. In October 2019, the CBIRC issued the Notice on Strengthening the Supervision and Administration over Commercial Factoring Enterprises. This notice clarifies the commercial factoring business as to the following services provided by a commercial factoring enterprise to the supplier that transfers its account receivable based on the real transaction to the commercial factoring enterprise: (i) factoring financing; (ii) maintenance of the sales breakdown (ledger); (iii) collection of account receivables; and (iv) non-commercial bad debt guarantee. Commercial factoring enterprises may concurrently engage in client credit investigation and evaluation and the consulting services relating to commercial factoring. A commercial factoring enterprise may not engage in the following activities or businesses: (i) taking or taking in a disguised manner the deposits from the public; (ii) obtaining funds through online lending information intermediaries, local trading places in various types, asset management institutions, private investment fund or any other institutions; (iii) borrowing or borrowing in a disguised manner funds from other commercial factoring enterprises; (iv) offering loans or offering loans as entrusted; (v) specially engaging in or carrying out as entrusted a collection business or debt repayment demand business irrelevant to commercial factoring; and (vi) carrying out a factoring

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financing business based on an illegal underlying transaction contract, consignment contract, account receivable with unclear ownership or the right to demand payment arising out instrument or other negotiable securities.

The Guiding Opinions on Promoting the New Development Pattern of Financial Services, issued by Shenzhen Branch of CBIRC, the Shenzhen Central Sub-branch of PBC and Shenzhen Local Financial Supervision and Administration in November 2021, highlights that the equity management of local financial organizations such as microcredit companies, financing guarantee companies, financing leasing companies and commercial factoring companies shall follow the principles of good qualification, reasonable structure and regulatory behaviors. The regulatory authorities shall strictly review the qualification of the shareholders of such companies, regulate the change of shareholders and the increase and decrease of the capital, and strengthen the penetration management of the shareholders and actual controllers of such local financial organizations.

Regulations Relating to Credit Reporting Business

The Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry defines “credit reporting business” and “credit reporting agency” for the first time. According to the Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry, “credit reporting business” means the activities of collecting, organizing, storing and processing “credit-related information” of individuals and enterprises, as well as providing such information to others, and a “credit reporting agency” refers to a duly established agency whose primary business is credit reporting. Besides, the Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry and the Management Rules on Credit Agencies stipulate that the establishment of a credit reporting agency to engage in personal credit reporting business shall be subject to the approval of the People’s Bank of China, and the requirements for such establishment. The requirements for such establishment include: (i) its major shareholders have a good reputation and do not have any record of major violation of law or non-compliance in the past three years; (ii) its registered capital shall not be less than RMB50 million; (iii) it has the facilities, equipment, systems and measures for the protection of information security which comply with the provisions of the People’s Bank of China; (iv) the proposed candidates for directors, supervisors and senior management personnel shall be familiar with the laws and regulations relating to credit reporting business, shall possess the work experience and management capabilities in the credit reporting business required for performance of their duties, shall not have any record of major violation or non-compliance during the past three years, and shall have obtained the appointment qualifications approved by the People’s Bank of China; (v) it has a proper organizational structure; (vi) it has proper internal control systems for business operation, information security management, compliance management, etc.; (vii) its individual credit information system shall satisfy the standard of National Information System Security Level Protection Level 2 or above; and (viii) it satisfies any other prudential requirements stipulated by the People’s Bank of China. Entities engaged in personal credit reporting business without such approval may be subject to penalties, including ban of business, confiscation of revenues related to personal credit reporting business, fines of RMB50,000 to RMB500,000 or criminal liabilities. The Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry also requires entities to ensure the security of personal information by setting business rules for personal credit reporting business, prohibiting collecting certain personal information (e.g., religion, finger print), and providing rights for the individuals with respect to their personal information (e.g., inquiry, objection, complaint).

The Management Rules on Credit Agencies enacted by the People’s Bank of China is based on the Regulation for the Administration of Credit Reporting Industry, and further detailing the rules with respect to the administration for the credit reporting agency, including the rules to establish, change, deregister a credit reporting agency, the rules for the daily operation of a credit reporting agency, etc.

In September 2021, the People’s Bank of China released the Measures for Credit Reporting Business, which took effect in January 2022. The Measures for Credit Reporting Business defines “credit information” as information that “serves the financial and economic activities and is used to determine individuals and enterprises credit status, which refers to basic information, loan information and other relevant information collected in accordance with the law and other information originated from analysis and evaluation of individuals and enterprises’ credit status based on the foregoing information.” It applies to entities that carry out credit reporting business and “activities relating to credit reporting business” in China. Separately, entities “actually providing credit reporting services” in the name of “credit information service, credit service, credit evaluation, credit rating, credit repair and etc.” are also subject to the Measures for Credit Reporting Business. The Measures for Credit Reporting Business provides rules on credit reporting business and credit reporting agencies, including that (i) the credit reporting agencies shall collect credit information following the “minimum and necessary” principle and

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must not collect credit information by unlawful means, (ii) information user shall not abuse credit information, and shall use credit information for legal and legitimate purpose , (iii) credit reporting agencies shall take measures to ensure the credit information security, and establish emergency and report system for incidents, (iv) the database of the domestic credit reporting agencies shall be set up in the territory of the PRC, (v) credit reporting agencies shall comply with related laws and regulations when providing credit information to the overseas, and (vi) the credit reporting agency shall report to the People’s Bank of China the information processors who collaborate with such credit reporting agency with respect to the collection, storing, processing and analyzing credit information. Any agency carrying out personal credit reporting without the necessary permit should complete the compliance rectification within 18 months after the implementation date of the Measures for Credit Reporting Business.

In addition, on July 7, 2021, the Credit Information System Bureau of the People’s Bank of China further issued a notice, or the Notice Relating to Disconnecting Direct Connection, to 13 internet platforms (not including us), requiring the internet platforms to achieve a complete “disconnected direct connection” in terms of personal information with financial institutions, meaning that the direct flow of personal information from internet platforms that collect such information to financial institutions is prohibited, and each internet platform which has been informed is required to formulate a rectification plan accordingly. Although the 13 internet platforms do not include us, we have taken several adjustment measures to maintain compliance with the Measures for Credit Reporting Business and the Notice Relating to Disconnecting Direct Connection.

Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security

The National People’s Congress has enacted legislation that prohibits the use of the internet that breaches the public security, disseminates socially destabilizing content or leaks state secrets. Breach of public security includes breach of national security and infringement on legal rights and interests of the state, society or citizens. Socially destabilizing content includes any content that incites defiance or violations of the PRC laws or regulations or subversion of the PRC government or its political system, spreads socially disruptive rumors or involves cult activities, superstition, obscenities, pornography, gambling or violence. State secrets are defined broadly to include information concerning PRC national defense, state affairs and other matters as determined by the PRC authorities.

Pursuant to applicable regulations, ICP operators must complete mandatory security filing procedures and regularly update information security and monitoring systems for their websites with local public security authorities, and must also report any public dissemination of prohibited content.

In December 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Anti-Terrorism Law of the PRC, or the Anti-Terrorism Law, which took effect on January 1, 2016 and was amended on April 27, 2018. According to the Anti-Terrorism Law, telecommunication service operators or internet service providers shall (i) carry out pertinent anti-terrorism publicity and education to society; (ii) provide technical interfaces, decryption and other technical support and assistance for the competent departments to prevent and investigate terrorist activities; (iii) implement network security and information monitoring systems as well as safety and technical prevention measures to avoid the dissemination of terrorism information, delete the terrorism information, immediately halt its dissemination, keep relevant records and report to the competent departments once the terrorism information is discovered; and (iv) examine customer identities before providing services. Any violation of the Anti-Terrorism Law may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines.

In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Cybersecurity Law of the PRC, or the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which originally took effect on June 1, 2017 and was amended on October 28, 2025. In accordance with the PRC Cybersecurity Law, network operators must comply with applicable laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard network security in conducting business and providing services. Network service providers must take technical and other necessary measures as required by laws, regulations and mandatory requirements to safeguard the operation of networks, respond to network security effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data.

For the further purposes of regulating data processing activities, safeguarding data security, promoting data development and utilization, protecting the lawful rights and interests of individuals and organizations, and maintaining national sovereignty, security, and development interests, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress published the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law requires data processing, which includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, publication of data, to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and

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the degree of harm it may cause to national security, public interest, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data is required to designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments of its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. State core data, i.e. data having a bearing on national security, the lifelines of national economy, people’s key livelihood and major public interest, shall be subject to stricter management system. Moreover, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which affect or may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. In addition, the Data Security Law also provides that any organization or individual within the territory of the PRC shall not provide any foreign judicial body and law enforcement body with any data without the approval of the competent PRC governmental authorities. As the Data Security Law was recently promulgated, we may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with this law, as well as any adjustments that may be required by the PIPL.

On July 6, 2021, certain PRC regulatory authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, which, among others, provides for improving relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data transmission, and confidential information management. It provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, to implement the responsibility on information security of overseas listed companies, and to strengthen the standardized management of cross-border information provision mechanisms and procedures.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, the People’s Bank of China, the NRTA, the CSRC, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Cryptography Administration jointly issued the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect on February 15, 2022. The scope of review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures extends to critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services and data processing operators engaging in data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security. According to Article 7 of the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators who possess personal information of over a million users shall apply to the Cybersecurity Review Office for cybersecurity reviews before listing in a foreign country. Besides, the Cybersecurity Review Measures also provides that if the relevant authorities consider that certain network products and services, or data processing activities affect or may affect national security, the authorities may initiate a cybersecurity review even if the operators do not have an obligation to report for a cybersecurity review under such circumstances. The Cybersecurity Review Measures also elaborates the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including among others, risks of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country, risks of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information data being affected, controlled and maliciously used by foreign governments after a foreign listing and risks of cyber information security.

On July 30, 2021, the State Council issued the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure. Pursuant to these regulations, critical information infrastructure shall mean the important network facilities or information systems of key industries or fields such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, and important network facilities or information systems which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest once there occur damage, malfunctioning or data leakage to them. The regulations provide that no individual or organization may carry out any illegal activity of intruding into, interfering with, or sabotaging any critical information infrastructures, or endanger the security of any critical information infrastructures. The regulations also require that critical information infrastructure operators shall establish a cybersecurity protection system and accountability system, and that the main responsible person of a critical information infrastructure operator shall take full responsibility for the security protection of the critical information infrastructures operated by it. In addition, relevant administration departments of each important industry and sector shall be responsible for formulating the rule of critical information infrastructure determination applicable to their respective industry or sector, and determine the critical information infrastructure operators in their industry or sector.

On July 12, 2021, the MIIT and two other authorities jointly issued the Provisions on the Administration of Security Vulnerabilities of Network Products. The provisions state that, all organization or individual shall not abuse the security vulnerabilities of network products to engage in activities that endanger network security, or to illegally collect, sell, or publish the information on such security vulnerabilities. Anyone who is aware of the aforesaid offences shall not provide technical support, advertising, payment settlement and other assistance to the relevant offenders. According to the Provisions, network product providers, network operators, and platforms collecting network product security vulnerabilities shall establish and improve channels for receiving network product security vulnerability information and keep such channels

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available, and retain network product security vulnerability information reception logs for at least six months. The provisions also bans provision of undisclosed vulnerabilities to overseas organizations or individuals other than to the product providers.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC issued the Outbound Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures, which took effect on September 1, 2022 and specify that data processors who intend to provide important data and personal information that are collected and generated in the operation within the territory of the PRC to overseas shall be subject to security assessment with the CAC. Under the current Outbound Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures, an entity must apply for a CAC security assessment if it processes personal information of over one million individuals and outbound transfers personal information, or if it has cumulatively outbound transferred personal information of more than 100,000 individuals or sensitive personal information of more than 10,000 individuals since January 1 of the previous year. Furthermore, any entity who plans to transfer important data outside of China shall apply to a CAC security assessment. In addition, the Outbound Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures sets forth a 6-month grace period, any entity or data controller may within 6 months upon the effective date of this measures (i.e., before February 28, 2023), take corrective actions and apply to the CAC security assessment.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PIPL, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL requires, among others, that (i) the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose which should be directly related to the processing purpose and should be conducted in a method that has the minimum impact on personal rights and interests, and (ii) the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum scope as necessary to achieve the processing purpose and avoid the excessive collection of personal information. Personal information processors shall adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they handle. The offending entities could be ordered to correct, or to suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

On July 6, 2021, the Standing Committee of Shenzhen Municipal People’s Congress issued the Data Regulations of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone which took effective on January 1, 2022. These regulations further clarify the responsibilities of local regulatory authorities in Shenzhen regarding data protection and administration, and provide, among others, more detailed provisions in relation to recommendation of personalized products or services based on user portraits, use of biometric data.

In addition, the State Secrecy Bureau has issued provisions authorizing the blocking of access to any website it deems to be leaking state secrets or failing to comply with the relevant legislation regarding the protection of state secrets during online information distribution. Specifically, internet companies in the PRC with bulletin boards, chat rooms or similar services must apply for specific approval prior to operating such services.

Furthermore, the Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security and became effective in March 2006, require all ICP operators to keep records of certain information about its users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days and submit the above information as required by laws and regulations. The Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress in December 2012, states that ICP operators must request identity information from users when ICP operators provide information publication services to the users. If ICP operators come across prohibited information, they must immediately cease the transmission of such information, delete the information, keep relevant records, and report to relevant government authorities.

On October 21, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the PRC jointly issued the Interpretations on Certain Issues Regarding the Applicable of Law in the Handling of Criminal Case Involving Illegal Use of Information Networks and Assisting Committing Internet Crimes, which came into effect on November 1, 2019, and further clarified the meaning of Internet service provider and the severe situations of the relevant crimes.

In July 2023, the MIIT issued the Notice on Filing of Apps, which came into effect on the same date. According to the Notice 105, App operators engaged in Internet information services within the territory of the PRC shall undergo the filing formalities in accordance with the Law of the PRC on Combating Telecom and Online Fraud, the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Service, and other provisions. Those that fail to do so shall not engage in App-related Internet information services. Meanwhile, Apps that have started business before the issuance of the Notice on Filing of Apps shall, as required by the Notice on Filing of Apps, undergo through their network access service providers and distribution platforms the filing formalities with the provincial-level communications administration where its domicile is located from September 2023 to March 2024.

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On March 22, 2024, the CAC issued the Measures for Regulating and Promoting Outbound Data Flow, which took effect on the same day, in order to further regulate and promote the orderly and free flow of data legally, it is not required to apply for outbound data security assessment to be provided abroad, to conclude a standard contract for outbound provision of personal information or to pass the certification for personal information protection in certain situations, including, but not limited to, (i) for the data that have not been informed by relevant departments or regions or have been publicly announced as important data, (ii) where the personal information must be provided abroad, as it is necessary for the conclusion and performance of a contract to which the individual is a party, such as cross border shopping, or other listed situations, and (iii) in the event that it is estimated to provide abroad personal information of less than 10,000 individuals within one year.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Cyber Data Security Regulation, which came into effect on January 1, 2025. The Cyber Data Security Regulation provides that, among others, network data processors carry out network data processing activities that affect or may affect national security shall undergo the national security review in accordance with relevant regulations.

Regulations Relating to Personal Information and Privacy Protection

The PRC Constitution states that the PRC law protects the freedom and privacy of communications of citizens and prohibits infringement of these rights. In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. The Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection provides that electronic information that identifies a citizen or involves privacy of any citizen is protected by law and must not be unlawfully collected or provided to others. ICP operators collecting or using personal electronic information of citizens must specify the purposes, manners and scopes of information collection and uses, obtain consent of the relevant citizens, and keep the collected personal information confidential. ICP operators are prohibited from disclosing, tampering with, damaging, selling or illegally providing others with, collected personal information. ICP operators are required to take technical and other measures to prevent the collected personal information from any unauthorized disclosure, damage or loss. The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services prohibit an ICP operator from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party.

According to the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users, which was promulgated by MIIT and became effective in September 2013, telecommunication business operators and ICP operators are responsible for the security of the personal information of users they collect or use in the course of their provision of services. Without obtaining the consent from the users, telecommunication business operators and ICP operators may not collect or use the users’ personal information. The personal information collected or used in the course of provision of services by the telecommunication business operators or ICP operators must be kept in strict confidence, and may not be divulged, tampered with or damaged, and may not be sold or illegally provided to others. The ICP operators are required to take certain measures to prevent any divulgence of, damage to, tampering with or loss of users’ personal information.

In accordance with the Cybersecurity Law, network operators are required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. In the event of any unauthorized disclosure, damage or loss of collected personal information, network operators must take immediate remedial measures, notify the affected users and report the incidents to the relevant authorities in a timely manner. If any user knows that a network operator illegally collects and uses his or her personal information in violation of laws, regulations or any agreement with the user, or the collected and stored personal information is inaccurate or wrong, the user has the right to request the network operator to delete or correct the relevant collected personal information.

The relevant telecommunications authorities are further authorized to order ICP operators to rectify unauthorized disclosure. ICP operators are subject to legal liability, including warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses or filings, closing of the relevant websites, administrative punishment, criminal liabilities, or civil liabilities, if they violate relevant provisions on internet privacy. Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in August 2015 and becoming effective in November 2015, the standards of crime of infringing citizens’ personal information were amended accordingly and the criminal culpability of unlawful collection, transaction, and provision of personal information has been reinforced. In addition, any ICP provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders, will be subject to criminal liability for (i) any dissemination of illegal information in large scale; (ii) any severe effect due to the leakage of the client’s information; (iii) any serious loss of evidence of criminal activities; or (iv) other severe situations, and any individual or entity that (x) sells or provides personal information to others unlawfully, or (y) steals or illegally obtains any personal information, will be subject to criminal liability in severe situations.

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In addition, the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the PRC on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Handling Criminal Cases of Infringing Personal Information, effective in June 2017, have clarified certain standards for the conviction and sentencing in relation to personal information infringement. The PRC government has the power and authority to order ICP operators to turn over personal information if an internet user posts any prohibited content or engages in illegal activities on the internet. The Civil Code further provides in a stand-alone chapter of right of personality and reiterate that the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual shall legitimately obtain such personal information of others in due course on a need-to-know basis and ensure the safety and privacy of such information, and refrain from excessively handling or using such information.

With respect to the security of information collected and used by mobile apps, pursuant to the Announcement of Conducting Special Supervision against the Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by Apps, which was issued on January 23, 2019, app operators should collect and use personal information in compliance with the Cybersecurity Law and should be responsible for the security of personal information obtained from users and take effective measures to strengthen the personal information protection. Furthermore, app operators should not force their users to make authorization by means of bundling, suspending installation or in other default forms and should not collect personal information in violation of laws, regulations or breach of user agreements. Such regulatory requirements were emphasized by the Notice on the Special Rectification of Apps Infringing upon User’s Personal Rights and Interests, which was issued by the MIIT on October 31, 2019.

On November 28, 2019, the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR jointly issued the Methods of Identifying Illegal Acts of Apps to Collect and Use Personal Information. This regulation further illustrates certain commonly-seen illegal practices of apps operators in terms of personal information protection, including “failure to publicize rules for collecting and using personal information,” “failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of collecting and using personal information,” “collection and use of personal information without consent of users of such App,” “collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided by such app in violation of the principle of necessity,” “provision of personal information to others without users’ consent,” “failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by laws” and “failure to publish information such as methods for complaints and reporting.” Among others, any of the following acts of an app operator will constitute “collection and use of personal information without consent of users”: (i) collecting an user’s personal information or activating the permission for collecting any user’s personal information without obtaining such user’s consent; (ii) collecting personal information or activating the permission for collecting the personal information of any user who explicitly refuses such collection, or repeatedly seeking for user’s consent such that the user’s normal use of such app is disturbed; (iii) any user’s personal information which has been actually collected by the app operator or the permission for collecting any user’s personal information activated by the app operator is beyond the scope of personal information which such user authorizes such app operator to collect; (iv) seeking for any user’s consent in a non-explicit manner; (v) modifying any user’s settings for activating the permission for collecting any personal information without such user’s consent; (vi) using users’ personal information and any algorithms to directionally push any information, without providing the option of non-directed pushing such information; (vii) misleading users to permit collecting their personal information or activating the permission for collecting such users’ personal information by improper methods such as fraud and deception; (viii) failing to provide users with the means and methods to withdraw their permission of collecting personal information; and (ix) collecting and using personal information in violation of the rules for collecting and using personal information promulgated by such app operator.

On August 22, 2019, the CAC promulgated the Children Information Protection Provisions, which took effect on October 1, 2019, requiring that before collecting, using, transferring or disclosing the personal information of a child, the Internet service operator should inform the child’s guardians in a noticeable and clear manner and obtain their consent. Meanwhile, internet service operators should take measures like encryption when storing children’s personal information. On March 12, 2021, the CAC and three other authorities jointly issued the Rules on the Scope of Necessary Personal Information for Common Types of Mobile Internet Applications. The Rules specifies the scope of necessary personal information to be collected each for a variety of common mobile internet applications, such as maps and navigation apps, online ride-hailing apps, instant messaging apps, online community apps. Operators of such apps shall not refuse to provide basic services to users on the ground of users’ refusal to provide their personal non-essential information. On April 26, 2021, the MIIT issued the Interim Administrative Provisions on Personal Information Protection in Internet Mobile Applications (Draft for Comment). The draft of the Interim Administrative Provisions on Personal Information Protection in Internet Mobile Applications sets forth two principles of collection and utilization of personal information, namely “explicit consent” and “minimum necessity.”

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress adopted the PIPL which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL integrated provisions from several rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection. According to the PIPL, personal information refers to information related to identified or identifiable

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natural persons which is recorded by electronic or other means (excluding the anonymized information). In addition, it imposes further obligations on a personal information processor that provides for important internet platform services and has large amount of users and complicated business activities, including establishing a sound compliance system for personal information protection in accordance with the provisions of the State and setting up an independent agency mainly composed of external members to supervise personal information protection, formulating platform rules specifying the standards for the processing of personal information by product or service providers on the platform and the obligations to protect personal information following the principles of openness, fairness and impartiality, termination of provision of services for product or service providers on the platform whose personal information processing activities are in material violation of laws and regulations, and issuing personal information protection social responsibilities reports regularly. The entities failing to comply could be ordered to correct, or suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

On September 14, 2024, National Technical Committee on Cybersecurity of Standardization Administration of China issued Notice on Issuing the Practice Guide of Network Security Standards-Guide for Identifying Sensitive Personal Information, further clarifying that the definition of sensitive personal information and specified the identifying rules of such sensitive personal information.

In addition, in 2025, the CAC issued a few regulations for public comments related to personal information protection including the Administrative Measures for the Compliance Audit of Personal Information Protection, which states that such measures shall apply to the regular compliance audits of personal information protection by personal information processors, or the compliance audits of their personal information processing activities by a specialized agency entrusted by such processors as required by the authorities performing duties of personal information protection, as well as the supervision and administration of compliance audits of personal information protection, and the Administrative Measures on the Application Security of Facial Recognition Technology, which states that (i) users of facial recognition technology shall, when processing facial information, make assessment n the impact of personal information protection in advance and record the processing, and (ii) any user of facial recognition technology that stores the facial information of more than 100,000 people shall submit the filings with the local cyberspace authority at the prefectural level or above within 30 working days, both took effect in 2025.

Regulations Relating to Anti-Money Laundering

The PRC Anti-money Laundering Law, which became effective in January 2007 and amended in November 2024, sets forth the principal anti-money laundering requirements applicable to financial institutions as well as non-financial institutions with anti-money laundering obligations, including the adoption of precautionary and supervisory measures, establishment of various systems for client identification, retention of clients identification information and transactions records, and reports on large transactions and suspicious transactions. According to the PRC Anti-money Laundering Law, financial institutions subject to the PRC Anti-money Laundering Law include financial institutions in the banking, securities and futures, insurance and trust business sectors, non-bank payment institutions; and other institutions engaged in financial business activities as determined and published by the State Council Anti-money Laundering Authority. However, the State Council has not promulgated a list of the non-financial institutions subject to anti-money laundering obligations.

The Guidelines jointly released by ten PRC regulatory agencies in July 2015, purport, among other things, to require the internet finance industry, to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, including establishing a user identification program, monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, preserving user information and transaction records, and providing assistance to the public security department and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering matters. The People’s Bank of China will formulate implementation rules to further specify the anti-money laundering obligations of the internet finance industry.

In October 2018, the People’s Bank of China and the CSRC jointly released the Administrative Measures for Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Financing of Internet Financial Institutions (for Trial Implementation), which became effective in January 2019. The Anti-Money Laundering Measures for Internet Financial Institutions provides that the institutions engaging in internet finance business, including online payment, online lending, and online lending information intermediary business, shall be subject to the obligation of anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing, and further refined and detailed requirements of verifying client identity, reporting suspicious transactions, keeping identity data and transaction records, and other anti-money laundering obligations. The Interim Measures also stipulated the anti-money laundering obligations of an online lending intermediary therein.

In April 2021, the Measures for Supervision and Administration of Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Financing of Financial Institutions was released by the People’s Bank of China officially and will take effect on August 1,

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2021. According to these measures for Financial Institutions, the following financial institutions duly established within the PRC territory are clearly required by the People’s Bank of China to fulfill anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing related obligations: (i) developmental financial institution, policy banks, commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, rural credit cooperatives and village/township banks; (ii) securities companies, futures companies and fund management companies; (iii) insurance companies and insurance asset management companies; (iv) trust companies, financial asset management companies, finance companies of enterprise groups, financial leasing companies, auto finance companies, consumer finance companies, currency brokerage companies, loan companies and wealth management subsidiaries of commercial banks; and (v) other financial institutions that shall perform their obligations of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing as determined and announced by the People’s Bank of China. Besides, such obligations also apply to the non-bank payment institutions, banks card organization, fund clearing center, microcredit companies engaging in the internet microcredit lending business and the institutions engaging exchange business, funds sales business, insurance agency and brokers business. The People’s Bank of China and its branches shall carry out the supervision and administration of the financial institutions’ work with regard to the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations. The measures require the financial institutions to draft and improve the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing internal control policy, evaluate the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing risks, establish the risks management mechanism according to its risks conditions and operation scale, construct anti-money laundering information system, and set up or appoint institutions equipped with qualified staff, to perform its anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing obligations.

We have implemented various policies and procedures, such as internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, for anti-money laundering purposes.

Regulations on Financial Consumers Protection

The Measures for Financial Consumer Protection promulgated by the People’s Bank of China on September 15, 2020 came into force on November 1, 2020. Pursuant to the Measures for Financial Consumer Protection, the non-bank payment institution shall adopt a series of internal management measures to protect the rights and interests of financial consumers, including optimizing rules and policies as well as establishing a sound working mechanism and formulating an effective internal control system for protecting the rights and interests of financial consumers. Furthermore, it clearly states that financial information of consumers shall be used for the purpose in compliance with laws and regulations and agreed by both parties and kept in strict confidential, and no leakage or illegal disclosure to other parties shall be allowed, and institutions are required to set up a management system for the usage of financial information of consumers and implement technologies and other measures as necessary to properly maintain and store the financial information of consumers collected.

On December 26, 2022, the CBIRC issued the Measures for the Protection, which was effective on March 1, 2023. It requires banking and insurance institutions to establish and improve systems and mechanisms for the protection of consumer’s rights and interests, including mechanisms for review, disclosure, consumer appropriateness management, traceability of sales practices, protection of consumers’ information, list-based management of the partners, complaint handling, diversified resolution of conflicts and disputes, internal training, internal assessment and internal audit. It also lists the following consumers’ rights that the banking and insurance institutions shall protect: (i) right to know; (ii) right to choices on their own; (iii) right to a fair transaction; (iv) right to property safety; (v) right to lawful claim; (vi) right to education; (vii) right to respect; and (viii) right to information security. Further, the CBIRC and its local offices may take regulatory measures against the institutions if any problem regarding consumer protection was inspected, and may impose administrative punishment in case of violation of the administrative measures.

Regulations Relating to E-Commerce

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Certain laws and regulations are promulgated in recent years to specifically regulate the e-commerce industry in PRC. In August 2018, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee promulgated the PRC E-Commerce Law, or the E-Commerce Law, which became effective in January 2019. The E-Commerce Law proposes a series of requirements on e-commerce operators, including individuals and entities carrying out business online, e-commerce platform operators and merchants within the platform. For example, the E-Commerce Law requires e-commerce operators to respect and equally protect consumers’ legitimate rights and provide options to consumers without targeting their personal characteristics, and also requires e-commerce operators to clearly point out to consumers their tie-in sales in which additional services or products are added by merchants to a purchase, and not to assume consumers’ consent to such tie-in sales by default. Moreover, the E-Commerce Law requires e-commerce operators, including individuals and entities carrying out business online, e-commerce platform operators and merchants on these platforms, to display prominently on their home page the information contained in their business licenses or administrative permits relating to their operating businesses; failure to take necessary actions against merchants on the e-commerce platforms that are not in compliance with such requirements may subject the e-commerce platform operators to rectification within a specified period and a fine between RMB20,000 and RMB100,000.

The E-Commerce Law also sets forth certain requirements and/or obligations particularly applicable to the e-commerce platform operators, including, among other things:

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Requirements relating to credit evaluation. The e-commerce platform operators are required to establish a credit evaluation system and publicize the credit evaluation rules, and provide consumers with ways to evaluate products sold or services provided within the platform.

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Requirements relating to transaction rules. The e-commerce platform operators shall develop and continuously publish or make publicly available, prominently on its homepage, a link to its platform service agreement and transaction rules, specifying the rights and obligations of relevant parties with respect to joining and leaving the platform, quality assurance and protection of consumer rights and personal information, and to ensure convenience and complete access to reading and downloading such service agreement and transaction rules by merchants and consumers.

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Liability of the e-commerce platform operators. The e-commerce platform operators who fail to take necessary actions when they know or should have known that the merchants within the platform infringe upon others’ intellectual property rights or the products or services provided by the merchants do not meet the requirements for personal and property security, or otherwise infringe upon consumers’ legitimate rights, will be imposed a joint liability with the merchants; with respect to the products or services affecting consumers’ life and health, the e-commerce platform operators will bear relevant responsibilities if they fail to review the qualifications of merchants or fail to safeguard the interests of the consumers.

On October 23, 2020, the Interim Measures for Seven-day Unconditional Return of Online Purchased Goods (2020 version) was issued by the SAMR and took in effect on the same day, which emphasizes that online goods sellers shall lawfully perform their duties of ensuring the consumers to exercise the rights of “Seven-day Unconditional Return of Purchased Goods” and the provider of an online trading platform shall guide and urge the online goods sellers who use the platform to perform such duties, as well as conduct supervisions and inspections and provide technical support.

On December 31, 2021, the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR jointly issued the Administration Provisions on Algorithmic Recommendation of Internet Information Services, which became effective on March 1, 2022. The provisions provide that algorithmic recommendation service providers shall (i) fulfill their responsibilities for algorithm security, (ii) establish and improve management systems for algorithm mechanism examination, ethical vetting in technology, user registration, information release vetting, protection of data security and personal information, anti- telecommunications and internet fraud, security assessment and monitoring, emergency response to security incidents, etc., and (iii) formulate and disclose relevant rules for algorithm recommendation services, and be equipped with professional staff and technical support appropriate to the scale of the algorithm recommendation service.

On March 18, 2025, the Administrative Regulations on Internet Transactions (2025 revised) were released by the SAMR and took into effective on May 1, 2025, which are the supplementary rules to the E-Commerce Law. Pursuant to the Administrative Regulations on Internet Transactions, any online business operator who conducts online sales or provides service through online social networking platforms or online live-broadcasting platforms, should comply with both the E-Commerce Law and the Administrative Regulations on Internet Transactions (2025 revised). We are subject to these measures as a result of our online direct sales and online marketplace.

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On June 27, 2025, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee implemented a newly amended Anti-unfair Competition Law of the PRC. It further emphasized that a business operator shall not engage in any false or misleading publicity for its products, or fictitious transactions to defraud or mislead consumers or other business operators, shall not assist other business operators in conducting false or misleading commercial promotions through means such as organizing fictious transactions or fabricating reviews. Violation of these provisions may subject the relevant business operators to various penalties, including an order from the relevant governmental authorities to cease illegal acts, with payment of a fine of not more than RMB1 million, or in the case of a severe violation, revocation of business licenses and payment of a fine ranging from RMB1 million to RMB2 million.

Regulations Relating to Internet Advertising and Marketing

In April 2015, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee promulgated the PRC Advertising Law, which was amended on October 26, 2018 and April 29, 2021 respectively. Pursuant to the PRC Advertising Law, the contents of advertisements shall be authentic and legal, expressed in healthy form, and shall not contain any information that is false or confusing. Violation of these provisions may result in penalties, including fines, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to eliminate impact within the corresponding scope.

The Internet Advertising Interim Measures were adopted by the SAIC and became effective in September 2016. The Internet Advertising Interim Measures regulate internet advertisement, which are defined as commercial advertisements that directly or indirectly promote goods or services through websites, web pages, internet applications or other internet media in various forms, including texts, pictures, audio clips and videos. According to the Internet Advertising Interim Measures, internet advertisers are responsible for the authenticity of the content of advertisements. The identity, administrative license, cited information and other certificates that advertisers are required to obtain in publishing internet advertisements shall be true and valid. Internet advertisements shall be distinguishable and prominently marked as “advertisements” in order to enable consumers to identify them as advertisements. Publishing and circulating advertisements through the internet shall not affect the normal use of the internet by users. It is not allowed to induce users to click on the content of advertisements by any fraudulent means, or to attach advertisements or advertising links in emails without users’ permission. The Internet Advertising Interim Measures also impose several restrictions on the forms of advertisements and activities used in advertising.

In addition, the SAMR issued the Measures for Administration of Internet Advertising , or the Measures for Internet Advertising, on February 25, 2023 and became effective on May 1,2024, simultaneously repealing the Internet Advertising Interim Measures,, which highlights that if the internet broadcast constitutes commercial advertisements, a product seller or service provider shall bear the responsibilities and obligations of the advertiser in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations,, and any advertisements for medical treatment, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, pesticides, veterinary drugs, health food, formula food for special medical purposes and other advertisements which are subject to censorship as required by laws and administrative regulations shall be subject to censorship by advertisement censorship authorities prior to the publication, and such advertisements shall not be published without going through examination.

The Circular of the People’s Bank of China, the CBIRC, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Regulating Financial Marketing Campaigns, which was promulgated on December 20, 2019 and became effective on January 25, 2020, regulates that market players who have not obtained the corresponding qualification for the financial business may not carry out marketing related to such financial business, except that information release platforms and the media are entrusted by the financial product operators or financial service providers CSRC that have obtained the qualification for the financial business with the financial marketing in accordance with the law. According to the Announcement No. 3 issued by the People’s Bank of China, all lending institutions are required to display the annualized rate of each loan product prominently on the website, mobile app, poster, and any other channels where the product is marketed, and specify the annualized rate in the loan contract. The calculation of the annualized interest rate may be based on compound interest or simple interest. The calculation based on compound interest is equivalent to that of the internal rate of return, and the simple-interest approach should be specified as such.

On April 24, 2026, eight departments including the People’s Bank of China jointly issued the Measures for the Online Marketing of Financial Products, which will take effect on September 30, 2026, stipulating that: (1) Financial institutions shall conduct online marketing of financial products within the scope of business permitted by financial regulatory authorities, and shall prominently indicate that the financial products are only available to customers within the licensed region. Financial institutions subject to regional operating restrictions shall, in accordance with the standards set by financial regulatory authorities, identify and verify the location of customers, and provide financial products only to customers in their registered place and in regions where they have established branches; (2) Where a third-party internet

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platform provides forwarding channels for financial consumers and investors to purchase financial products, it shall redirect them to the self-operated platform of the financial institution, and shall not redirect them to any other third-party internet platform engaged in online marketing of financial products. When financial consumers and investors are about to enter the stage of purchasing financial products or using financial services, the platform shall provide a prominent reminder and set a mandatory reading time; (3) No institution or individual that has not obtained the corresponding qualifications for financial business or financial information service business, or without the consent of the financial regulatory authorities, may use words or content with financial attributes such as “finance”, “financing”, “loan”, “borrowing”, “pawn”, “bank”, “exchange”, “trading center”, “asset management”, “fund”, “financial management”, “wealth management”, “investment adviser or consultancy”, “securities”, “futures”, “equity crowdfunding”, “insurance”, “commercial insurance annuity”, “trust”, “financial company”, “payment”, “clearing”, “settlement”, “credit reference”, “credit rating”, “foreign exchange”, “currency exchange” in their website, mobile internet application, or internet user account name; (4) Third-party internet platforms shall not, in violation of laws, regulations or national financial management provisions, intervene or indirectly intervene in the financial product sales process, including but not limited to signing of sales contracts, fund transfers, financial consumer and investor appropriateness assessment, loan amount assessment, etc., nor shall they engage in interactive consultations with consumers and investors regarding financial products.

Regulations Relating to Product Quality and Consumer Rights Protection

Pursuant to the Product Quality Law of PRC promulgated by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee in February 1993, and as amended in July 2000, August 2009 and December 2018 respectively, a seller must establish and practice a check-for-acceptance system for replenishment of its stock, and examine the quality certificates and other marks and must also adopt measures to keep the products for sale in good quality. Violation of the Product Quality Law of PRC could result in various penalties, including the imposition of fines, suspension of business operations, revocation of business licenses or criminal liabilities. Where a defective product causes physical injury to a person or damage to another person’s property, the victim may claim compensation from the manufacturer or from the seller of the product. If the seller pays compensation and it is the manufacturer that should bear the liability, the seller has a right of recourse against the manufacturer. Similarly, if the manufacturer pays compensation and it is the seller that should bear the liability, the manufacturer has a right of recourse against the seller.

The PRC Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law, as amended and effective as of March 15, 2014, the Administrative Regulations on Internet Transactions (2025 revised), the E-Commerce Law and the Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of PRC on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers promulgated by the State Council on March 15, 2024, which became effective on July 1, 2024, have provided stringent requirements and obligations on business operators, including internet business operators and platform service providers. For example, consumers are entitled to return goods purchased online, subject to certain exceptions, within seven days upon receipt of such goods without stating a reason for such return. To ensure that sellers and service providers comply with these laws and regulations, the platform operators are required to implement rules governing transactions on the platform, monitor the information posted by sellers and service providers, and report any violations by such sellers or service providers to the relevant authorities. In addition, online marketplace platform providers may, pursuant to the relevant PRC consumer protection laws, be exposed to liabilities if the lawful rights and interests of consumers are infringed upon in connection with consumers’ purchase of goods or acceptance of services on online marketplace platforms and the online marketplace platform providers fail to provide consumers with the contact information of the seller or manufacturer. In addition, online marketplace platform providers may be jointly and severally liable with sellers and manufacturers if they are aware or should be aware that any seller or manufacturer is using the online platform to infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of consumers and fail to take measures necessary to prevent or stop such activity.

The Civil Code of PRC provides that:

(i) in the event of damage arising from a defective product, the infringed party may seek compensation from either the manufacturer or seller of the said product. If the product defect is caused by the manufacturer, the seller shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the manufacturer upon compensation. If the product defect is caused through the fault of the seller, the manufacturer shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the seller upon compensation;

(ii) if the product defect is caused through the fault of a third party, including, inter alia, the transporter or the party providing storage, and results in damage to others, the seller of the said product shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the third party upon compensation;

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(iii) if a defective product endangers the personal or property safety of others, the infringed party shall be entitle to request that the manufacturer or seller assume tort liability through, inter alia, stop infringement, removal of obstacle and elimination of danger;

(iv) if a defect is found in a product after it has been put into circulation, the manufacturer and the seller shall take remedial measures in a timely manner including, inter alia, alerts and recalls. In the event of damage is enlarged due to a failure to take remedial measures in a timely manner or inadequate remedial measures, they shall bear tort liability. Where a recall measure is taken pursuant to the preceding sentences, the manufacturer and the seller shall bear the necessary expenses incurred by the infringed party resulted therefrom; and

(v) in the event of death or serious damage to health arising from a product that is manufactured or sold when it is known to be defective or failure to take effective remedial measures pursuant to the preceding sentences, the infringed party shall be entitled to claim corresponding punitive compensation.

We are subject to these laws and regulations as an online supplier of commodities and a provider of an online marketplace platform.

Regulations on Anti-Monopoly Matters Related to Internet Platform Companies

The PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, which was amended on June 24, 2022 and took effect on August 1, 2022, prohibits monopolistic conducts such as entering into monopoly agreements, abusing market dominance, and undertaking concentrations that may have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition. The PRC Anti-Monopoly Law requires that operators may not use data and algorithms, technology, capital advantages and platform rules to engage in monopolistic behaviors prohibited by this law. Furthermore, this law stipulates for increasing the fines for illegal concentration of business operators to “no more than ten percent of its preceding year’s sales revenue if the concentration of business operator has or may have an effect of excluding or limiting competition; or a fine of up to RMB5 million if the concentration of business operator does not have an effect of excluding or limiting competition,” and also requires the relevant authority to investigate transaction where there is evidence that the concentration has or may have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition, even if such concentration does not reach the filing threshold.

On February 7, 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Commission of the State Council officially promulgated the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms. The guidelines prohibit certain monopolistic conducts of internet platforms to protect market competition, safeguard interests of users and operators who participate in internet platform economics, including without limitation, prohibiting platforms with dominant position from abusing their market dominance (such as discriminating customers in terms of pricing and other transactional conditions using big data and analytics, coercing counterparties into exclusivity arrangements, using technology methods to block competitors’ interface, tying or attaching unreasonable trading conditions, compulsory collection of unnecessary user data). In addition, the guidelines also reinforce the requirement of antitrust merger review for internet platform related transactions to safeguard market competition.

On November 15, 2021, the SAMR published the Overseas Anti-monopoly Compliance Guidelines for Enterprises, which provides that both PRC enterprises that conduct business and operation overseas and PRC enterprises that conduct business and operations in China and may have certain impacts on overseas markets may face risks on anti-monopoly in other jurisdictions, in particular for those that conduct import and export trade, overseas investments, acquisition, transfer or license of intellectual properties and tendering and bidding activities.

On May 6, 2024, the SAMR promulgated the Interim Provisions on Anti-Unfair Competition on the Internet, which prohibits business operators from using data, algorithms and other technical means to commit traffic hijacking, interference, malicious incompatibility and other improprieties to influence user choices or hinder or damage the normal operation of network products or services offered by other business operators.

Regulations Relating to Outsourcing Services

In recent years, the PRC government has expressed its support for outsourcing services provided by non-governmental companies.

The Guidelines for Management of Outsourcing Risks of Banking Financial Institutions issued and effective on June 4, 2010, requires banks engaging in outsourcing to establish outsourcing risk management guidelines and incorporate these guidelines into their overall risk management systems. These guidelines, which generally regulates outsourcing by banks,

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defines “outsourcing” as an act whereby a banking financial institution commissions some business activities originally handled by itself to a service provider for sustained operations and such service provider may be an independent third party, a subsidiary, an affiliated company, or a related party established in or outside China by the parent company of the banking financial institution or its affiliates.

On December 30, 2021, the CBIRC issued the Measures for the Regulation of IT Outsourcing Risks of Banking and Insurance Institutions, or the IT Outsourcing Regulation Measures, which replaced the Guidelines for Regulating Information Technology Outsourcing Risks of Banking Financial Institutions issued on February 16, 2013, the Circular on Strengthening the Management of Risks Incurred during Offsite and Centralized Information Technology Outsourcing of Banking Financial Institutions issued on July 1, 2014 and the Notice of the General Office of the China Banking Regulatory Commission of the Launch of the Regulatory Assessment of the Offsite Centralized Information Technology Outsourcing of Banking Financial Institutions issued on December 2, 2014. The IT Outsourcing Regulation Measures has incorporated insurance group (holding) companies, insurance companies, insurance asset management companies and financial asset management companies into the scope of its supervision. The measures clearly stipulate that banking and insurance institutions shall not outsource their responsibilities as the subject of IT management and network security, and shall specify the IT functions that cannot be outsourced, including IT strategic management, IT risk management, IT internal audit and other functions related to the core competitiveness of IT. Also, The IT Outsourcing Regulation Measures highlights that when implementing IT outsourcing, the banking and insurance institutions shall include “safeguarding network and information security and strengthening the protection of important data and personal information” as one of the principles. In addition, the banking and insurance institutions shall carry out hierarchical management of IT outsourcing activities and relevant service providers and take differentiated management and control measures for important outsourcing and general outsourcing according to the IT Outsourcing Regulation Measures.

On December 27, 2025, the CBIRC issued a draft of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Banking Regulation for public comments. The draft provides that financial holding companies, financial asset management companies, trust companies, finance companies of enterprise groups, financial leasing companies, auto finance companies, consumer finance companies, currency brokerage companies, wealth management companies and other financial institutions established upon the approval of the banking regulatory authority of the State Council within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, shall be governed by the provisions of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Banking Regulation on the supervision and administration of banking financial institutions. Information technology service providers offering services to banking financial institutions shall comply with relevant regulations on the management of information technology risks in the banking industry, and shall not intercept, store, forward, or use relevant data of banking financial institutions without authorization, nor infringe on the lawful rights and interests of banking financial institutions, depositors, or other customers through other improper means. If fails to do so, the banking regulatory authority shall have be entitled to order it to rectify the violation, confiscate any illegal gains, and impose a fine. The banking regulatory authority shall be entitled to issue warnings and impose fines on the directly responsible managers and other directly liable persons.

Regulations Relating to Intellectual Property Rights

The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names.

Copyright. Copyright in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the Copyright Law of the PRC, promulgated in February 2010 and taking effect in April 2010, or the Copyright Law, and related rules and regulations. A revised Copyright Law was published in November 2020 and became effective in June 2021. Under the Copyright Law, the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years.

Patent. The Patent Law of the PRC, promulgated in December 2008 and effective since October 2009, provides for patentable inventions, utility models and designs. A revised Patent Law was published in October 2020 and became effective in June 2021, and the Implementation Rules of the Patent Law of the PRC (Revised in 2023) most recently amended on December 11, 2023, and took effect on January 20, 2024. An invention or utility model for which patents may be granted shall have novelty, creativity and practical applicability. The State Intellectual Property Office under the State Council is responsible for examining and approving patent applications.

Trademark. The Trademark Law of the PRC, promulgated in April 2019 and effective since November 2019, or the Trademark Law, and the rules implemented thereunder protect registered trademarks. The PRC Trademark Office of the CNIPA is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks throughout the PRC. The Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. In addition, on January 13, 2023, the CNIPA issued

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the Draft Revision to the Trademark Law of the People’s Republic of China for public comments. The draft revision stipulates that: (i) an application for registration is applied may not be identical to a prior trademark for the same kind of commodity that the applicant has applied for earlier, has been registered, or has been deregistered, revoked or invalidated by public notice within one year before the date of application; (ii) Applicants shall not apply for trademark registration in bad faith; (iii) A trademark registrant shall, within the 12-month period from expiry of every five-year period with effect from the date of approval of trademark registration, explain to the CNIPA the use of the said trademark on the approved commodities or a proper reason for non-use of the said trademark.

Domain Name. Domain names are protected under the Measures for the Administration of the Internet Domain Names promulgated by the MIIT in August 2017 and effective since November 2017 or the Domain Names Measures. The MIIT is the major regulatory body responsible for the administration of the PRC internet domain names. The Domain Names Measures has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to the registration of domain names.

We have registered 257 patents in China, and have applied for 289 additional patents with the PRC State Intellectual Property Office. We have registered 252 software copyrights and 31 copyrights for artworks with the PRC National Copyright Administration. We have 205 registered domain names, including lexin.com, lexinfintech.com and fenqile.com. As of the date of this annual report, we had 520 registered trademarks, including our “,” “,” and “” trademarks.

Regulations Relating to Labor

Regulations on Labor Contract

The main PRC employment laws and regulations applicable to us include the Labor Law of the PRC, or the Labor Law, the Labor Contract Law of the PRC, or the Labor Contract Law, the Implementing Regulations on the Labor Contract Law of the PRC and other relevant laws and regulations.

The Labor Law was issued by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee on July 5, 1994, took effect on January 1, 1995, and was last amended on December 29, 2018. Under this law, employers should enter into employment contracts with their employees based on the principles of equality, consent and agreement through consultation. Wages will be paid based on the policy of performance, equal pay for equal work, lowest wage protection and special labor protection for female worker and juvenile workers. The Labor Law also requires employers to establish and effectively implement a system of ensuring occupational safety and health, educate employees on occupational safety and health, preventing work-related accidents and reducing occupational hazards. Employers are also required to pay their employees’ social insurance premiums.

The Labor Contract Law was issued by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee on June 29, 2007, amended on December 28, 2012 and took effect on July 1, 2013. Under this law and its implementing regulations, enterprises established in the PRC must enter into employment agreements with their employees to provide for the term of employment, job duties, work time, holidays and statutory payments, labor protection, working condition and occupational hazard prevention and protection and other essential contents. Both employers and employees will duly perform their duties. The Labor Contract Law also provides for the scenario of rescission and termination. Except for certain situations explicitly stipulated in the Labor Contract Law that are not subject to economic compensation, economic compensation shall be paid to the employee by the employer for the rescission or termination of the employment agreement.

Regulations on Social Insurance and Housing Provident Funds

Pursuant to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee on October 28, 2010, effective on July 1, 2011 and last amended on December 29, 2018, the PRC established social insurance systems such as basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance. Employers are required to contribute, on behalf of their employees, to a number of social security funds, including funds for basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance. Employers must apply for completion of social security registration with the local social security agency within 30 days from the date of incorporation with their business license, registration certificate or corporation seal. Employers that fail to complete social security registration will be ordered by the social security administrative authorities to make correction within a stipulated period; where correction is not made within the stipulated period, the employers will be subject to fines ranging from one to three times the amount of the payable social security premiums, and the person(s)-in-charge who is/are directly accountable and other directly accountable personnel will be subject to fines ranging from RMB500 to RMB3,000. If an employer does not pay the full amount of social insurance

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premiums as scheduled, the social insurance premium collection institution will order it to make the payment or make up the difference within the stipulated period and impose a daily surcharge equivalent to 0.05% of the overdue payment from the date on which the payment is overdue. If payment is not made within the stipulated period, the relevant administration department will impose a fine from one to three times the amount of overdue payment.

According to the Several Provisions on Implementing the Social Insurance Law of the PRC issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the PRC on June 29, 2011 and effective on July 1, 2011, insurance premiums that should be paid by employees will be withheld and paid by the employers. Where an employer fails to withhold and pay the premiums in accordance with these provisions, the social insurance premium collection institution will order the employer to remit within the prescribed time and impose a daily surcharge equivalent to 0.05% of the overdue payment from the date of default as late payment penalty. Employers may not require employees to pay late payment penalties.

Pursuant to the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Provident Funds, issued by the State Council on April 3, 1999 and last amended on March 24, 2019, employers must complete housing provident funds registration with local housing fund administration centers and open housing fund accounts for their employees in the bank. Employers must, within 30 days from their date of establishment, go through housing provident funds registration with local housing fund administration centers and complete housing provident fund account establishment procedures for employees with the examination and approval documents of the housing provident fund management center within 20 days from completion of registration. Employers are required to pay and deposit housing funds on behalf of their employees in full and in a timely manner, and any employer that fails to open such bank account or contribute housing funds may be fined and ordered to make payment within a prescribed time limit. If the employer still fails to do so, the housing fund administration center may apply to the court for enforcement of the unpaid amount.

Pursuant to the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Promulgation of the Pilot Program for Implementing Consolidation of Maternity Insurance and Basic Medical Insurance for Employees and Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Comprehensively Promoting the Implementation of the Combination of Maternity Insurance and Basic Medical Insurance for Employees issued on January 19, 2017 and March 6, 2019, maternity insurance and basic medical insurance for employees will be consolidated. On July 20, 2018, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council of the PRC issued the Reform Plan of the State Tax and Local Tax Collection Administration System. Under the plan, beginning January 1, 2019, tax authorities are responsible for the collection of social insurance contributions in the PRC.

Pursuant to the Interim Measures for Participation in Social Insurance by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Residents in the Mainland, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on November 29, 2019, effective on January 1, 2020, employers registered in the mainland China shall contribute basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents who are employed or recruited by them.

Regulations Relating to Tax

Regulations Relating to Enterprise Income Tax

PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on taxable income, which is determined under (i) the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, implemented in January 2008 and amended by the National People’s Congress in December 2018 and (ii) the implementation rules to the Enterprise Income Tax Law promulgated by the State Council in January 2008 and amended in December 2024. The Enterprise Income Tax Law imposes a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in the PRC, including foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises but, grants preferential treatment to HNTEs, and qualified “Software Enterprises.” HNTEs are instead subject to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to the requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. During each year of this three-year period, an HNTE must conduct a qualification self-review to ensure it meets the HNTE criteria, or be subject to the regular 25% income tax rate for any year in which it does not meet the criteria. A qualified “Software Enterprise” is entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with its first profitable year and a 50% reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. According to the Circular on Income Tax Policies for Further Encouraging the Development of Software and Integrated Circuit Industries, or the Circular 27, which was effective in January 2011, key software enterprises included in the state planning that have not benefited from the preferential treatment of tax exemption in the current year may be subject to enterprise income tax at a reduced rate of 10%. However, in December 2020, the Announcement on the Enterprise Income Tax Policies for Promoting the High-quality Development of the Integrated Circuit Industry and the Software Industry was released, which replaced the above-mentioned provision in the Circular 27. It provides that a key software enterprises

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encouraged by the state shall be exempt from the enterprise income tax from the first to the fifth year from the year when such enterprise makes profits and be subject to the enterprise income tax levied at the reduced rate of 10% for subsequent years. In April 2021, the Announcement on Income Tax Policies for “Software Enterprises Encouraged by the State” was released, a “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” is entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with its first profitable year and a 50% reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. However, these enterprises shall go through record-filing with the tax authority at the time of final settlement each year and be subject to the examination of the development and reform authority and the industry and information technology authority.

In addition, according to the Enterprise Income Tax Law, enterprises registered in countries or regions outside the PRC but have their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered to be PRC resident enterprises and are therefore subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Though the implementation rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law define “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, and properties of an enterprise,” the only detailed guidance currently available for the definition of “de facto management body” as well as the determination and administration of tax residency status of offshore-incorporated enterprises are set forth in the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation, in April 2009, or Circular 82, and the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial Version) issued by the State Administration of Taxation in July 2011, or Bulletin No. 45, which provides guidance on the administration as well as the determination of the tax residency status of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the laws of a foreign country or territory and that has a PRC company or PRC corporate group as its primary controlling shareholder.

According to Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met:

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the primary location of the day-to-day operational management and the places where they perform their duties are in the PRC;

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decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval of organizations or personnel in the PRC;

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the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and

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50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

Bulletin No. 45 further clarifies certain issues related to the determination of tax resident status and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Recognition of Residential Status from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, a payer does not need to withhold income tax when paying certain PRC-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to such Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise.

Regulations Relating to Income Tax for Share Transfers

According to the Circular 7 promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation in February 2015 as amended in December 2017, if a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by transfer of the equity interests of an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market) without a reasonable commercial purpose, the PRC tax authorities have the power to reassess the nature of the transaction and the indirect equity transfer will be treated as a direct transfer. As a result, the gain derived from such transfer, which means the equity transfer price less the cost of equity, will be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. Under the terms of Circular 7, the transfer which meets all of the following circumstances shall be directly deemed as having no reasonable commercial purposes: (i) over 75% of the value of the equity interests of the offshore holding company are directly or indirectly derived from PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the total properties of the offshore holding company are investments within PRC territory, or in the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the offshore holding company’s revenue is directly or indirectly derived from PRC territory; (iii) the function performed and risks assumed by the offshore holding company are insufficient to substantiate its corporate existence; or (iv) the foreign income tax imposed on the indirect transfer is lower than the PRC tax imposed on the direct transfer of the PRC taxable properties.

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In October, 2017, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange issued Bulletin of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, which, among others, repeals certain rules stipulated in Circular 7 on December 1, 2017. The bulletin further details and clarifies the tax withholding methods in respect of income of non-resident enterprises.

There is uncertainty as to the application of Circular 7. Circular 7 may be determined by the PRC tax authorities to be applicable to our prior private equity financing transactions that involved non-resident investors, if any of such transactions are determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose. As a result, we and our non-resident investors in such transactions may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under the general anti-avoidance rule of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Regulations Relating to Dividend Withholding Tax

Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or Circular 81, promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation in February 2009, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax: (i) it should be a company as provided in the tax treaty; (ii) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (iii) it must have directly owned such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. In August 2015, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, or Circular 60, which became effective in November 2015 and was amended in June 2018. Circular 60 provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate. Instead, nonresident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities.

In February 2018, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice on Issues Related to the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, according to which when determining the applicant’s status as the “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends in the tax treaties, several factors, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of its income in twelve months to residents in a third-party country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes the actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties does not levy any tax or grant tax exemption on relevant incomes or levies tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account, and it will be analyzed according to the actual circumstances of the specific cases.

In October 2019, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, or Circular 35. Circular 35 became effective and superseded Circular 60 in January 2020. Compared to Circular 60, Circular 35 provides that the nonresident enterprises and their withholding agents are not required to submit the supporting documents for tax treaty benefits when performing tax filings. Instead, nonresident enterprises and their withholding agents may retain such supporting documents themselves for the post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities.

Regulations Relating to Value-added Tax

On December 25, 2024, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Value-added Tax Law of the PRC, or the VAT Law, which became effective from January 1, 2026. According to the VAT Law, any entities and individuals (including individual businesses) engaged in the sale of goods, services, intangible assets and immovables and importation of goods within the territory of the PRC are VAT payers and shall pay VAT in accordance with the VAT

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Law. Except for taxpayers’ export of goods, the sale of services or intangible assets within the scope as prescribed by the State Council by domestic entities and individuals across national borders and other circumstances specified for by the State Council, the rate of VAT for sale of goods, labor services of processing, repair or replacement, or tangible movable property leasing services or import of goods is 13% unless otherwise specified, such as the rate of VAT for sale of agricultural products is 9%, and the rate of VAT for sale of transportation, postal, basic telecommunications, construction, or immovable leasing services, sale of immovables, or transfer of the rights to use land is 9%. In addition to the above circumstances, the rate of VAT for sale of services or intangible assets is 6%.

Regulations Relating to Submission of Tax-related Information

On December 20, 2024, the State Taxation Administration issued a draft of Public Comments Sought on the Provisions on the Submission of Tax-related Information by Internet Platform Enterprises for public comments. The draft stipulates that an Internet platform enterprise shall submit tax-related information of the business operators and practitioners within its platform to the competent tax authority, including identity information, income information and other tax-related information.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Control, promulgated by the State Council as amended in August 2008. Under these regulations, the Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items, including the trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions and other current exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities, unless the prior approval of SAFE is obtained and prior registration with SAFE is made.

The Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Improving and Adjusting the Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Direct Investments promulgated by SAFE in November 2012 and most recently amended in December 2019 substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expense accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of Renminbi proceeds by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible previously.

In addition, according to the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issuing the Provisions on the Foreign Exchange Administration of Domestic Direct Investment of Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents promulgated by SAFE in May 2013 and most recently amended in December 2019, the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

In March 2015, SAFE released the SAFE Circular 19, which became effective in June 2015 and was amended in December 2019 and March 2023. SAFE Circular 19 made certain adjustments to some regulatory requirements on the settlement of foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises. It also annulled the Notice of the General Affairs Department of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Relevant Operating Issues concerning the Improvement of the Administration of Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, and the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Pilot Reform of the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Certain Areas, and lifted some foreign exchange restrictions under SAFE Circular 142. However, SAFE Circular 19 continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using a Renminbi fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises.

In June 2016, SAFE issued the SAFE Circular 16, which became effective on the same day and was amended in December 2023. Compared to SAFE Circular 19, SAFE Circular 16 provides that, in addition to foreign exchange capital, foreign debt funds and proceeds remitted from foreign listings should also be subject to the discretional foreign exchange settlement. In addition, it also lifted the restriction, that foreign exchange capital under the capital accounts and the

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corresponding Renminbi capital obtained from foreign exchange settlement should not be used for repaying the inter-enterprise borrowings (including advances by the third party) or repaying bank loans in Renminbi that have been sub-lent to the third party.

In January 2017, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Registration Management of Foreign Investment

On July 4, 2014, the SAFE promulgated the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Residents’ Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, for the purpose of simplifying the approval process and for the promotion of the cross-border investment. SAFE Circular 37 supersedes the Notice on Relevant Issues on the Foreign Exchange Administration of Raising Funds through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicle and Investing Back in China by Domestic Residents, and revises and regulates the relevant matters involving foreign exchange registration for round-trip investment. Under SAFE Circular 37, (i) PRC residents (including PRC entities and PRC individuals) must register with the local branch of the SAFE before he or she contributes assets or equity interest in an overseas special purpose vehicle that is directly established or indirectly controlled by the PRC resident for the purpose of conducting investment or financing; and (ii) following the initial registration, PRC residents must update their SAFE registration when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information, including change of such PRC citizens or residents’ name, operation term, increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

Regulations Relating to PRC Residents Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Offshore Listed Companies

On February 15, 2012, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the Notice on Foreign Exchange Administration of PRC Residents Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Offshore Listed Companies. Individuals participating in any stock incentive plan of any overseas publicly listed company who are Chinese citizens or foreign citizens who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. These plan participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stock or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the agent in China is required to further amend the registration as required by State Administration of Foreign Exchange with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the mainland Chinese agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. The Chinese agents must, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents’ exercise of the employee share options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in China opened by the Chinese agents before distribution to such PRC residents.

Regulations on M&A Rules

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, the State Administration of Taxation, the SAMR, the CSRC and SAFE, issued the M&A Rules, which took into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. Foreign investors are subject to the M&A Rules when they purchase equity interest of a domestic company or subscribe for the increased capital of a domestic company that changes a domestic company into a foreign-invested enterprise; or when the foreign investors establish a foreign-invested enterprise in the PRC, purchase the assets of a domestic company and operate the assets via such foreign-invested enterprise; or when the foreign investors purchase the assets of a domestic company, establish a foreign-invested enterprise by injecting such assets and operate the assets. The M&A Rules also provide that if a PRC entity or individual plans to merge or acquire its related PRC entity through an overseas company legitimately

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incorporated or controlled by such entity or individual, such a merger or acquisition shall be subject to examination and approval by the Ministry of Commerce.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.

On September 6, 2024, the NDRC and the MOC jointly issued the 2024 Negative List, which became effective on November 1, 2024. Pursuant to such Special Administrative Measures, if a domestic company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the 2024 Negative List seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. Besides, the foreign investors of the company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentage shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the relevant regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors.

Approved by the State Council, CSRC released new regulations for the filing-based administration of overseas securities offering and listing by domestic companies on February 17, 2023. The regulations came into effect on March 31, 2023, which including the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines. The Trial Measures stipulates that both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing activities are subject to regulation, and clearly defines the circumstances where provisions for direct and indirect overseas offering and listing by domestic companies apply.

Specifically, where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. Any overseas offering and listing made by an issuer that meets both the following conditions will be determined as indirect: (i) 50% or more of the issuer's operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in the PRC, or its main places of business are located in the PRC, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly PRC citizens or domiciled in the PRC. The determination as to whether or not an overseas offering and listing by domestic companies is indirect, shall be made on a substance over form basis. According to the Trial Measures, no overseas offering and listing shall be made under any of the following circumstances: (i) where such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (ii) where the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (iii) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholders and the actual controller, have committed crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (iv) where the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is suspected of committing crimes or major violations of laws and regulations, and is under investigation according to law, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; (v) where there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder or by other shareholders that are controlled by the controlling shareholder and/or actual controller.

According to the Trial Measures, Initial public offerings or listings in overseas markets, or subsequent securities offerings and listings of an issuer in other overseas markets than where it has offered and listed, shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the relevant application is submitted overseas. Subsequent securities offerings of an issuer in the same overseas market where it has previously offered and listed securities shall be filed with the CSRC within 3 working days after the offering is completed. A domestic company that seeks to directly or indirectly list its domestic assets in overseas markets through single or multiple acquisitions, share swaps, transfers of shares or other means, shall fulfil the filing procedure with the CSRC within 3 working days the relevant application is submitted overseas or the first public disclosure of the specifics of the transaction is made by the listed company. Where a domestic company fails to fulfill filing procedure as stipulated by the Trial Measures or offers and lists securities in an overseas market in violation of the Trial Measures, the CSRC shall order rectification, issue warnings to such domestic company, and impose a fine of between RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Directly liable persons-in-charge and other directly liable persons shall be warned and each imposed a fine of between RMB500,000 and RMB5,000,000. Controlling shareholders and actual controllers of the domestic company that organize or instruct the violations shall be imposed a fine of RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Directly liable persons-in-charge and other directly liable persons shall be each imposed a fine of between RMB500,000 and RMB5,000,000.

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In order to support domestic companies overseas securities offering and listing pursuant to laws and regulations, as a supplement to the Trial Measures, the CSRC, Ministry of Finance of PRC, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China, have jointly revised the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing (Announcement No.29 [2009] of the CSRC, hereinafter referred to as the Provisions). The revised Provisions is issued under the title the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, and will come into effect on 31 March 2023 with the Trial Measures. The revised Provisions expands its application to cover both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing, and requires that a domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that (i)contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; or (ii) if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. In addition, the domestic company, securities companies and securities service providers shall first obtain approval from the CSRC or other competent Chinese authorities before cooperating with the inspection and investigation by the overseas securities regulator or competent overseas authority, or providing documents and materials requested in such inspection and investigation.

Regulations on Technology Export Control

On November 29, 2020, the State Council released the Regulations on the Administration of the Import and Export of Technology (2020 vision). The Regulations stipulate the definition of technology export, which refers to the transfer of technology from China to foreign countries by means of trade, investment or economic and technical cooperation. According to the Regulations, the relevant departments may establish a catalog of technologies that are restricted or prohibited from export, and the export of technologies in the “prohibited” part of the catalog is prohibited. For technologies in the “restricted” part of the catalog, approval from the government is required before the parties conduct substantive negotiations and sign a contract on the export, and an export license must be obtained before the export can be made.

On December 21, 2023, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Science and Technology jointly issued the Catalogue of Technologies Prohibited or Restricted from Export by China (2023 version), which has replaced its previous version issued in 2020. In general, the amendments continue the overall policy trend of optimizing the business environment for technology trade and promoting technology trade facilitation, aiming to create positive conditions for promoting international economic and trade cooperation on the basis of safeguarding national economic security and development interests. The deletion or restriction of relevant technical items would bring great benefits to the overseas business of enterprises in the fields of Internet, artificial intelligence, photovoltaic, new energy, biomedicine, autonomous driving, etc.

On December 27, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Foreign Trade Law, and it provides that foreign traders engaging in import and export of goods or technology shall submit documents and material related to its foreign trade activities to the relevant departments in accordance with the provisions of the foreign trade department of the State Council or other relevant State Council departments in accordance with the Foreign Trade Law. Pursuant to the Foreign Trade Law, where technologies exported are prohibited, or restricted but were exported without governmental permission, relevant authorities will impose penalties in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations, or will order the operators to conduct rectification, confiscate their illegal income, and impose fine of one to five times of the illegal income. And where the illegal gains are RMB500,000 or more, impose a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of illegal gains; where there are no illegal gains or the illegal gains are less than RMB500,000, impose a fine of not more than RMB500,000; where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law.

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C. Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, variable interest entities and subsidiaries of the variable interest entities as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F.

(1)

(2)

The shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile include Shenzhen Xinjie (68.7027%) and Jay Wenjie Xiao (31.2973%).

(3)

The shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin include Jay Wenjie Xiao (99.87%) and Chao Han (0.13%). Chao Han is our employee.

(4)

The shareholders of Qianhai Dingsheng include Shenzhen Xinjie (70%) and Jianwei Wei (30%). Jianwei Wei is a non-executive PRC employee.

(5)

(6)

99% of the equity interest of Shenzhen Lexin Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. is directly held by Lexin Software, and the remaining 1% is held by Upside Limited, one of our subsidiaries.

(7)

The shareholders of Beihai Super Egg include Tao Yang (50%) and Chao Han (50%), and Tao Yang and Chao Han are all our non-executive PRC employees.

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Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities

LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries. We conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the variable interest entities, with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and their subsidiaries. The PRC laws and regulations impose restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in internet-based businesses such as distribution of online information and other value-added telecommunications services. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in China through the variable interest entities, and rely on contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their nominee shareholders. Such structure provides investors with exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where the PRC laws and regulations prohibit or restrict direct foreign investment in operating companies in certain sectors. To comply with the PRC laws and regulations, we have entered into a series of contractual arrangements, mainly through Beijing Shijitong, Shenzhen Lexin Software and Beihai Green Lemon, with the variable interest entities and the shareholders of the variable interest entities to obtain effective control over the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries.

We currently conduct our business through the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries based on these contractual arrangements, which allow us to:

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exercise effective control over the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries;

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receive substantially all of the economic benefits from the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries; and

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have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the variable interest entities and when and to the extent permitted by the PRC law.

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have become the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entities under U.S. GAAP. We have consolidated the financial results of the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements between our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Beijing Shijitong, certain of the variable interest entities and their nominee shareholders. The contractual arrangements between (i) our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Shenzhen Lexin Software, and the variable interest entity, Mengtian Technology, and its shareholders and (ii) our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Beihai Green Lemon and the variable interest entity, Beihai Super Egg, and its shareholders are of substantially the same terms and conditions.

Agreements that Allow Us to Receive Economic Benefits from the Variable Interest Entities

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements. Beijing Shijitong entered into exclusive business cooperation agreements with each of the variable interest entities. Pursuant to these agreements, Beijing Shijitong or its designated party has the exclusive right to provide the variable interest entities with comprehensive business support, technical support and consulting services. Without Beijing Shijitong’s prior written consent, the variable interest entities shall not accept any consulting and/or services covered by these agreements from any third party. The variable interest entities agree to pay service fees in an amount determined by Beijing Shijitong based on respective profit calculated as revenue minus cost agreed and recognized by Beijing Shijitong of the variable interest entities for the relevant period on a yearly basis or other service fees for specific services as required and as otherwise agreed by both parties. Beijing Shijitong owns the intellectual property rights arising out of the services performed under these agreements. Unless Beijing Shijitong terminates these agreements or pursuant to other provisions of these agreements, these agreements will remain effective indefinitely. These agreements can be terminated by Beijing Shijitong through a 30-day advance written notice, the variable interest entities have no right to unilaterally terminate these agreements.

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Agreements that Provide Us with Effective Control over the Variable Interest Entities

Power of Attorney. Through a series of power of attorney, each nominee shareholder of the variable interest entities irrevocably authorizes Beijing Shijitong or any person(s) designated by Beijing Shijitong to act as its attorney-in- fact to exercise all of such shareholder’s voting and other rights associated with the shareholder’s equity interest in the variable interest entities, including the right to attend shareholder meetings on behalf of such shareholder, the right to appoint legal representatives, directors, supervisors and chief executive officers and other senior management, and the right to sell, transfer, pledge and dispose of all or a portion of the shares held by such shareholder. The power of attorney is irrevocable and remains in force continuously upon execution.

Equity Pledge Agreements. Beijing Shijitong has entered into an equity pledge agreement with each nominee shareholder of the variable interest entities. Pursuant to these equity pledge agreements, each shareholder of the variable interest entities has pledged all of his, her or its respective equity interest in the variable interest entities to Beijing Shijitong to guarantee the performance by such nominee shareholder and the variable interest entities of their respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreements, the power of attorney, the loan agreement, the exclusive option agreements, and any amendment, supplement or restatement to such agreements. If the variable interest entities or any of their nominee shareholders breach any obligations under these agreements, Beijing Shijitong, as pledgee, will be entitled to dispose of the pledged equity and have priority to be compensated by the proceeds from the disposal of the pledged equity. Each of the nominee shareholders of the variable interest entities agrees that before his, her or its obligations under the contractual arrangements are discharged, he, she or it will not dispose of the pledged equity interests, create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests, which may result in the change of the pledged equity that may have adverse effects on the pledgee’s rights under these agreements without the prior written consent of Beijing Shijitong. These equity pledge agreements will remain effective until the variable interest entities and their nominee shareholders discharge all their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements. As of the date of this annual report, the equity pledged between each shareholder of the variable interest entities and Beijing Shijitong has been registered with the local PRC authorities.

Agreements that Provide Us with the Option to Purchase the Equity Interest in the Variable Interest Entities

Exclusive Option Agreements. Beijing Shijitong has entered into the exclusive option agreements with the variable interest entities. Pursuant to these exclusive option agreements, the nominee shareholders of the variable interest entities have irrevocably granted Beijing Shijitong or any third party designated by Beijing Shijitong an exclusive option to purchase all or part of their respective equity interests in the variable interest entities. The purchase price shall be the lowest price permitted by law. Without Beijing Shijitong’s prior written consent, the variable interest entities shall not, among other things, amend their articles of association, increase or decrease the registered capital, sell, dispose of or set any encumbrance on their assets, business or revenue, enter into any material contract outside the ordinary course of business, merge with any other persons or make any investments, distribute dividends or enter into any transactions which have material adverse effects on their business. The shareholders of the variable interest entities also jointly and severally undertake that they will not transfer, gift or otherwise dispose of their respective equity interests in the variable interest entities to any third party or create or allow any encumbrance on their equity interests within the term of these agreements. These agreements will remain effective until Beijing Shijitong and/or any third party designated by Beijing Shijitong has acquired all equity interests of the variable interest entities from their respective nominee shareholders.

Loan Agreements. Pursuant to the loan agreement between Beijing Shijitong and the shareholders of Qianhai Dingsheng, the loan agreements between Beijing Shijitong and the shareholders of Shenzhen Xinjie, the loan agreements between Beijing Shijitong and the shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile, the loan agreement between Beijing Shijitong and the shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin. Beijing Shijitong made certain loans to the nominee shareholders of certain variable interest entities solely for the purpose of operating their respective businesses. Pursuant to these loan agreements, the nominee shareholders can only repay the loans by the transfer of all their equity interests in the applicable variable interest entities to Beijing Shijitong and Shenzhen Lexin Software (as applicable) or its designated person(s) pursuant to their respective exclusive option agreements. The nominee shareholders must pay all of the proceeds from transfer of such equity interests to Beijing Shijitong (as applicable). In the event that nominee shareholders transfer their equity interests to Beijing Shijitong (as applicable) or its designated person(s) with a price equivalent to or less than the amount of the principal, the loans will be interest free. If the price is higher than the amount of the principal, the excess amount will be paid to Beijing Shijitong (as applicable) as the loan interest. The loans must be repaid immediately when permitted by the PRC laws at Beijing Shijitong’s request. The term of all loans are ten years and will be extended automatically for another ten years on each expiration.

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In the opinion of Shihui Partners, our PRC counsel: the ownership structures of the variable interest entities currently do not result in any violation of applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and the contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their shareholders, are governed by the PRC laws or regulations and are currently valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect, and do not result in any violation of applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, Shihui Partners has also advised us that the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations are still evolving and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC counsel. In particular, in March 2019, the National People’s Congress passed the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which became effective as of January 1, 2020. For the effect of the PRC Foreign Investment Law on us. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” and “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as ownership of the variable interest entities, and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. In addition, the legality and enforceability of the contractual agreements between our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities, and their nominee shareholders, as a whole, have not been tested in a court of law in China as of the date of this annual report. As such, the VIEs structure involves unique risks to investors of our Cayman Islands holding company. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their shareholders, for a significant portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as ownership in directing the activities” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by the variable interest entities or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.”

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and its nominee shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of the variable interest entities is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries do not comply with the PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties in interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations.”

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

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Our corporate headquarters is located in Shenzhen, China, where we lease office space with an area of approximately 14,551 square meters as of the date of this annual report. For our user services, data verification services and collection services, we lease office space in eight cities in China, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanchang, Changsha, Ji’an, Beihai and Hainan, with aggregate area of approximately 28,881 square meters. We also lease office space in various locations in the PRC, with an aggregate area of approximately 9,200 square meters. We lease our premises from unrelated third parties under operating lease agreements. The lease terms vary from 0.75 year to 5 years. Our servers are primarily hosted at internet data centers owned by major domestic internet data center providers. We believe that our existing facilities are generally adequate to meet our current needs, but we expect to seek additional space as needed to accommodate future growth.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this annual report on Form 20-F. This report contains forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information.” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 20-F. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

A. Operating Results

Overview

We are a leading online and offline consumption platform and a technology-driven service provider in China. Established in 2013, we leverage our profound understanding of consumers in China and the valuable experience of partnering with hundreds of financial institutions over the years, as well as our advanced technological capabilities, to connect fast-growing new generation consumers and SME owners with well-established national and regional funding partners.

We have expanded the scale of our platform rapidly since our inception. From our inception in August 2013 through the end of 2025, we cumulatively originated RMB1,531 billion (US$219 billion) in loans. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we originated RMB250 billion, RMB212 billion and RMB205 billion (US$29.4 billion) in loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our outstanding principal balance of loans was approximately RMB124 billion, RMB110 billion and RMB96.6 billion (US$13.8 billion), respectively. The weighted average tenor of loans originated on our platform in 2024 and 2025 was approximately 12.9 months and 12.9 months, respectively.

Key Operating Metrics

We regularly monitor a number of metrics in order to measure our current performance and project our future performance. These metrics aid us in developing and refining our growth strategies and making strategic decisions:


	As of or for the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Outstanding principal balance (in millions)		123,984		110,266		96,567		13,809
Outstanding principal balance by accounting treatment:
Outstanding principal balance of on-balance sheet loans (in millions)		4,137		4,808		5,692		814
Outstanding principal balance of off-balance sheet loans (in millions)		119,847		105,458		90,875		12,995
Originations (in millions)		249,454		212,050		205,340		29,363
Number of active users (in thousands)		8,530		8,164		8,188		—

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Outstanding principal balance. Outstanding principal balance represents the total amount of principal outstanding for loans originated through our platform or through our third-party partners' platforms at the end of the period. The accounting treatment with respect to outstanding principal balance of loans on our consolidated balance sheets varies, depending primarily on whether we are considered as the primary obligor in the lending relationship. See “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies-Presentation for on- and off-balance sheet loans.”

Originations. Originations represent the total principal amount of the loans we originate through our platform or through our third-party partners' platforms during the period. Our users have the option to postpone or reschedule their monthly repayment. For originations, the principal amount postponed or rescheduled is calculated as a new loan principal amount. We treat off-balance sheet loans as part of our originations.

Number of active users and new active users using our loan products. We define an active user as a user who made at least one transaction during the relevant period through our platform or through our third-party partners’ platforms using the credit line granted by us. A new active user during a period is an active user during the period who did not make any transaction prior to the beginning of this period.

On- and Off-Balance Sheet Treatment of Loans

We access an array of diversified funding sources to ensure that we have scalable and stable funding. The accounting treatment of assets, liabilities and revenues arising from the loans we originate varies, depending primarily on whether we are considered as the primary obligor in the lending relationship.

We generate financing receivables from providing loans to users. The loans generated from our platform or mobile application are primarily funded by the following funding sources:(1) the Institutional Funding Partners; and (2) third-party investors of the consolidated Trusts and asset‑backed securitized debts. Depending on the arrangements among the Group, the Borrowers and the funding partners, the underlying loans are accounted for as “on-balance sheet loans” or “off-balance sheet loans,” where applicable.

With respect to the loans funded by certain institutional funding partners, such as certain third-party commercial banks, we have determined that we are not the primary obligor in the lending relationship and thus do not record financing receivables from such loans. For certain off-balance sheet loans, we are obligated to compensate some institutional funding partners for the principal and interest repayment of loans in the event of a user default. These financial guarantee contracts are accounted for as guarantee liabilities under ASC 460, Guarantees, provided that the scope exception under ASC 815-10-15-58 is met. For the financial guarantee provided by us that does not meet the scope exception under ASC 815-10-15-58, we account for our contracts with these institutional funding partners as a derivative under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, which is recognized on our consolidated balance sheets as either assets or liabilities. Other institutional funding partners do not require us to provide any guarantee pursuant to the loans facilitated. See “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies-Presentation for on- and off-balance sheet loans.”

General Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations are affected by general factors driving the online consumer finance industry in China.

Regulatory environment in China

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The online consumer finance industry in China is regulated. Since mid-2015, relevant regulatory authorities have issued various laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations.” It is expected that the online consumer finance market may be subject to closer scrutiny from regulators with more detailed rules and regulations to be introduced. We modified our operations from time to time to comply with relevant PRC laws and regulations. For example, in response to certain requirements under the Circular 141, we have made an adjustment to our cooperation model with institutional funding partners and currently conduct a part of our cooperation with these institutional funding partners through our own financial guarantee companies qualified to provide financing guarantees for the users on our platform and to charge fees for the relevant guarantee services. Due to the restriction on the outstanding guarantee liabilities of our own financing guarantee companies, we also cooperate with other third-party financing guarantee companies or commercial insurance companies, which provide guarantee or insurance services for the users on our platform, provided that for some of such cooperation, the variable interest entities without the financing guarantee qualification, has been required to provide the third-party financing guarantee companies and/or the commercial insurance companies with risk safeguard measures or a deposit to compensate them in the event that such financing guarantee companies or commercial insurance companies performed their guarantee or insurance obligations upon the defaults of our users. In the future, we may be required to make further adjustment in our operations to comply with any relevant future PRC laws and regulations regarding the online consumer finance industry. These changes would have a material impact on our future financial results. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If our current investor protection measures for institutional funding partners are deemed to violate the relevant laws and regulations, or if we are deemed to have operated financial guarantee business by the PRC regulatory authorities, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

On the other hand, we have closely tracked the development and implementation of new rules and regulations that are likely to affect us. Tighter regulations may increase overall compliance costs of market players, promote more commercially reasonable and sensible credit products, enhance the competitive edge of established market players, and encourage consolidations within the industry. We believe these requirements have created entry barriers for many market players in China and further differentiated us from our competitors. We will continue to ensure timely compliance with existing and new laws and regulations applicable to our business. We believe that our ability to ensure timely and full compliance with these rules and regulations will improve our competitive position in the online consumer finance industry in China.

Economic and market conditions

While we believe we will continue to offer attractive value propositions to users and funding sources in changing economic environments, changes in the overall economic conditions may impact our business in several ways, including demand for our products, credit performance and funding costs.

The demand from our users and funding sources for our loan products is dependent upon interest rates offered and the return earned relative to other comparable or substitute products. For example, a significant interest rate increase could cause potential users to defer seeking loans as they wait for rates to settle. Additionally, if weakness in the economy occurs and actual or expected default rates increase, investors and institutional funding partners may delay or reduce their funding of loans on our platform. Furthermore, although we have access to diversified funding sources, in the event of an insufficient amount of liquidity in the financial markets, it may be difficult for us to obtain sufficient funding from our institutional funding partners at a reasonable cost.

In a strong economic climate, demand for our products and services may increase as consumer spending increases. In addition, additional potential users may qualify for a higher credit limit based on our credit assessment. Traditional lenders may also approve loans for a higher percentage of our potential users. Young professionals may receive higher and more stable salaries or other income, which may result in lower loan losses. In a weakening economic climate or recession, the opposite may occur. These effects may be partly mitigated by the fact each loan borrowed by our users is relatively small, which should be less affected by adverse economic conditions than if the principal amount of each loan were larger.

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Key Specific Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Major specific factors affecting our results of operations include the following:

Ability to attract and retain users

Our ability to grow depends on the addition of new users and increasing business from existing users. The number of active users was approximately 8.5 million in 2023, 8.2 million in 2024 and 8.2 million in 2025. Since 2021, we optimized our customer acquisition model by enhancing segmentation and providing differentiated credit lines, pricing and billing terms. We anticipate that our future development will continue to depend in part on attracting new users, including our ability to manage both online and offline acquisition channels, and to develop and improve our management of different customer cohorts.

In addition, we believe the repeat transactions of our existing users will be important to our future development. We believe our ability to retain our users is primarily dependent on our ability to address the credit needs of our targeted user cohort, the superior user experience on our platform and the competitiveness of loan pricing. The extent to which we generate repeat business from our users will be an important factor in our continued revenue growth.

Ability to satisfy our users’ growing financial needs

Creating value by satisfying our users’ growing financial needs will be an important component of our future performance. We seek to grow with our users and capture their long-term growth potential by effectively managing the mix of our product and service offerings to cater to their evolving consumption needs. In addition, as young generation consumers build up their credit history with us and move up in the workforce, we offer them higher credit lines and the ability to borrow personal installment loans to obtain cash up to a higher limit, in anticipation of their expanding consumption requirements.

Ability to access diversified and scalable funding

The growth of our business is also dependent on our ability to ensure that we have access to diversified funding sources and secure scalable and stable funding to meet our users’ needs. With our access to multiple funding sources and the ability to adjust allocation of funding needs to different sources, we are not dependent on any particular type of funding source, and we are able to withstand seasonality and fluctuations in the supply and costs of funding. In 2024 and 2025, we cooperated with 15 and 11 new funding partners. As of December 31, 2025, we had cumulatively served over 180 funding partners, including commercial banks, consumer finance companies, and other licensed financial institutions, with many of which we developed long-term, stable business relationships. Since 2016, we have also offered 10 public asset-backed securitization programs. These diversification efforts have ensured adequate funding for our products and services so far, while the sustainable, reliable and scalable sources remain critical to our growth.

Ability to effectively manage risk

As one of the first companies in providing internet consumer finance services in China, we also have industry-leading experience and boast a wealth of consumer insights. We adopt an advanced and customized credit risk management approach driven by our proprietary risk control system and strong risk management culture. We put great emphasis in improving our fraud detection capabilities, the accuracy of our credit assessment model and the collection effectiveness through the combination of our big-data analytical capabilities and the increasing amount of data we accumulate through our operations. The effectiveness of our risk management system also depends on our ability to collect delinquent loans. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If our ability to collect delinquent loans is impaired, or if the collection efforts of our in-house team or third-party service providers are impaired, our business and results of operations might be materially and adversely affected.”

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Loan Performance Data

We define 90 day+ delinquency ratio as outstanding principal balance of on-balance and off-balance sheet loans that was over 90 calendar days past due as a percentage of the total outstanding principal balance of on- and off-balance sheet loans on our platform as of a specific date. Loans that are delinquent for 180 days or more are charged off and are not included in the delinquency rate calculation. The 90 day+ delinquency ratio was 2.9%, 3.6% and 3.1% as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

We also define vintage charge-off rates as, with respect to on- and off-balance set loans originated during a specified time period, which we refer to as a “vintage,” the total outstanding principal balance of loans that are charged off during a specified period, divided by the total initial principal of the loans originated in such vintage.

The following chart displays our historical vintage charge-off rates as of December 31, 2025 for each vintage of a three-month period from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2025.

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Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Operating revenue

Our operating revenue consist of credit facilitation service, tech-empowerment service and installment e-commerce platform service. Among the three types of services (i.e., credit facilitation service, tech-empowerment service and installment e-commerce platform service) we provide, the revenue from our credit facilitation service is recognized as credit facilitation service income, the revenue from our installment e-commerce platform service is primarily recognized as installment e-commerce platform service income, and the revenue from our tech-empowerment service is primarily recognized as tech-empowerment service income and, to a lesser extent, referral services and other services income.


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Credit facilitation service income		9,666,120		74.0		10,999,931		77.5		9,562,072		1,367,358		72.7
Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented		5,001,881		38.3		6,325,924		44.5		4,988,562		713,355		38.0
Guarantee income		2,519,284		19.3		2,663,824		18.8		2,423,570		346,566		18.4
Financing income		2,144,955		16.4		2,010,183		14.2		2,149,940		307,437		16.3
Tech-empowerment service income		1,640,453		12.6		1,881,376		13.2		2,081,335		297,627		15.8
Installment e-commerce platform service income		1,750,509		13.4		1,322,287		9.3		1,508,680		215,738		11.5
Total operating revenue		13,057,082		100.0		14,203,594		100.0		13,152,087		1,880,723		100.0

Installment e-commerce platform service. We generate Installment e-commerce platform service income from our e-commerce platform. We engage in the online direct sales along with our Installment e-commerce platform service, which is recorded on a gross basis, and we also earned commissions from third-party sellers made on our online marketplace through our e-commerce platform.

Credit facilitation service

•

Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented. With respect to off-balance sheet loans where we provide guarantee services, we take all credit risks of borrowers in respect of off-balance sheet loans through the relevant guarantee arrangements, and generate loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented under credit-oriented model for provision of intermediary services to both the users and the funding partners, including loan facilitation and matching, account maintenance, collection, and payment processing services and financing guarantee services, if any.

•

Guarantee income. The guarantee liabilities accounted for under ASC 460 are released from the underlying risk, i.e., as the underlying loan is repaid by the borrower or when the lender is compensated in the event of a borrower’s default and recognized as guarantee income.

•

Financing income. We generate financing income from on-balance sheet loans, which are funded by establishment of the consolidated Trusts and issuance of asset‑backed securitized debts, as well as loans funded by our own microcredit company.

Tech-empowerment service

We generate tech-empowerment service income from profit sharing model, referral services as well as other services including technical services to financial institutions, subscription services and others.

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Operating cost


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Cost of sales		1,635,635		19.1		1,319,526		14.4		1,206,033		172,460		13.9
Funding cost		513,869		6.0		326,451		3.6		228,958		32,741		2.6
Processing and servicing cost		1,935,016		22.7		2,291,904		25.0		2,442,557		349,281		28.1
Provision for financing and interest receivables		627,061		7.3		865,524		9.4		1,016,742		145,392		11.7
Provision for contract assets and receivables		629,308		7.4		718,413		7.8		614,364		87,853		7.1
Provision for contingent liabilities of guarantee		3,203,123		37.5		3,655,548		39.8		3,174,787		453,989		36.6
Total operating cost		8,544,012		100.0		9,177,366		100.0		8,683,441		1,241,716		100.0

Cost of sales. Our cost of sales consists of the purchase price of the products, shipping charges and handling costs, as well as inventory write-downs, which were not significant in 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Funding cost. Our funding cost consists of interest expenses paid to institutional funding partners under on-balance sheet loan and amortization of deferred debt issuance cost incurred in connection with obtaining these debts, such as origination fees and legal fees.

Processing and servicing cost. Our processing and servicing cost consist primarily of vendor costs related to credit assessment, user and system support, payment processing services and collection services associated with originating, facilitating and servicing loans, and related payroll cost and related share-based compensation expenses for personnel engaged in processing and servicing activities.

Provision for financing receivables. We evaluate the creditworthiness and collectability of our on-balance sheet loan portfolio on a pooled basis. The provision for financing receivables represents an estimate of the losses inherent in our on-balance sheet loan portfolio.

Provision for contract assets and receivables. We evaluate the collectability of our contract assets and receivables primarily related to loan facilitation and servicing fees. The provision for contract assets and receivables primarily represents an estimate of the credit losses inherent in our off-balance sheet loan portfolio.

Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities. After the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, a separate contingent liability in full amount determined using current expected credit losses (“CECL”) lifetime methodology is accounted for in addition to and separately from the guarantee liabilities accounted for under ASC 460, and relevant credit losses are recorded as “Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities.”

Operating expenses


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Sales and marketing expenses		1,733,301		65.8		1,787,299		65.2		1,918,894		274,398		66.7
Research and development expenses		513,284		19.5		578,243		21.1		595,316		85,129		20.7
General and administrative expenses		387,387		14.7		374,481		13.7		361,819		51,739		12.6
Total operating expenses		2,633,972		100.0		2,740,023		100.0		2,876,029		411,266		100.0

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Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising costs and payroll and related share-based compensation expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and business development activities. Advertising costs consist primarily of costs of online advertising and offline promotional activities.

Research and development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and related share-based compensation expenses for IT professionals involved in developing our technology platform and website, depreciation of server and other equipment, bandwidth and data center costs.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related share-based compensation expenses for employees engaged in general corporate functions, including finance, legal and human resources, costs associated with use of facilities and equipment, such as depreciation expenses, rental and other general corporate related expenses.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation. The Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties, which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not a party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong profit tax at a rate of 16.5%. No Hong Kong profit tax has been levied as we did not have assessable profit that was earned in or derived from the Hong Kong subsidiaries during the periods presented. Hong Kong does not impose a withholding tax on dividends. Commencing from the year of assessment of 2018, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e., 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate.

Mainland China

Generally, our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries, which are considered PRC resident enterprises under PRC tax law, are subject to enterprise income tax on their worldwide taxable income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards at a rate of 25%, if they are not eligible for any preferential tax treatment. However, an HNTE is instead subject to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. During this three-year period, an HNTE must conduct a qualification self-review each year to ensure it meets the HNTE criteria, and will be subject to the regular 25% income tax rate for any year in which it does not meet the criteria. In December 2022, one of our PRC subsidiaries obtained a qualification as HNTE for 2022, 2023 and 2024. In December 2025, the subsidiary renewed its qualification as HNTE for 2025, 2026 and 2027. In this regard, it was subject to 15% income tax rate in 2025. Pursuant to the Circular on Income Tax Policies for “Software Enterprises Encouraged by the State” announced on April 23, 2021, a “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” is entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with its first profitable year and a 50% reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. One of our PRC subsidiaries was qualified as “Software Enterprises Encouraged by the State” from 2021. As a result, it is entitled to an income tax exemption for the years of 2021 and 2022 and a preferential income tax rate of 12.5% from 2023 to 2025. The “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” is subject to review by the relevant authorities every year.

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Benefiting from Notice of Promoting High-Level Opening and High-Quality Development of Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone In The New Era, and Announcement on The Continuation of The Western Development Enterprise Income Tax Policy, two of our PRC subsidiaries are entitled for a preferential income tax rate of 15% for China’s Western Development Strategy. Therefore, the two subsidiaries applied a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2023 to 2030. In the meantime, the local tax bureau in Guangxi exempted 40% of the income based on the preferential income tax rate of 15%. One of our PRC subsidiaries is entitled to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 9% from 2023 to 2027.

Our online direct sales revenue from sales of electronic products, home appliance products and general merchandise products had been subject to a 17% value-added tax until May 1, 2018, when the rate was adjusted to 16%. The tax rate was further adjusted to 13% from April 1, 2019. Our financial services income from services to our customers in the PRC is subject to a 6% value-added tax.

Dividends paid by our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China to our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the relevant Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital and receives approval from the relevant tax authority. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies all the requirements under the tax arrangement and receives approval from the relevant tax authority, then the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at the standard rate of 5%. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total operating revenue for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparisons of results of operations should not be relied upon as indicative of future performance.

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	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023					2024					2025
	RMB			%		RMB			%		RMB			US$			%
	(in thousands, except for per share and per ADS data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Operating revenue:
Credit facilitation service income		9,666,120			74.0		10,999,931			77.5		9,562,072			1,367,358			72.7
Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented-credit oriented		5,001,881			38.3		6,325,924			44.5		4,988,562			713,355			38.0
Guarantee income		2,519,284			19.3		2,663,824			18.8		2,423,570			346,566			18.4
Financing income		2,144,955			16.4		2,010,183			14.2		2,149,940			307,437			16.3
Tech-empowerment service income		1,640,453			12.6		1,881,376			13.2		2,081,335			297,627			15.8
Installment e-commerce platform service income		1,750,509			13.4		1,322,287			9.3		1,508,680			215,738			11.5
Total operating revenue		13,057,082			100.0		14,203,594			100.0		13,152,087			1,880,723			100.0
Operating cost:
Cost of sales		(1,635,635	)		-12.5		(1,319,526	)		-9.3		(1,206,033	)		(172,460	)		-9.2
Funding cost		(513,869	)		-3.9		(326,451	)		-2.3		(228,958	)		(32,741	)		-1.7
Processing and servicing cost		(1,935,016	)		-14.8		(2,291,904	)		-16.1		(2,442,557	)		(349,281	)		-18.6
Provision for financing receivables		(627,061	)		-4.8		(865,524	)		-6.1		(1,016,742	)		(145,392	)		-7.7
Provision for contract assets and receivables		(629,308	)		-4.8		(718,413	)		-5.1		(614,364	)		(87,853	)		-4.7
Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities		(3,203,123	)		-24.5		(3,655,548	)		-25.7		(3,174,787	)		(453,989	)		-24.1
Total operating cost		(8,544,012	)		-65.4		(9,177,366	)		-64.6		(8,683,441	)		(1,241,716	)		-66.0
Gross profit		4,513,070			34.6		5,026,228			35.4		4,468,646			639,007			34.0
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing expenses		(1,733,301	)		-13.3		(1,787,299	)		-12.6		(1,918,894	)		(274,398	)		-14.6
Research and development expenses		(513,284	)		-3.9		(578,243	)		-4.1		(595,316	)		(85,129	)		-4.5
General and administrative expenses		(387,387	)		-3.0		(374,481	)		-2.6		(361,819	)		(51,739	)		-2.8
Total operating expenses		(2,633,972	)		-20.2		(2,740,023	)		-19.3		(2,876,029	)		(411,266	)		-21.9
Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value		(206,368	)		-1.6		(979,234	)		-6.9		508,160			72,666			3.9
Interest expense, net		(50,483	)		-0.4		(9,007	)		-0.1		(22,732	)		(3,251	)		-0.2
Investment loss		(303,235	)		-2.3		(2,417	)		-		(21,903	)		(3,132	)		-0.2
Others, net		7,774			0.1		58,188			0.4		19,461			2,783			0.1
Income before income tax expense		1,326,786			10.2		1,353,735			9.5		2,075,603			296,807			15.8
Income tax expense		(260,841	)		-2.0		(253,275	)		-1.8		(398,526	)		(56,988	)		-3.0
Net income		1,065,945			8.2		1,100,460			7.7		1,677,077			239,819			12.8
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company		1,065,945			8.2		1,100,460			7.7		1,677,077			239,819			12.8

(1)

Share-based compensation expenses are allocated to processing and servicing cost and operating expense items as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Processing and servicing cost		246		0.0		3,173		0.0		16,232		2,321		0.1
Sales and marketing expenses		17,454		0.1		13,756		0.1		19,354		2,768		0.1
Research and development expenses		23,547		0.2		10,715		0.1		13,353		1,909		0.1
General and administrative expenses		76,605		0.6		66,979		0.5		47,236		6,755		0.4

135

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Operating revenue

Operating revenue decreased by 7.4% from RMB14,204 million in 2024 to RMB13,152 million (US$1,881 million) in 2025. This decrease in operating revenues was primarily attributable to a decrease in credit facilitation service income, partially offset by increases in tech-empowerment service income and installment e-commerce platform service income for the year.

Credit facilitation service income. Credit facilitation service income decreased by 13.1% from RMB11,000 million in 2024 to RMB9,562 million (US$1,367 million) in 2025. The decrease was driven by the decreases in loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented and guarantee income, partially offset by the increase in financing income.

•

Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented. Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented decreased by 21.1% from RMB6,326 million in 2024 to RMB4,989 million (US$713 million) in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in the APR of off-balance sheet loans and the decrease in origination of off-balance sheet loans.

•

Guarantee income. Guarantee income decreased by 9.0% from RMB2,664 million in 2024 to RMB2,424 million (US$347 million) in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease of annual average outstanding balances in the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain institutional funding partners, which are accounted for under ASC 460, Guarantees.

•

Financing income. Financing income increased by 7.0% from RMB2,010 million in 2024 to RMB2,150 million (US$307 million) in 2025. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in the outstanding balances of on-balance sheet loans.

Tech-empowerment service income. Tech-empowerment service income increased by 10.6% from RMB1,881 million in 2024 to RMB2,081 million (US$298 million) in 2025. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in referral services.

Installment e-commerce platform service. Installment e-commerce platform service income increased by 14.1% from RMB1,322 million in 2024 to RMB1,509 million (US$216 million) in 2025. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in transaction volume with third-party sellers.

Operating cost

Operating cost decreased by 5.4% from RMB9,177 million in 2024 to RMB8,683 million (US$1,242 million) in 2025, primarily as a result of the decreases in provision for contingent guarantee liabilities, cost of sales, provision for contract assets and receivables and funding cost, partially offset by the increases in provision for financing receivables and processing and servicing cost.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales decreased by 8.6% from RMB1,320 million in 2024 to RMB1,206 million (US$172 million) in 2025. The decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in transaction volume of online direct sales which is recorded on a gross basis.

Funding cost. Funding cost decreased by 29.8% from RMB326 million in 2024 to RMB229 million (US$32.7 million) in 2025.The decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in funding rates and balance of funding debts to fund the on-balance sheet loans.

Processing and servicing cost. Processing and servicing costs increased by 6.6% from RMB2,292 million in 2024 to RMB2,443 million (US$349 million) in 2025. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in risk management expenses.

Provision for financing receivables. Provision for financing receivables was RMB1,017 million (US$145 million) for 2025, as compared to RMB866 million for 2024. The increase was primarily due to the increase of the outstanding loan balances of on-balance sheet loans.

136

Provision for contract assets and receivables. Provision for contract assets and receivables was RMB614 million (US$87.9 million) in 2025, as compared to RMB718 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by the decrease of the outstanding loan balances of off-balance sheet loans.

Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities. Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities was RMB3,175 million (US$454 million) in 2025, as compared to RMB3,656 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease of outstanding balances in the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain institutional funding partners, which are accounted for under ASC 460, Guarantees.

Gross profit

As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit decreased by 11.1% from RMB5,026 million in 2024 to RMB4,469 million (US$639 million) in 2025. Our gross margin decreased from 35.4% in 2024 to 34.0% in 2025.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses was RMB2,876 million (US$411 million) in 2025, as compared with RMB2,740 million in 2024.

Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses was RMB1,919 million (US$274 million) in 2025, as compared to RMB1,787 million in 2024. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in online advertising costs.

Research and development. Research and development expenses was RMB595 million (US$85.1 million) in 2025, as compared to RMB578 million in 2024. The increase was primarily due to the increase in personnel-related costs.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses was RMB362 million (US$51.7 million) in 2025, as compared to RMB374 million in 2024.

Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value

Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value was a gain of RMB508 million (US$72.7 million) in 2025, as compared to a loss of RMB979 million in 2024. The change was primarily driven by the fair value gains realized as a result of the release of guarantee obligation as loans are repaid, partially offset by the fair value loss from the re-measurement of the expected loss rates.

Investment loss

Investment loss was RMB 21.9 million (US$3.1 million) in 2025, as compared to RMB2.4 million in 2024. The increase was primarily due to the losses picked up in 2025.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense increased by 57.7% from RMB253 million in 2024 to RMB399 million (US$57.0 million) in 2025. The increase was primarily due to the increase in income before income tax expense.

Net income

As a result of the foregoing, our net income increased by 52.4% from RMB1,100 million in 2024 to RMB1,677 million (US$240 million) in 2025.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

For a detailed description of the comparison of our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Results of Operations—Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023” of our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 18, 2025.

137

Changes in Financial Position

The following table sets forth selected information from our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2025. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		US$
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		2,254,213		2,156,133		308,323
Restricted cash-current		1,638,479		1,717,773		245,638
Restricted term deposit and short-term investments		138,497		78,458		11,219
Short-term financing receivables, net		4,668,715		5,450,418		779,399
Short-term contract assets and receivables, net		5,448,057		3,763,096		538,116
Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies		2,355,343		2,187,609		312,824
Restricted cash-non-current		100,860		91,937		13,147
Long-term financing receivables, net		112,427		167,378		23,935
Long-term contract assets and receivables, net		317,402		317,496		45,401
Long‑term investments		284,197		243,971		34,887
Other assets		500,363		535,242		76,539
TOTAL ASSETS		22,240,779		23,162,963		3,312,259
Liabilities:
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term borrowings		690,772		905,791		129,526
Short‑term funding debts		2,754,454		2,440,685		349,013
Deferred guarantee income		975,102		1,305,911		186,743
Contingent guarantee liabilities		1,079,000		544,191		77,818
Long-term borrowings		585,024		566,015		80,939
Long‑term funding debts		1,197,211		850,590		121,633
TOTAL LIABILITIES		11,500,773		11,210,332		1,603,051
Total shareholders’ equity		10,740,006		11,952,631		1,709,208

Cash and cash equivalents

Our cash and cash equivalents decreased by 4.35% from RMB2,254 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB2,156 million (US$308 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the net cash provided by operation activities of RMB3,614 million (US$517 million), the net cash used in investing activities of RMB2,612 million (US$373 million), and the net cash used in financing activities of RMB1,031 million (US$147 million). See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Flows.”

Restricted cash

Restricted cash mainly represents (i) cash received from users but not yet repaid to funding parties or received from funding parties but not yet remitted to users, which is not available to fund our general liquidity needs; and (ii) security deposits set aside for our partnering commercial banks in case of users’ defaults; and (iii) cash received via consolidated trust and ABS that has not been distributed.

Restricted cash increased by 4.84% from RMB1,739 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB1,810 million (US$259 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to an increase in the security deposits placed with and set aside for our partnering commercial banks in case of users' defaults.

Financing receivables, net

Financing receivables, net increased by 17.5% from RMB4,781 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB5,618 million (US$803 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the increase associated with on-balance sheet loans originated on our platform in 2025.

Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies

138

We engaged third-party licensed insurance companies and guarantee companies to provide assurance to some institutional funding partners, and are required to prepay certain amount of deposit as guarantee to these insurance companies and guarantee companies. Such prepayment in the bank accounts of these insurance companies and guarantee companies is recorded as deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies. Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies decreased by 7.1% from RMB2,355 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB2,188 million (US$313 million) as of December 31, 2025. This decrease is primarily due to the decrease in underlying loan balance.

Short-term and long-term contract assets and receivables, net

The contract assets and receivables decreased by 29.2% from RMB5,765 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB4,081 million (US$584 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the decrease in off-balance sheet loans originated.

Other assets

Other assets increased by 7.0% from RMB500 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB535 million (US$76.5 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the increase of long-term receivables from third parties.

Borrowings

Borrowings increased by 15.4% from RMB1,276 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB1,472 million (US$210 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to additional borrowings from banks.

Funding debts

Funding debts decreased by 16.7% from RMB3,952 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB3,291 million (US$471 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the reduction of on-balance sheet funding scale.

Deferred guarantee income

Our deferred guarantee income increased by 33.9% from RMB975 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB1,306 million (US$187 million) as of December 31, 2025, due to the increase of loan origination of the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain institutional funding partners, which are accounted for under ASC 460, Guarantees.

Contingent guarantee liabilities

Our contingent guarantee liabilities decreased by 49.6% from RMB1,079 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB544 million (US$77.8 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the improvement of the loan portfolio in the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain institutional funding partners, which are accounted for under ASC 460, Guarantees.

Accruals and other current liabilities

Accruals and other current liabilities increased by 8.8% from RMB4,020 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB4,371 million (US$625 million) as of December 31, 2025, primarily due to the increase in deferred service fees and amount due to third parties.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

139

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash generated by operating activities, the funding provided by institutional funding partners, issuance of convertible notes and asset-backed securities. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had RMB2,625 million, RMB2,254 million and RMB2,156 million (US$308 million), respectively, in cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents solely consist of demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions. We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and our anticipated cash flows from operations and financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements, capital expenditures and repayment need of debt becoming due for the next 12 months from the date of this annual report on Form 20-F. We may, however, need additional capital in the future to fund our continued operations. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have on hand at the time, we may seek to issue equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. The issuance and sale of additional equity or convertible loans would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that might restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Although we consolidate the results of the variable interest entities, we only have access to cash balances or future earnings of the consolidated variable interest entities through our contractual arrangements with them. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.” For restrictions and limitations on liquidity and capital resources as a result of our corporate structure, see “—Holding Company Structure.”

As a Cayman Islands exempted company and offshore holding company, we are permitted under the PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China only through loans or capital contributions, subject to the approval of government authorities and limits on the amount of capital contributions and loans. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China may provide Renminbi funding to their respective subsidiaries through capital contributions and loans, and to the consolidated variable interest entities only through loans. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We and the VIEs are subject to the PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in the PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulations on currency conversion when making loans to our PRC subsidiaries and the consolidated variable interest entities or making additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” and “Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds.”

Funding debts

Liabilities to institutional funding partners. As part of our arrangement with institutional funding partners, we typically agree on an aggregate amount of funds to be provided, the maximum credit limit given to an individual customer, the maximum borrowing term and an annualized interest rate. These liabilities mature between January 2024 and March 2027, and had weighted average interest rates of 9.1%, 7.4% and 5.5%, as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, institutional funding partners funded an aggregate amount of RMB4,380 million and RMB3,307 million (US$471 million), in our outstanding financing receivables, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, financing receivables amounting to RMB11.9 million and RMB1,197 million (US$170 million) were pledged as collateral, respectively. The increase in pledged collateral in 2025 was due to the increase in the amount of funds provided by certain institutional funding partners.

The following table summarizes our outstanding funding debts on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively:


	As of or for the Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		US$

Short-term:
Liabilities to institutional funding partners		2,754,454		2,440,685		349,013
Total short-term funding debts		2,754,454		2,440,685		349,013
Long-term:
Liabilities to institutional funding partners		1,197,211		850,590		121,633
Total long-term funding debts		1,197,211		850,590		121,633

140

The following table summarizes the remaining contractual maturity dates of our funding debts on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and associated interest payments.


	1-12 months		12-24 months		Total
	(RMB in thousands)
Liabilities to institutional funding partners		2,440,685		850,590		3,291,275
Total funding debts		2,440,685		850,590		3,291,275
Interest payments (1)		92,565		52,981		145,546
Total interest payments		92,565		52,981		145,546

(1)

Interest payments for funding debts with variable interest rates are calculated using the interest rate as of December 31, 2025.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the years presented:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,817,572			1,081,458			3,614,441			516,858
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		2,334,452			(904,880	)		(2,611,670	)		(373,463	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(3,882,952	)		(387,277	)		(1,030,961	)		(147,426	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		3,914			1,082			481			69
Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		1,272,986			(209,617	)		(27,709	)		(3,962	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		2,930,183			4,203,169			3,993,552			571,070
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		4,203,169			3,993,552			3,965,843			567,108

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB3,614 million (US$517 million) in 2025. In 2025, the difference between net cash provided by operating activities and our net income of RMB1,677 million (US$240 million) mainly resulted from provision for contingent guarantee liabilities of RMB3,175 million (US$454 million), provision for financing and interest receivables of RMB1,017 million (US$145 million), provision for contract assets and receivables of RMB614 million (US$87.9 million) and net gain of change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value of RMB508 million (US$72.7 million). Changes in operating assets and liabilities mainly included a decrease in contingent guarantee liabilities of RMB3,710 million (US$530 million), a decrease in contract assets and receivables of RMB1,104 million (US$158 million), and a decrease in financing receivables related to online direct sales of RMB620 million (US$88.6 million), an increase in prepayments and other current assets of RMB1,118 million (US$160 million), an increase in deferred guarantee income of RMB331 million (US$47.3 million), and an increase in accruals and other current liabilities of RMB211 million (US$30.1 million).

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB1,081 million in 2024. In 2024, the difference between net cash provided by operating activities and our net income of RMB1,100 million mainly resulted from provision for contingent guarantee liabilities of RMB3,656 million, net loss of change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value of RMB979 million, provision for financing and interest receivables of RMB866 million, provision for contract assets and receivables of RMB718 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities mainly included a decrease in contingent guarantee liabilities of RMB4,385 million, a decrease in accruals and other current liabilities of RMB1,712 million, a decrease in deferred guarantee income of RMB563 million, a decrease in other operating assets of RMB323 million, a decrease in deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies of RMB258 million, and a decrease in contract assets and receivables of RMB267 million.

141

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB2,818 million in 2023. In 2023, the difference between net cash provided by operating activities and our net income of RMB1,066 million mainly resulted from provision for contingent guarantee liabilities of RMB3,203 million, provision for contract assets and receivables of RMB629 million, provision for financing and interest receivables of RMB627 million, net loss of change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value of RMB206 million, share-based compensation expenses of RMB118 million, depreciation and amortization of RMB105 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities mainly included an increase in deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies of RMB364 million, an increase in contract assets and receivables of RMB2,841 million, a decrease in contingent guarantee liabilities of RMB2,277 million, an increase in accruals and other current liabilities of RMB1,151 million and an increase in deferred guarantee income of RMB644 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB2,612 million (US$373 million) in 2025, which was primarily attributable to financing receivables originated and purchased (excluding receivables related to online direct sales) of RMB22,238 million (US$3,180 million), and investments in loans at fair value of RMB2,542 million (US$364 million), partially offset by principal collection on financing receivables and recoveries (excluding receivables related to online direct sales) of RMB19,067 million (US$2,726 million), and collection of loans at fair value of RMB3,010 million (US$430 million).

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB905 million in 2024, which was primarily attributable to financing receivables originated and purchased (excluding receivables related to online direct sales) of RMB16,162 million, and investments in loans at fair value of RMB4,593 million, partially offset by principal collection on financing receivables and recoveries (excluding receivables related to online direct sales) of RMB14,972 million, and collection of loans at fair value of RMB4,923 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities was RMB2,334 million in 2023, which was primarily attributable to principal collection on financing receivables and recoveries (excluding receivables related to online direct sales) of RMB19,888 million, collection of principals of loans at fair value RMB5,120 million, and withdrawal of restricted term deposit and short-term investments of RMB2,130 million, partially offset by financing receivables originated and purchased (excluding receivables related to online direct sales) of RMB18,316 million, investments in loans at fair value of RMB5,155 million and placement of restricted term deposit and short-term investments of RMB1,103 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB1,031 million (US$147 million) in 2025, which was primarily attributable to principle payments on funding debts of RMB13,752 million (US$1,967 million), principle payments on borrowings of RMB942 million (US$135 million), partially offset by proceeds from funding debts of RMB13,092 million (US$1,872 million) and proceeds from borrowings of RMB1,139 million (US$163 million).

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB387 million in 2024, which was primarily attributable to principle payments on funding debts of RMB12,684 million, principle payments on borrowings of RMB781 million, and repayments of convertible loans of RMB504 million, partially offset by proceeds from funding debts of RMB12,697 million and proceeds from borrowings of RMB1,030 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB3,883 million in 2023, which was primarily attributable to principle payments on funding debts of RMB19,719 million and principle payments on borrowings of RMB2,266 million, partially offset by proceeds from funding debts of RMB17,938 million and proceeds from borrowings of RMB1,958 million.

142

Material Cash Requirements

Our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2025 and any subsequent interim period primarily include capital expenditures and contractual obligations, including funding debts, short-term borrowings, operating lease obligations, and commitment to purchase delinquent loans.

Capital Expenditures

We incurred capital expenditures of RMB222 million, RMB244 million and RMB362 million (US$51.6 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for purchases of property, equipment and software, and in construction of our new headquarters located in Shenzhen. Our capital expenditures for 2026 are expected to be approximately RMB104 million, including RMB61.6 million payment in construction of our new headquarters located in Shenzhen, and RMB42.3 million in expansion and enhancement of our information technology infrastructure. We will continue to incur capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business.

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations, including interest payments, as of December 31, 2025:


	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 year		1— 2 years		2 — 3 years		More than 3 years
	(RMB in thousands)
Contractual Obligations:
Debts obligations
Funding debts		3,436,821		2,533,250		903,571		—		—
Borrowings		1,575,331		946,643		113,644		110,177		404,867
Operating lease obligations		44,856		32,970		8,858		3,028		—
Commitment for construction		307,889		226,509		81,380		—		—
Commitment to purchase delinquent loans		81,890		81,890	—		—		—
Total		5,446,787		3,821,262		1,107,453		113,205		404,867

Other than those shown above, we did not have any significant capital and other commitments as of December 31, 2025. We intend to fund our existing and future material cash requirements with our existing cash balance. We will continue to make cash commitments, including capital expenditures, to support the growth of our business. For guarantees provided by us, please refer to the section "Off- Balance Sheet Arrangements" below.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We provide services in connection with off-balance sheet loans, including account maintenance, collection and payment processing from user and distributions to certain institutional funding partners. According to relevant financial guarantee contracts with certain institutional funding partners, the guarantee provided by us is solely for the purpose of reimbursing them in the event that the borrowers fail to satisfy their required payment obligations. See “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies-Guarantee receivables and liabilities.”

Other than the above, we have not entered into any other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

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Holding Company Structure

LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through (i) our PRC subsidiaries and (ii) the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries in China. As a result, LexinFintech Holdings Ltd.’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If our existing PRC subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under the PRC laws, each of our subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China and the variable interest entity may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our PRC subsidiaries have not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Technology” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period since January 1, 2026 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial condition.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires our management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on our own historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable after taking account of our circumstances and expectations for the future based on available information. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. There are other items within our financial statements that require estimation but are not deemed critical, as defined above. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our financial statements. For a detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies and related judgments, see “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies.”

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Allowance for credit losses

The allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of expected credit losses on the financial assets measured at amortized cost and financial guarantees not accounted for as derivatives for off-balance sheet loans. The expected credit losses on these financial assets and contingent guarantee liabilities are determined using a pooled basis within respective credit risk classification levels of the underlying customers, taking into consideration the historical credit loss experience, the current credit quality of the portfolio and application of macroeconomic forecasts.

The allowance for credit losses is based on our significant judgment regarding:

•

Probability of default. The expected probability of payment and time to default, which include assumptions about macroeconomic factors and recent performance; and

•

Loss given default. The percentage of the expected balance due at default that is not recoverable. The loss given default takes into account the expected future recoveries.

The macroeconomic factors used in estimation include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses, such as CPI and Total retail sales of consumer goods. Total retail sales of consumer goods is formulated by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, it reflects the total domestic market volume of physical goods consumption and catering revenue.

Changes in the probability of default and loss given default assumptions would affect the allowance for credit losses. The effect of the indicated increase/decrease in the assumptions for the consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in RMB thousands):


Assumption	Relative Change in Basis Point	Increase/(Decrease)
Probability of default (lifetime)	+/- 100 bps	34,553 / (34,553)
Loss given default	+/- 100 bps	72,747 / (72,747)

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Fair value measurement of financial guarantee derivatives

Financial guarantee derivatives provided for off-balance sheet loans are recorded at fair value at the inception of the off-balance sheet loans and are subsequently remeasured at fair value on an ongoing basis. The estimated fair value of the financial guarantee derivatives is determined based on a discounted cash flow model, with reference to the estimates of expected loss rates and margins on cost of guarantee services.

Our estimate of fair value is based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. The significant assumptions in the determination of the fair value of financial guarantee derivatives include the expected loss rates for off-balance sheet loans and estimated margins on cost of guarantee services. Changes in the assumptions may have a significant impact on the fair value of financial guarantee derivatives. The effect of the indicated increase/decrease in the assumption of the expected loss rates for off-balance sheet loans for the consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in RMB thousands):


Assumption	Relative Change in Basis Point	(Decrease)/Increase
Weighted average cumulative loss rate (i)	+/- 100 bps	(31,910)/ 31,910

(i) Expressed as a percentage of the original principal balance of the loans.

Revenue recognition for loan facilitation and servicing fees- credit oriented and performance based

We provide intermediary services to the borrowers and funding partners as the lenders. The intermediary services provided include (i) loan facilitation and matching services, (ii) post-origination services (i.e. account maintenance, collection, and payment processing), and (iii) a financial guarantee, if any. We identify loan facilitation and matching services and post-origination services as distinct and separate performance obligations. A financial guarantee is recorded at fair value at inception of each loan. The total transaction price is first allocated to the financial guarantee based on the estimated fair value of the guarantee liability at the loan inception, the remaining consideration is allocated to each of the performance obligations based on relative standalone selling price, and include variable consideration in the estimated transaction price when it is probable that significant reversal of revenue recognized would not occur when the uncertainty associated with variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Revenues from loan facilitation and matching services are recognized at point-in-time upon the successful matching of the loans, and revenues from post-origination services are recognized ratably over the terms of the loans. Revenue from loan facilitation and servicing fees-performance based is recognized at predetermined revenue sharing rates based on the repayment collected from the borrowers by funding partners. Such revenue sharing rates are determined based on the performance of the underlying off-balance sheet loans.

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Significant judgment is applied in allocation of transaction prices for each distinct performance obligation and in determination of variable considerations. We primarily use the expected cost plus a margin approach to determine the standalone selling price. A number of key factors were considered for the estimation of standalone selling price, including the estimated cost of providing the services and the estimated margins. The variable consideration of loan facilitation and servicing fees-performance based is estimated using the expected value method, i.e, based on revenue sharing rates and estimated repayment amount collectible from the borrowers by funding partners, taking into consideration of the expected loss rates of the underlying off-balance sheet loans. The increase in the expected loss rates of the underlying off-balance sheet loans will result in the decrease in revenue recognized. We update our estimate on a quarterly basis, and any adjustments to the estimate are recognized as adjustments to revenue using the cumulative catch-up method. The revenue recognition is sensitive to our estimates in these factors. Changes in our estimates of these factors may have a significant impact on the revenue recognized.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this annual report.


Directors and Executive Officers	Age		Position/Title
Jay Wenjie Xiao		42	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
James Xigui Zheng		60	Chief Financial Officer and Director
Arvin Zhanwen Qiao		43	Chief Risk Officer and Director
Wei Wu		61	Independent Director
Xiaoguang Wu		50	Independent Director
Neng Wang		52	Independent Director
Annabelle Yu Long		53	Independent Director

Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao is our founder and has served as our chief executive officer and director since our inception. Mr. Xiao has served as chairman of the board since December 2017. Mr. Xiao has over 10 years of experience in the online finance industry. Prior to founding our company, Mr. Xiao served as product manager in the infrastructure platform department of Tenpay, a leading online payment platform in China owned by Tencent, and was responsible for product development and operations. Mr. Xiao received his bachelor’s degree in design from Nanchang Hangkong University in 2005.

Mr. James Xigui Zheng has served as our chief financial officer and director since January 2023. Prior to joining us, Mr. Zheng served as the chief financial officer of Lufax Holding Ltd (NYSE: LU) from December 2017 to May 2022. He has served as the chief financial officer of Shanghai Lufax Information Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shanghai Lujiazui International Financial Asset Exchange Co., Ltd.) from August 2014 to December 2017. Mr. Zheng served as a senior consultant at Accenture (formerly known as Andersen Consulting) from 1992 to 1994. From 1994 to 2000, Mr. Zheng held various positions at U S West Inc. MediaOne (now part of Comcast) and U S West Communications (now part of CenturyLink). Mr. Zheng joined eBay Inc. in May 2000 where he served various senior management positions, including chief financial officer and chief operation officer of eBay China from August 2003 to July 2005 and the chief operating officer of PayPal China from July 2005 to August 2007. Mr. Zheng served as the president of Beijing Kaituo Tianji Information Technology Limited Company from August 2007 to March 2010. He subsequently joined Shanghai Fosun Hi-tech (Group) Co., Ltd. where he was the deputy chief financial officer of the group from May 2010 to August 2012, the chief executive officer of JOY.CN from August 2012 to September 2013 and the managing director of Fosun Capital from September 2013 to August 2014. Mr. Zheng obtained his MBA degree from the University of Denver in June 1992. He is a certified public accountant in the State of Colorado.

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Mr. Arvin Zhanwen Qiao has served as our chief risk officer since December 2023, and as our director since March 2024. Mr. Qiao has over a decade of experience as a senior leader in risk management space at a top-tier consumer finance company in China. Prior to joining Lexin, Mr. Qiao served as a senior director at Ant Group and deputy general manager of Chongqing Ant Consumer Finance, where he joined in April 2012, responsible for risk management for Chongqing Ant Consumer Finance. Mr. Qiao has deeply involved in the entire process of building and iterating Ant Group's consumer credit risk management system, with his extensive experience in building risk management teams, innovating risk management technologies, and managing consumer credit risks. In 2022, he was appointed as Deputy General Manager of Chongqing Ant Consumer Finance Co., Ltd., supervising the overall risk management for Ant Consumer Finance in Chongqing. Since 2015, Mr. Qiao had assumed the responsibilities of risk management of consumer credit businesses such as Huabei and Jiebei products. prior to that in 2012, he started to be responsible for quantitative risk management of Taobao credit loans. Mr. Qiao received his bachelor's degree in computer science and technology from Zhengzhou University of Light Industry in 2008 and his master’s degree in statistics from Zhejiang Gongshang University in 2011.

Mr. Wei Wu has served as our independent director since December 2017. Mr. Wu served as chief financial officer of HyalRoute Communication Group Limited from December 2017 to March 2022. Mr. Wu has over 17 years of experience in the investment banking industry. Mr. Wu held several senior positions at leading investment banks. He served as managing director from 2010 to 2017 and as executive director from 2008 to 2010 at Nomura International (Hong Kong) Limited, leading the coverage of TMT sector and general industrial sectors in China. From 2007 to 2008, Mr. Wu served as senior vice president at Lehman Brothers in Hong Kong. Mr. Wu received his bachelor’s degree in economics from Peking University in 1988 and his MBA degree from Harvard Business School in 2000.

Mr. Xiaoguang Wu has served as our director since March 2018 and has become our independent director since August 2018. In June 2015, Mr. Wu established Welight Capital as a Founder. He was named as senior management adviser of Tencent in June 2015. Mr. Wu joined Tencent (SEHK: 00700) in 1999, and was a member of the founding team. He led the development and product planning for Tencent’s core product, QQ, and served as project manager for the QQ research and development team. He also served as general manager of Tencent’s IM product division and the internet business division. From 2012 to 2014, Mr. Wu served as chief executive officer of Tencent’s e-commerce unit. Mr. Wu has extensive experience in product research and development, product planning, product operations and marketing internet products. He received his B.S. degree from Nanjing University in 1996, and an EMBA degree from China Europe International Business School in 2008.

Dr. Neng Wang has served as our independent director since March 2018. Dr. Wang is Dean’s Distinguished Chair Professor of Finance and Senior Associate Dean at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business (CKGSB). Prior to joining CKGSB, he was Chong Khoon Lin Professor of Real Estate at Columbia Business School since 2007. He is also a Research Associate (Senior Research Fellow) at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and a Senior Research Fellow at Asian Bureau of Financial and Economics Research (ABFER). He served as the Honorary Dean of the School of Finance at Shanghai University of Finance and Economics from 2009 to 2022. He has widely published in leading economics, finance, and business journals, won numerous academic awards, and held various editorial positions at leading finance and business journals. Dr. Wang received a B.S. in physical chemistry from Nanjing University, China in 1992, an M.S. in chemistry from California Institute of Technology in 1995, an M.A. in international relations from the University of California, San Diego in 1997, and a Ph.D. in finance from the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University in 2002.

Ms. Annabelle Yu Long has served as our independent director since August 2020. Ms. Long currently serves as the Founding and Managing Partner of BAI Capital. She also serves as a member of Bertelsmann Group Management Committee and the governor of China Venture Capital and Private Equity Association. Formerly, Ms. Long was the chief executive officer of Bertelsmann China Corporate Center and the managing partner of Bertelsmann Asia Investments. Prior to that, she was a Principal at Bertelsmann Digital Media Investments. She joined the international media, services, and education company via the Bertelsmann Entrepreneurs Program in 2005. Ms. Long is a member of the World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders Advisory Council and its Global Agenda Council on the Future of Media, Entertainment & Information and was a member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business Advisory Council from May 2015 to May 2021. Ms. Long serves as an independent director on the board of directors of the Estee Lauder Companies Inc. (NYSE: EL), Tapestry Inc. (NYSE: TPR, its portfolio includes Coach and Kate Spade), Nio Inc. (NYSE: NIO, HKEX: 9866, SGX: NIO) and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited. Ms. Long received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of Electronic Science and Technology in China and an MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

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B. Compensation

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, we paid an aggregate of approximately RMB17.4 million (US$2.49million) in cash to our executive officers and an aggregate of approximately RMB1.7 million (US$240 thousand) in cash to our non-executive directors. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors. Our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entity are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, on-the-job injury insurance, and housing fund plans through a PRC government-mandated defined contribution plan.

Share Incentive Plans

2014 Plan

In September 2014, our board of directors approved the Share Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, to promote our success and the interests of our shareholders by providing a means through which we may grant equity-based incentives to attract, motivate, retain and reward certain officers, employees, directors and other eligible persons and to further link the interests of recipients with those of our shareholders generally. Under the 2014 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of Class A Ordinary Shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the Share Incentive Plan is 35,456,559. Upon the adoption of the 2017 Plan as described below, we no longer granted any awards under the 2014 Plan and all subsequent awards were granted under the 2017 Plan. However, the outstanding and the evidencing original award agreements under the 2014 Plan were not affected and remained effective until the expiration of their original terms, as may be amended from time to time.

2017 Plan

In October 2017, we adopted our 2017 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan, which allows us to offer a variety of share-based incentive awards to employees, officers, directors and individual consultants who render services to us. The plan permits the grant of three types of awards: options, restricted shares and restricted share units. The maximum number of our shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2017 Plan, as amended in November 2023, is 27,859,634, plus an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year of the Company during the ten-year term of the 2017 Plan commencing with the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019, by an amount equal to 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year. As of December 31, 2025, the number of shares available for issuance is approximately 2.7 million. The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2017 Plan:

Plan Administration. Our board of directors, or a committee designated by our board of directors, will administer the plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as appropriate, will determine the provisions and terms and conditions of each option grant.

Award Agreements. Options and other awards granted under the plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each grant, which may include the term of the award and the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates. The exercise price of granted options may be amended or adjusted in the absolute discretion of our board of directors, or a committee designated by our board of directors, without the approval of our shareholders or the recipients of the options.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to employees, directors and consultants of our company or any of our affiliates, which include our parent company, subsidiaries and any entities in which our parent company or a subsidiary of our company holds a substantial ownership interest.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Acceleration of Awards upon Change in Control. If a change-of-control corporate transaction occurs, the plan administrator may, in its sole discretion, provide for (i) all awards outstanding to terminate at a specific time in the future and give each participant the right to exercise the vested portion of such awards during a specific period of time, or (ii) the purchase of any award for an amount of cash equal to the amount that could have been attained upon the exercise of such award, or (iii) the replacement of such award with other rights or property selected by the plan administrator in its sole discretion, or (iv) payment of award in cash based on the value of ordinary shares on the date of the change-of-control corporate transaction plus reasonable interest.

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Term of the Options. The term of each option grant shall be stated in the award agreement, provided that the term shall not exceed ten years from the date of the grant.

Transfer Restrictions. Subject to certain exceptions, awards may not be transferred by the recipient, except as otherwise provided by applicable laws or the award agreement.

Termination of the Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the plan will terminate automatically in 2027. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the plan subject to shareholder approval to the extent necessary to comply with applicable law. However, no such action may impair the rights of any award recipient unless agreed by the recipient.

The following table summarizes, as of the date of this annual report, the outstanding options and restricted share units granted under the 2014 Plan and the 2017 Plan to our directors and executive officers.


Name	Ordinary Shares Underlying Options or Restricted Share Units Awarded		Exercise Price (US$/Share)	Date of Grant	Date of Expiration
Jay Wenjie Xiao		200,000	0.5	October 25, 2019	October 25, 2029
		83,334	0.5	January 15, 2021	January 15, 2031
		200,000	1.51	March 3, 2023	March 3, 2033
	87,500(1)		—	December 29, 2023	—
	60,000(1)		—	February 13, 2026	—
	18,000(1)		—	February 13, 2026	—
James Xigui Zheng	400,000 (1)		—	January 31, 2023	—
	125,000(1)		—	December 29, 2023	—
	135,000(1)		—	January 26, 2025	—
Arvin Zhanwen Qiao	1,000,000(1)		—	January 29, 2024	—
	150,000(1)		—	January 26, 2025	—
	300,000(1)		—	February 13, 2026	—
Wei Wu	60,000 (1)		—	March 18, 2026	—
Xiaoguang Wu	60,000 (1)		—	March 18, 2026	—
Neng Wang	60,000 (1)		—	March 18, 2026	—
Annabelle Yu Long	45,000 (1)		—	August 18, 2024	—
	60,000(1)		—	March 18, 2026	—
All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group		3,043,834

(1)

Represents restricted share units.

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C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Our board of directors consists of seven directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction, proposed contract or transaction notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction is considered. The directors may exercise all the powers of our company to raise or borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property, assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds or other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party. None of our non-executive directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We have three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Wei Wu, Dr. Neng Wang, and Ms. Annabelle Yu Long. Mr. Wei Wu is the chairman of our audit committee. We have determined that Mr. Wei Wu, Dr. Neng Wang, and Ms. Annabelle Yu Long satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(c) (2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and Rule 10 A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

•

reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

•

discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

•

reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

•

reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

•

meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

•

monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Wei Wu and Dr. Neng Wang. Mr. Wei Wu is the chairman of our compensation committee. We have determined Mr. Wei Wu and Dr. Neng Wang satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

•

reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

•

reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and

•

selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

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Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Xiaoguang Wu, Mr. Wei Wu and Dr. Neng Wang. Mr. Xiaoguang Wu is the chairman of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Mr. Xiaoguang Wu, Mr. Wei Wu and Dr. Neng Wang satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

selecting and recommending nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

•

reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

•

making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and

•

advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken.

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Our directors may be appointed by a resolution of our board of directors, or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. A director may be appointed on terms that the director shall automatically retire from office (unless he has sooner vacated office) at the next or a subsequent annual general meeting or upon any specified event or after any specified period in a written agreement between our company and the director, if any; but no such term shall be implied in the absence of express provision. Each director whose term of office expires shall be eligible for re-election at a meeting of the shareholders or re-appointment by the board of directors. A director may be removed from office by an ordinary resolution of the shareholders. A director will cease to be a director if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind, (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company, (iv) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from three consecutive board meetings and our directors resolve that his office be vacated or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our sixth amended and restated articles of association. Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our senior executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon three-month advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as expressly required by applicable law of the jurisdiction where the executive officer is based. The executive officer may resign at any time with a three-month advance written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and trade secrets.

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In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for one year following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach our suppliers, clients, customers or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for the purpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (ii) assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our express consent; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’s termination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we may agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

Board Diversity


Board Diversity Matrix (As of February 28, 2026)
Country of Principal Executive Offices:	People's Republic of China
Foreign Private Issuer	Yes
Disclose Prohibited Under Home Country Law	No
Total Number of Directors	7
Part I: Gender Identity	Female	Male	Non-Binary	Did Not Disclose Gender
Directors	1	6	—	—
Part II: Demographic Background
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction	—
LGBTQ+	—
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background	—

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had 4,268, 4,667 and 7,169 employees, respectively. The following table sets forth the numbers of our employees categorized by function as of December 31, 2025.


	As of December 31, 2025
	Number		% of Total Employees
Functions:
Installment e-commerce and Operations		242		3.4
Risk management		2,414		33.7
Research and development		617		8.6
Sales and marketing		3,552		49.5
General and administrative		344		4.8
Total number of employees		7,169		100

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As required by laws and regulations in China, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including, among others, pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, on-the-job injury insurance, and housing fund plans through a PRC government-mandated defined contribution plan. We are required under PRC laws to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time.

We typically enter into standard employment and confidentiality agreements with our senior management and core personnel. We maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any material labor disputes. None of our employees are represented by labor unions.

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our shares as of February 28, 2026 by:

•

each of our current directors and executive officers; and

•

each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 329,576,547 ordinary shares outstanding as of February 28, 2026, comprising of (i) 258,234,320 Class A ordinary shares, and (ii) 71,342,227 Class B ordinary shares.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person. Ordinary shares held by a shareholder are determined in accordance with our register of members.

See “—B. Compensation” for more details on options and restricted shares granted to our directors and executive officers.


	Class A Ordinary Shares		Class B Ordinary Shares		Percentage of total ordinary shares on an as-converted basis †		Percentage of aggregate voting power††
Directors and Executive Officers*:
Jay Wenjie Xiao(1)		13,898,986		71,342,227		25.8		74.8
James Xigui Zheng(2)		1,129,412	—			0.3		0.1
Arvin Zhanwen Qiao(3)		1,050,000	—			0.3		0.1
Wei Wu(4)		15,000	—			0.0		0.0
Xiaoguang Wu(5)		110,000	—			0.0		0.0
Dr. Neng Wang(6)		45,000	—			0.0		0.0
Annabelle Yu Long(7)		12,414	—			0.0		0.0
All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group		16,260,812		71,342,227		26.6		75.1
Principal Shareholders:
Installment Payment Investment Inc.(8)		13,378,152		71,342,227		25.7		74.8
Rosy Time Global Limited(9)		23,123,466	—			7.0		2.4

* Except for Wei Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Dr. Neng Wang, and Annabelle Yu Long, the business address for our directors and executive officers is 27/ F CES Tower, No. 3099 Keyuan South Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, the People’s Republic of China.

† For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of shares beneficially owned by such person or group by the sum of the total number of shares outstanding as of February 28, 2026 and the number of shares such person or group has the right to acquire upon exercise of option, warrant or other right within 60 days after February 28, 2026. The total number of ordinary shares outstanding as of February 28, 2026 is 329,576,547.

†† For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of Class A ordinary shares is

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entitled to one vote per share and each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share on all matters submitted to them for vote. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder thereof into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

(1)

Represents (i) 6,689,076 ADSs, representing 13,378,152 Class A ordinary shares, and 71,342,227 Class B ordinary shares held by The JX Chen Family Trust through Installment Payment Investment Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands as of March 18, 2026; (ii) 87,500 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Mr. Xiao as of March 18, 2026; and (iii) 433,334 Class A ordinary shares issuable to Mr. Wenjie Xiao upon exercise of options granted to him within 60 days after March 18, 2026. The registered office address of Installment Payment Investment Inc. is Start Chambers, Wickham’s Cay II, P.O. Box 2221, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The beneficiaries of The JX Chen Family Trust are Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao and his family and therefore, Mr. Xiao may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the shares held by Installment Payment Investment Inc. through the Trust.

(2)

Represents (i) 1,119,912 Class A ordinary shares and 750 ADSs, representing 1,500 Class A ordinary shares, directly held by Mr. Zheng and (ii) 4,000 ADSs, representing 8,000 Class A ordinary shares, held by Mr. Zheng's spouse as of March 18, 2026.

(3)

Represents 1,050,000 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Mr. Qiao as of March 18, 2026.

(4)

Represents 15,000 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Mr. Wu as of March 18, 2026. The business address of Mr. Wei Wu is Flat E, 9/F, Tower 5, The Visionary, 1 Ying Hong Street, Tung Chung, Lantau Island, Hong Kong.

(5)

Represents 110,000 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Mr. Wu as of March 18, 2026. The business address of Mr. Xiaoguang Wu is Flat 49A, Tower 6, Phase 4, Bel-Air on The Peak, South Island, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.

(6)

Represents 45,000 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Dr. Wang as of March 18, 2026.The business address of Dr. Neng Wang is 34 Cedarwood Grove, Singapore 738414.

(7)

Represents 12,414 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Ms. Long as of March 18, 2026. The business address of Ms. Annabelle Yu Long is Unit 1610, 16/F, West Tower, Genesis Beijing, 8 Xinyuan South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100027, the People’s Republic of China.

(8)

Represents 13,378,152 Class A ordinary shares and 71,342,227 Class B ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao through The JX Chen Family Trust. See note (1) above.

(9)

Represents 23,123,466 Class A ordinary shares held by Rosy Time Global Limited, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and wholly-owned by Mr. Jared Yi Wu, our former director, as reported on the Schedule 13D filed by Mr. Yi Wu and Rosy Time Global Limited on Janury 8, 2024. The registered address of Rosy Time Global Limited is P.O. Box 957, Offshore Incorporations Centre, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. We issued Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs in our initial public offering.

As of February 28, 2026, 329,576,547 of our ordinary shares were issued and outstanding. To our knowledge, a total of 293,778,096 Class A ordinary shares, representing approximately 89.1% of our total issued ordinary shares, were held by one record shareholder in the United States, which is The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADS program. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.

Except for the above, we are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

F. Disclosure of a Registrant's Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Not applicable.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

B. Related Party Transactions

Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities and Their Shareholders

PRC laws and regulations currently restrict foreign ownership and investment in value-added telecommunications services in China. As a result, we operate our relevant business through the variable interest entities and their subsidiaries based on a series of contractual arrangements. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities.”

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Transactions with Ji’an Aoxinlian

Ji’an Aoxinlian Information Consulting Service Co., Ltd (“Ji’an Aoxinlian”), which provides collection services to the Company, are controlled by the immediate family member of our senior management.

The transactions with Ji’an Aoxinlian for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were RMB14.8 million, RMB35.6 million and RMB40.3 million (US$5.8 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the amounts due to Ji'an Aoxinlian were RMB10.9 million and RMB8.7 million (US$1.2 million), respectively.

Transactions with L.P.

L.P. Technology Holdings Limited (“L.P”) is an equity investment of our company. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, funds provided to L.P. were nil, RMB45.9 million and RMB51.6 million (US$7.4 million), respectively, funds repaid by L.P. were nil, nil and RMB37.5 million (US$5.3 million), respectively, consulting services provided to L.P. were nil, RMB4.4 million and RMB13.4 million (US$1.9 million), respectively and prepayment of share subscription to L.P. were nil, nil and RMB38.1 million (US$5.4 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the amounts due from L.P. were RMB61.7 million and RMB84.5 million (US$12.0 million), respectively and prepayment of share subscription to L.P. were nil and RMB38.1 million (US$5.4 million), respectively.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”

Share Incentive Plans

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention. For risks and uncertainties relating to legal proceedings, please see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We have been and may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.”

Dividend Policy

Our board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends either out of profits or share premium account, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends on our ordinary shares, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings,

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capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

In August 2023, our board of directors approved a semi-annual cash dividend policy. Under the policy, we will declare and distribute a recurring cash dividend semi-annually, starting from the second fiscal quarter of 2023, at an amount equivalent to approximately 15% to 30% of our net profit in the previous six-month period, or as otherwise authorized by the board. The determination to make dividend distributions and the exact amount of such distributions in any particular semi-annual period will be based upon our operations and financial conditions, and other relevant factors, and subject to adjustment and determination by the board. In accordance with the dividend policy, our board of directors has approved a dividend of US$0.058 per ordinary share, or US$0.116 per ADS, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023 in August 2023, a dividend of US$0.033 per ordinary share, or US$0.066 per ADS, for the six-month period ended December 31, 2023 in March 2024, and a dividend of US$0.036 per ordinary share, or US$0.072 per ADS, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024 in August 2024. In November 2024, our board of directors approved a dividend payout ratio of 25% of total net profit for the entire year of 2025. After that, our board of directors has approved a dividend of US$0.097 per ordinary share, or US$0.194 per ADS, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2025 in August 2025 and announced a further increased dividend payout ratio of 30% of total net income since the second half of 2025. In March 2026, our board of directors approved a dividend of US$0.094 per ordinary share, or US$0.188 per ADS, for the six-month period ended December 31, 2025.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. The PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation.”

If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities—American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Item 9. Offer and Listing

A. Offering and Listing Details

Our ADSs, each representing two Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on The Nasdaq Global Market since December 21, 2017 and on The Nasdaq Global Select Market since March 3, 2021. The ADSs trade under the symbol “LX.”

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

The ADSs have been listed on Nasdaq since December 21, 2017 under the symbol “LX.”

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

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F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

The following are summaries of material provisions of our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as well as the Companies Act (As Revised) insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Registered Office and Objects

Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc. The objects of our company are unrestricted and we have the full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the law of the Cayman Islands.

Board of Directors

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Board of Directors.”

Ordinary Shares

Ordinary Shares. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their shares. We may not issue bearer shares.

Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. In addition, our shareholders may by an ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, our company may declare and pay a dividend only out of funds legally available therefor, namely out of either profits or our share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may we pay a dividend if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Voting Rights. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote on a poll, each Class A ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote on all matters subject to vote at general meetings of the Company, and each Class B ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to ten votes on all matters subject to vote at general meetings of the Company. Voting at any shareholders’ meeting is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of such meeting or any shareholder holding not less than 10% of the votes attaching to the total ordinary shares present in person or by proxy.

A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy, holding shares which represent, in aggregate, not less than one-third of the votes attaching to the issued and outstanding ordinary shares in our company entitled to vote at general meetings. Shareholders may be present in person or by proxy or, if the shareholder is a legal entity, by its duly authorized representative. Shareholders’ meetings may be convened by the Chairman or a majority of our board of directors on its own initiative or upon a request to the directors by shareholders holding shares which represent, in aggregate, not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding ordinary shares in our company entitled to vote at general meetings. Advance notice of at least seven calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and any other general shareholders’ meeting.

An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attached to the ordinary shares cast by those shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes

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attached to the ordinary shares cast by those shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Holders of the ordinary shares may, among other things, divide or combine their shares by ordinary resolution.

Conversion of Class B Ordinary Shares. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary shares by the holder to any non-affiliates of such holder, each of such Class B ordinary share will be automatically and immediately converted into one Class A ordinary share. If at any time Mr. Jay Wenjie Xiao and his affiliates collectively hold less than five percent (5%) of our issued and outstanding shares, each Class B ordinary share will automatically be re-designated into one Class A ordinary share, and no Class B ordinary shares shall be issued by us thereafter.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Subject to the restrictions set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in writing and in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

•

the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

•

the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares;

•

the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

•

in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

•

a fee of such maximum sum as the Nasdaq Global Select Market may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our board of directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within three calendar months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged with us, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the Nasdaq Global Select Market, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided always, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 calendar days in any year as our board may determine.

Liquidation. On a winding up of our company, if the assets available for distribution among our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus will be distributed among our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the ordinary shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those ordinary shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay the whole of the share capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the ordinary shares held by them. We are an exempted company with “limited liability” incorporated under the Companies Act, and under the Companies Act, the liability of our members is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. Our amended and restated memorandum of association contains a declaration that the liability of our members is so limited.

Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 calendar days

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prior to the specified time and place of payment. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Ordinary Shares. We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders thereof, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined, before the issue of such shares, by our board of directors or by a special resolution of our shareholders. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares provided that the manner and terms of such purchase have been approved by our board of directors or by ordinary resolution of our shareholders, or are otherwise authorized by our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including a share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if the company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (i) unless it is fully paid up, (ii) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding, or (iii) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of Rights of Shares. If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, all or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may be materially adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of all of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of an ordinary resolution passed by a majority of the votes cast at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to such existing class of shares. In addition, the rights of the holders of shares shall not be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Issuance of Additional Shares. Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association authorizes our board of directors to issue additional Class A ordinary shares from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares.

Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association also authorizes our board of directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preferred shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series, including:

•

the designation of the series;

•

the number of shares of the series;

•

the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights; and

•

the rights and terms of redemption and liquidation preferences.

Our board of directors may issue preferred shares without approval from our shareholders to the extent authorized but unissued. Issuance of these shares may dilute the voting power of holders of Class A ordinary shares.

Inspection of Books and Records. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (save for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders). Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements.

Anti-Takeover Provisions. Some provisions of our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:

•

authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

•

limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders.

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However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

General Meetings of Shareholders and Shareholder Proposals. Our shareholders’ general meetings may be held in such place within or outside the Cayman Islands as our board of directors considers appropriate.

Shareholders’ annual general meetings and any other general meetings of our shareholders may be convened by a majority of our board of directors or our chairman. Advance notice of at least seven calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a general meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy, or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative, representing not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding ordinary shares in our company entitled to vote at general meetings.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting.

However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association allows our shareholders holding shares representing in aggregate not less than one-third of the votes attaching to the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of our company entitled to vote at general meetings, to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our directors are obliged to call such meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting; however, our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association does not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders.

Appointment and Removal of Directors

Unless otherwise determined by our company in general meeting, our sixth amended and restated articles of association provide that our board will consist of not less than three directors. There are no provisions relating to retirement of directors upon reaching any age limit.

The directors have the power to appoint any person as a director either to fill a casual vacancy on the board or as an addition to the existing board. Our shareholders may also appoint any person to be a director by way of ordinary resolution.

A director may be removed with or without cause by ordinary resolution.

In addition, the office of any director shall be vacated if the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors, (ii) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company, or (iv) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from three consecutive board meetings and our board resolves that his office be vacated.

Proceedings of Board of Directors

Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that our business is to be managed and conducted by our board of directors. The quorum necessary for board meetings may be fixed by the board and, unless so fixed at another number, will be a majority of the directors.

Our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that the board may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge all or any part of the undertaking, property and uncalled capital of our company and to issue debentures and other securities whether outright, or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

Changes in Capital

Our shareholders may from time to time by ordinary resolution:

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•

increase our share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe;

•

consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

•

sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount, provided that in the subdivision the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if any, unpaid on each reduced share shall be the same as it was in case of the share from which the reduced share is derived; or

•

cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.

Our shareholders may by special resolution, subject to confirmation by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands on an application by our company for an order confirming such reduction, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.

Exempted Company. We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except that an exempted company:

•

does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

•

is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

•

does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

•

may issue shares with no par value;

•

may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 30 years in the first instance);

•

may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

•

may register as a limited duration company; and

•

may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on that shareholder’s shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

•

the names and addresses of the members, together with a statement of the shares held by each member, and such statement shall confirm (i) the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid, on the shares of each member, (ii) the number and category of shares held by each member, and (iii) whether each relevant category of shares held by a member carries voting rights under the articles of association of the company, and, if so, whether such voting rights are conditional;

•

the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and

•

the date on which any person ceased to be a member.

Under Cayman Islands law, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (i.e. the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members should be deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. Upon the closing of our initial public offering, our company’s register of members were immediately updated to record and give effect to the issue of Class A ordinary shares by us to the Depositary (or its nominee) as the depositary. Once our register of members has been updated, the shareholders recorded in the register of members will be deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name in the register of members.

If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from our register of members, or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member of our company, the person or member aggrieved (or any member of our company or our company itself) may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

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C. Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

D. Exchange Controls

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Currency Exchange.”

E. Taxation

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under United States state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the People’s Republic of China and the United States.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the ADSs and ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Foreign Exchange’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We do not believe that LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. meets all of the conditions above. LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is a company incorporated outside the PRC. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside the PRC. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with ours.

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However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. Such 10% tax rate could be reduced by applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements between China and the jurisdiction of our shareholders. For example, for shareholders eligible for the benefits of the tax treaty between Mainland of China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the tax rate is reduced to 5% for dividends if relevant conditions are met. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. is treated as a PRC resident enterprise.

The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law generally imposes a uniform income tax rate of 25% on all enterprises, but grants preferential treatment to HNTEs, and qualified “Software Enterprises.” HNTEs are instead subject to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. During this three-year period, an HNTE must conduct a qualification self-review each year to ensure it meets the HNTE criteria, and will be subject to the regular 25% income tax rate for any year in which it does not meet the criteria. A qualified “Software Enterprise” is entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with its first profitable year and a 50% reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. According to the Announcement on the Enterprise Income Tax Policies for Promoting the High-quality Development of the Integrated Circuit Industry and the Software Industry, key software enterprises encouraged by the state shall be exempt from the enterprise income tax from the first to the fifth year from the year when such enterprise makes profits, and be subject to the enterprise income tax levied at the reduced rate of 10% for subsequent years. In April 2021, the Announcement on Income Tax Policies for “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” was released, a “Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State” is entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning with its first profitable year and a 50% reduction to a rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years. However, these enterprises shall go through record-filing with the tax authority at the time of final settlement each year and be subject to the examination of the development and reform authority and the industry and information technology authority.

Provided that our Cayman Islands holding company, LexinFintech Holdings Ltd., is not deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, holders of our ADSs and ordinary shares who are not PRC residents will not be subject to PRC income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares or ADSs. However, under Circular 7, if a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by transfer of the equity interests of an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market) without a reasonable commercial purpose, the PRC tax authorities have the power to reassess the nature of the transaction and the indirect equity transfer will be treated as a direct transfer. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferor obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. We and our non-PRC resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under Circular 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 7, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these circulars. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment). This summary is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Regulations”), judicial decisions, administrative pronouncements, the income tax treaty between the United States and China (the “Treaty”) and other relevant authorities, all as in effect as of the date hereof and all of which are subject to differing interpretations and change, possibly with retroactive effect. There can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will not take, or that a court will not sustain, a contrary position. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances, or to investors subject to special tax rules (for example, certain financial institutions, insurance companies, broker-dealers, traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting, partnerships and their partners, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, and tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations)), investors who are not U.S. holders, U.S. expatriates, investors that own (directly, indirectly, or constructively)

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10% or more of our stock (by vote or value), investors that hold our ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion does not discuss the U.S. federal estate or gift tax, any minimum tax considerations, the Medicare tax on net investment income, or any state, local or non-U.S. tax considerations relating to the ownership or disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares in light of their particular circumstances as well as any applicable state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax considerations.

General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and the control of one or more United States persons for all of its substantial decisions or (B) that has in effect a valid election to be treated as a United States person under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations.

If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our ADSs or ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisors as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. holder of ADSs will generally be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs and the remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. holder of our ADSs will be treated as the beneficial owner of our underlying ordinary shares. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of our ordinary shares for our ADSs will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be a PFIC for a taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat the consolidated variable interest entities (including their subsidiaries) as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we exercise effective control over their activities and because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits. As a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements. A certain portion of our financial services income is treated as active income solely for purposes of the PFIC determination. Any change in the composition of the loans originated on our platform may affect the composition of our income for purposes of the PFIC determination.

Based on the nature and composition of our income and assets, and the market price of our ADSs, we believe that we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year unless the market price of our ADSs increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of our cash and other passive assets in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income. However, PFIC status is a factual determination made annually and is generally not determinable until the close of each taxable year. Furthermore, even if the composition of our assets and income were to change such that we believed we have ceased to be a PFIC, there are uncertainties in the application of the rules, and it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain income or assets as non-passive, or our valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, all of which could affect whether we are classified as a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. Accordingly, there can be no assurance regarding our PFIC status for our current or subsequent taxable years.

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If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares. However, if we cease to be a PFIC, provided that a U.S. holder has not made a mark-to-market election, as described below, a U.S. holder may avoid some of the adverse effects of the PFIC regime by making a “deemed sale” election with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares, as applicable. A U.S. holder that makes such an election will be deemed to have sold our ADSs or ordinary shares at their fair market value and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the rules described below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” After the deemed sale election, so long as we do not become a PFIC in a subsequent taxable year, ADSs and ordinary shares with respect to which the election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC and the U.S. holder will not be subject to the rules described below with respect to any “excess distribution” received or any gain from an actual sale or other disposition of such ADSs or ordinary shares. The rules governing deemed sale elections are complex. Each U.S. holder should consult its tax advisors regarding the possibility of making a deemed sale election and the considerations relating thereto.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

As mentioned above, we believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and there can be no assurances that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received on our ADSs or ordinary shares and any gain that the U.S. holder recognizes from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of our ADSs or ordinary shares, unless the U.S. holder makes a “mark-to-market” election as discussed below. Distributions received by a U.S. holder on our ADSs or ordinary shares in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions the U.S. holder received in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, such U.S. holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as excess distributions.

Under the PFIC rules

•

the amount of any excess distribution or gain will be allocated pro rata over the U.S. holder’s holding period for our ADSs or ordinary shares;

•

amounts allocated to the current taxable year and to any taxable years in the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC (each, a “pre-PFIC year”) will be taxable as ordinary income; and

•

amounts allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect with respect to the U.S. holder for that year, and an additional tax equal to the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax imposed with respect to each such prior taxable year.

Any distributions other than “excess distributions” will be treated as discussed below under “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Taxation—Dividends.”

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

A U.S. holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may elect out of the rules described above by making a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs, provided that the ADSs are regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable Regulations. Our ADSs, but not our ordinary shares, are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, which is a qualified securities exchange for this purpose. We anticipate that our ADSs would qualify as being regularly traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard.

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If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs, the U.S. holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year for which we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of our ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. Further, in each year that we are a PFIC any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of such ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless our ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. It should also be noted that it is intended that only the ADSs and not the ordinary shares will be traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Consequently, if a U.S. holder holds ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs, such holder will generally not be eligible to make a mark-to-market election if we are or were to become a PFIC.

If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be a PFIC, the U.S. holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not a PFIC. In addition, because, as a technical matter, a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as equity interests in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. holder owns our ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such holder would generally be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. holder should consult its tax advisors regarding the potential tax consequences to such holder if we are or become a PFIC, including with respect to the inability to make a QEF election, the possibility of making a mark-to-market election, and any applicable reporting requirements.

Dividends

As noted above, we believe that we were a PFIC for our most recent taxable year ended December 31, 2025 and may also be a PFIC for our current taxable year. Accordingly, the treatment most likely to apply to a U.S. holder is set forth above in “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” If our ADSs or ordinary shares are not treated as stock of a PFIC with respect to a particular U.S. holder, the following rules will generally apply.

Any distributions paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares (including the amount of any tax withheld) out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the full amount of any distribution we make is generally expected to be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

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A non-corporate recipient of dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” will generally be subject to tax at a reduced tax rate, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met. A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (a) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of these rules and which includes an exchange of information program, or (b) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) that is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Our ADSs (but not our ordinary shares) are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and is considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States for these purposes. Because we do not expect that our ordinary shares will be traded on and established securities market, we do not believe that dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not backed by ADSs currently meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in subsequent years. As described in “—People’s Republic of China Taxation,” if we are deemed to be a resident enterprise under the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, we may be eligible for the benefits of the Treaty and in that case we would be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares. Each non-corporate U.S. holder should consult its tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income for any dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares. Dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations.

Dividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation.” In that case, a U.S. holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a U.S. federal income tax deduction in respect of such withholdings, but only for a year in which such U.S. holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit and the deductibility of foreign taxes are complex. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit or a deduction in lieu thereof in light of their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Disposition of Our ADSs or Ordinary Shares

As noted above, we believe that we were a PFIC for our most recent taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and may also be a PFIC for our current taxable year. Accordingly, the treatment most likely to apply to a U.S. holder is set forth above in “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” If our ADSs or ordinary shares are not treated as stock of a PFIC with respect to a particular U.S. holder, the following rules will generally apply.

A U.S. holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any such gain or loss will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period in the ADSs or ordinary shares exceeds one year at the time of disposition. Long-term capital gains of individuals and certain other non-corporate U.S. holders are generally eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses may be subject to limitations.

Any such gain or loss will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. However, in the event that we are treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and gain from the disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in the PRC, a U.S. holder that is eligible for the benefits of the Treaty may elect to treat the gain as PRC source income. Treaty-eligible U.S. holders that do not apply the Treaty and U.S. holders that are not Treaty-eligible may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit for any mainland China tax imposed on a sale or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Any such U.S. holder may instead elect to deduct such taxes in computing its taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but only for a year in which such U.S. holder elects to do so for all foreign taxes paid or accrued during such year. The rules governing foreign tax credits and the deductibility of foreign taxes are complex. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit or a deduction in lieu thereof in light of their particular circumstances, as well as with respect to their eligibility for benefits under the Treaty.

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F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We are subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers, and are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually an annual report on Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. All information filed with the SEC can be obtained over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We will furnish the Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of the ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.

In accordance with Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5250(d), we will post this annual report on Form 20-F on our website at http://ir.lexin.com. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders and ADS holders upon request.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates, and we have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure.

The fluctuation of interest rates may affect the demand for loan services on our platform. For example, a decrease in interest rates may cause potential users to seek lower-priced loans from other channels. A high interest rate environment may lead to an increase in competing investment options and dampen investors’ desire to invest on our platform. We do not expect that the fluctuation of interest rates will have a material impact on our financial condition. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rate in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Fluctuations in interest rates could negatively affect our business.”

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Foreign Exchange Risk

All of our revenues and substantially all of our expenses are denominated in RMB. Our exposure to foreign exchange risk primarily relates to cash and cash equivalent denominated in U.S. dollars. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited in general, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and RMB because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.

The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The RMB has fluctuated against other currencies, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of RMB against other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China's foreign exchange policies, among other things. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or government policies may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and other currencies in the future.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Fees and Charges Our ADS Holders May Have to Pay

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, will register and deliver American Depositary shares, also referred to as ADSs. Each ADS will represent two Class A ordinary shares (or a right to receive two Class A ordinary shares) deposited with The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, as custodian for the depositary in Hong Kong. Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The deposited Class A ordinary shares together with any other securities, cash or other property held by the depositary are referred to as the deposited securities. The depositary’s principal executive office is located at 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286.


Persons depositing or withdrawing Class A ordinary shares or ADS holders must pay:	For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)	Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of Class A ordinary shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$0.05 (or less) per ADS	Any cash distribution to ADS holders

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A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been Class A ordinary shares and the Class A ordinary shares holders had been deposited for issuance of ADSs	Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS
$0.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year	Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees	Transfer and registration of Class A ordinary shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw Class A ordinary shares
Expenses of the depositary	Cable and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or Class A ordinary shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes	As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities	As necessary

Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us

The depositary has agreed to reimburse us annually for our expenses incurred in connection with investor relationship programs and any other program related to our ADS facility and the travel expense of our key personnel in connection with such programs. The depositary has also agreed to provide additional payments to us based on the applicable performance indicators relating to our ADS facility. There are limits on the amount of expenses for which the depositary will reimburse us, but the amount of reimbursement available to us is not necessarily tied to the amount of fees the depositary collects from investors. For 2025, we expected to receive over US$5 million (after tax) reimbursement from the depositary for our expenses incurred in connection with investor relationship programs related to the ADS facility.

171

PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders

See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.

Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13 a-1 5 (e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13 a-1 5 (b) under the Exchange Act.

Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13 a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of our company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, as required by Rule 13 a-15(c) of the Exchange Act, based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

172

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 as stated in its report, which appears on page F-2 of this annual report on Form 20-F.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Wei Wu, an independent director (under the standards set forth in Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5605(c) (2) and Rule 10 A-3 under the Exchange Act) and chairman of our audit committee, is an audit committee financial expert.

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

Our board of directors adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and advisors in October 2017. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at http://ir.lexin.com.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP and affiliates, our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2024			2025
Audit fees(1)	US	$	2,119,790	US	$	2,355,605
Tax fees(2)	US	$	80,830	US	$	120,007
Other service fees(3)	US	$	352,089	US	$	389,972

(1)

“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for the audit or review of our annual financial statements or quarterly financial information and review of documents filed with the SEC. In 2024 and 2025, the audit refers to financial statement audit and audit pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

(2)

“Tax fees” means the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning.

(3)

“Other service fees” means the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor, such as consulting services.

The policy of our audit committee or our board of directors is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, including audit services, audit related services, tax services and other services as described above.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

173

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

In July 2025, we publicly announced that our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program under which we may purchase up to US$50 million of our shares over the next twelve months (the “2025 Share Repurchase Program”). The following table sets forth the information of our repurchases made under the 2025 Share Repurchase Program.


Period	Total Number of ADSs Purchased		Average Price Paid Per ADS (US$)		Total Number of ADSs Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan		Maximum Dollar Value of ADSs that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan
August 16 to August 31, 2025		441,352		6.3739		441,352		47,186,867
September 1 to September 30, 2025		1,788,029		5.8681		1,788,029		36,694,619
October 1 to October 31, 2025		1,275,541		4.3099		1,275,541		31,197,222
November 1 to November 30, 2025		1,395,740		4.4203		1,395,740		25,027,573
December 1 to December 31, 2025		1,336,119		3.3439		1,336,119		20,559,777
January 1 to January 31, 2026		2,019,799		3.0184		2,019,799		14,463,267
February 1 to February 28, 2026		1,392,226		2.8044		1,392,226		10,558,884

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. See “Item 3. Key Information— D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to the American Depositary Shares—We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.”

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel, has provided a letter to the Nasdaq Stock Market certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to hold annual shareholders meetings every year. We followed and intend to continue to follow our home country practice in lieu of the requirement to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of a fiscal year under Nasdaq Rule 5620(a).

In addition, as a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, we are permitted to elect to rely, and are currently relying, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules. Currently, the majority of our board of directors are not independent directors. As a result, you do not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.”

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies

Our board of directors has established insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers, employees and other relevant persons to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards.

Our Amended and Restated Statement of Policies Governing Material Non-Public Information and The Prevention of Insider Trading is filed as Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report on Form 20-F.

174

Item 16K. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We have implemented robust processes for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats and monitoring the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of material cybersecurity incident. We passed the national ICP test and obtained third-level certification regarding China’s rules on cybersecurity and Electronic Data Interchange. All front-end sites adopt https encryption technology to ensure the secure transmission of personal information and sensitive data. We implement data loss prevention process as our data protection solution to ensure the security of data storage, use and processing, and adopt encryption and masking technologies to protect users’ private data, not only fulfilling our promise to protect customer privacy but also securing our sensitive data. We have independently developed the Web Application Firewall to effectively identify and defend against malicious attacks from other websites. We have also integrated cybersecurity risk management into our overall enterprise risk management system.

We have established a dynamic and multi-layered cybersecurity defense system to effectively mitigate both internal and external cybersecurity threats. This comprehensive system spans multiple security domains, including network, host, and application layers. It integrates a range of security capabilities such as threat defense, continuous monitoring, in-depth analysis and rapid response. Our approach to managing cybersecurity risks and safeguarding sensitive data is multi-faceted, involving technological safeguards, procedural protocols, a rigorous program of surveillance on our corporate network, ongoing internal and external evaluations of our security measures, a solid incident response framework, and regular cybersecurity training sessions for our employees. Our cybersecurity department and chief risk officer are actively engaged in continuous monitoring of our applications, platforms and infrastructure to ensure prompt identification and response to potential issues, including emerging cybersecurity threats. We do not engage any third parties in connection with the processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents or identified any material cybersecurity threats that have affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

Governance

Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management, assuming the following responsibilities (i) maintain oversight of the disclosure related to cybersecurity matters in periodic reports of our company, (ii) review updates to the status of any material cybersecurity incidents or material risks from cybersecurity threats to our company, and the relevant disclosure issues, if any, presented by our cybersecurity officer on a quarterly basis, and (iii) review disclosure concerning cybersecurity matters in our annual report on Form 20-F presented by our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and the disclosure committee if necessary.

At management level, our officer in charge of cybersecurity matters, who has over 20 years of relevant experience, held multiple qualifications and certificates in cybersecurity, and won a number of widely recognized awards in the cybersecurity industry, is responsible for overseeing the process of assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats to our company and monitoring the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of material cybersecurity incident. We also have a disclosure committee overseeing the preparation and updating of our public disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents. The disclosure committee consists of our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, general counsel, cybersecurity officer and leaders from appropriate business units.

If a cybersecurity incident occurs, our cybersecurity department will promptly organize relevant personnel for internal assessment and report to our cybersecurity officer. If it is further determined that the incident could potentially be a material cybersecurity event, our cybersecurity officer will promptly report the incident and assessment results to our disclosure committee and external legal counsel to the extent appropriate. Our cybersecurity officer shall prepare disclosure material on the cybersecurity incident for review and approval by our disclosure committee and Board of Directors, before it is disseminated to the public.

175

PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

Item 18. Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of LexinFintech Holdings Ltd., its subsidiaries and the consolidated affiliated entities are included at the end of this annual report.

Item 19. Exhibits


Exhibit Number		Description of Document
1.1		Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

2.1		Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

2.2		Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

2.3		Deposit Agreement dated December 20, 2017 among the Registrant, the depositary and holder of the American Depositary Receipts (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of our registration statement on Form S-8 (file no. 333-225322) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2018)

2.4		Fourth Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement dated October 21, 2017 between the Registrant and other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

2.5		Description of American Depositary Shares of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.1		The 2017 Share Incentive Plan of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.3		Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.4		Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.5		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated November 4, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.6		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co. Ltd. dated April 10, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.7		English translation of Equity Pledge Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd.

176


		dated April 10, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.8		English translation of the Power of Attorney Agreement between Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and the shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated April 10, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.9		English translation of Loan Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated May 29, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019)

4.10		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated July 18, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.11*		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated October 15, 2025

4.12*		English translation of Equity Pledge Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated October 15, 2025

4.13*		English translation of the Power of Attorney Agreement between Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and the shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated October 15, 2025

4.14*		English translation of Loan Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. dated October 15, 2025

4.15		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. dated December 22, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.16		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. dated March 10, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.17		English translation of Equity Pledge Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. dated June 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019)

4.18		English translation of Power of Attorney by the shareholders of Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. dated June 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019)

4.19		English translation of Loan Agreements among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co. Ltd. dated May 10, 2017 and June 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019)

4.20		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. dated January 13, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333-221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.21		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. dated March 28, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

177


4.22		English translation of Equity Pledge Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. dated March 28, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.23		English translation of Power of Attorney by the shareholders of Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. dated March 28, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.24		English translation of Loan Agreement among Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Qianhai Dingsheng Asset Management Co., Ltd. dated March 28, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.25		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. dated August 27, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.25 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2019)

4.26		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement among Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.26 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.27		English translation of Equity Pledge Agreement among Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.27 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.28		English translation of Power of Attorney Agreement between Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co. Ltd. and the shareholders of Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.28 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.29		English translation of Loan Agreement among Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 30, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.29 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

4.30		English translation of Agreement of Long-Term Sales of Goods between Shenzhen Fenqile Trading Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Jingdong Trading Co., Ltd. dated May 1 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of our registration statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333221509), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

4.31		Convertible Note Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and PAGAC Lemongrass Holding I Ltd. dated September 11, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.31 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.31 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.32		Registration Rights Agreement between the Registrant and PAGAC Lemongrass Holding I Ltd. dated September 16, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.32 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.33		English translation of Headquarter Project Development Supervision Agreement between Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Government dated February 25, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.33 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.34		English summary of Nanshan Land Usage Rights Purchase Agreement between Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. and the Planning and Natural Resources Administration of Shenzhen dated February 26, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.34 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 30, 2020)

4.35		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Beihai Green Lemon Technology Co., Ltd. and Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. dated June 26, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.35 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2021)

178



4.36		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreement among Beihai Green Lemon Technology Co., Ltd., Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. dated November 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.36 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2022)

4.37		English translation of Equity Pledge Agreement among Beihai Green Lemon Technology Co., Ltd., Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. dated November 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.37 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2022)

4.38		English translation of Power of Attorney Agreement between Beihai Green Lemon Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. dated November 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.38 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2022)

4.39		English translation of Loan Agreement among Beihai Green Lemon Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. dated November 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.39 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2022)

8.1*		List of Principal Subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliated Entities

11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no. 333221509) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2017)

11.2		Amended and Restated Statement of Policies Governing Material Non-Public Information and the Prevention of Insider Trading of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.2 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 18, 2025)

12.1*		Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

12.2*		Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.1**		Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.2**		Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

15.1*		Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm

15.2*		Consent of Shihui Partners

97		Clawback Policy of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension With Embedded Linkbases Document

104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith

† Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Rule 406 under the Securities Act.

179

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

180

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1424)	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2025	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-8
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-9
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-12

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of LexinFintech Holdings Ltd.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of changes in shareholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

F-2

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Revenue recognition for loan facilitation and servicing fees - credit oriented and performance based

As described in Note 2(l) to the consolidated financial statements, revenues from loan facilitation and servicing fees - credit oriented and performance based were RMB5,297 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. Management has assessed and concluded that loan facilitation and matching services and post-origination services are distinct and separate performance obligations. A financial guarantee is recorded at fair value at inception of each loan. The remaining consideration is allocated to each of the performance obligations based on relative standalone selling price. Revenues from loan facilitation and matching services are recognized at point-in-time upon the successful matching of the loans, and revenues from post-origination services are recognized ratably over the terms of the loans. Revenue from loan facilitation and servicing fees -performance based is recognized under “Tech-empowerment service income” at predetermined revenue sharing rates based on the repayment collected from the borrowers by funding partners. Such revenue sharing rates are determined based on the performance of the underlying off-balance sheet loans.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition for loan facilitation and servicing fees – credit oriented and performance based is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in the allocation of transaction prices and determination of variable consideration. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s determination of the fair value of the financial guarantee, the relative standalone selling prices of the loan facilitation and matching services and post-origination services, as well as the estimated variable consideration. The audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls relating to the determination of the fair value of the financial guarantee, the relative standalone selling prices, and the estimated variable consideration. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value of the financial guarantee, including testing the appropriateness and mathematical accuracy of the fair value calculation; (ii) testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of data used in the calculation; and (iii) evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management related to (a) the expected loss rates at loan inception and (b) the expected margins on cost of guarantee services. These procedures also included (i) testing management’s process for developing the estimated standalone selling prices and variable consideration; and (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management related to (a) the estimated cost of providing the services and the estimated margins, and (b) the expected loss rates of the underlying off-balance sheet loans. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of management’s model and significant assumptions to determine the fair value of the financial guarantee at loan inception and the variable consideration of expected loss rates for underlying off-balance sheet loans.

Expected credit losses on financial assets and contingent guarantee liabilities

As described in Notes 2(g), 2(i), 3 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has financial assets that are subject to credit losses, and the credit losses methodology also applies to the off-balance sheet credit exposures of financial guarantees not accounted for as derivatives. As of December 31, 2025, allowance for credit losses related to financing receivables and contract assets and receivables were RMB202 million and RMB274 million, respectively; and the contingent guarantee liabilities provided for off-balance sheet loans were RMB544 million. The expected credit losses on these financial assets and contingent guarantee liabilities are determined using a pooled basis within respective credit risk classification levels of the underlying customers, taking into consideration the historical credit loss experience, the current credit quality of the portfolio and application of macroeconomic forecasts.

F-3

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to expected credit losses on financial assets and contingent guarantee liabilities is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in the determination of the expected loss rates on the financial assets and contingent guarantee liabilities. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to the default rates, the lifetime recovery and application of macroeconomic forecasts used in the determination of the expected credit losses. The audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the determination of expected credit losses. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for estimating the expected credit losses, including evaluating the appropriateness of the models and methodology; (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of data used in the models, including historical data and current data at the measurement date of the respective financial assets and contingent guarantee liabilities in estimating the expected loss rates; and (iii) evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management related to the default rates, the lifetime recovery and application of macroeconomic forecasts with the consideration of changes in future economics and market environment. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of management’s methodology and significant assumptions to determine the expected loss rates.

Fair value measurement of financial guarantee derivatives

As described in Notes 2(k), 5 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, guarantee derivative assets provided for off-balance sheet loans were RMB1,010 million as of December 31, 2025. Financial guarantee derivatives are recorded at fair value at the inception of the off-balance sheet loans and are subsequently remeasured at fair value on an ongoing basis. The estimated fair value of the financial guarantee derivatives is determined by management based on a discounted cash flow model, with reference to the estimates of expected loss rates and margins on cost of guarantee services used in the valuation.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to fair value measurement of financial guarantee derivatives is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in the determination of the fair value of financial guarantee derivatives as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s determination of the fair value of the financial guarantee derivatives, including estimates of the expected loss rates and margins on cost of guarantee services used in the valuation as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. The audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

Beijing, the People’s Republic of China

April 29, 2026

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

F-4

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		US$
					Note 2(e)
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		2,254,213		2,156,133		308,323
Restricted cash		1,638,479		1,717,773		245,638
Restricted term deposit		58,497		78,458		11,219
Short-term investments		80,000		—		—
Short-term financing receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB102,124 and RMB198,694 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively		4,668,715		5,450,418		779,399
Short-term contract assets and receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB409,590 and RMB259,054 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively		5,448,057		3,763,096		538,116
Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies		2,355,343		2,187,609		312,824
Prepayments and other current assets		1,321,340		2,858,054		408,696
Amounts due from related parties		61,722		84,531		12,088
Inventories, net		22,345		24,119		3,449
Total Current Assets		17,908,711		18,320,191		2,619,752
Non-current Assets
Restricted cash		100,860		91,937		13,147
Long-term financing receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB1,820 and RMB3,723 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively		112,427		167,378		23,935
Long-term contract assets and receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of RMB30,919 and RMB14,569 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively		317,402		317,496		45,401
Property, equipment and software, net		613,110		895,046		127,990
Land use rights, net		862,867		828,467		118,469
Long‑term investments		284,197		243,971		34,887
Deferred tax assets		1,540,842		1,763,235		252,139
Other assets, net of allowance of credit losses of RMB 231,446 and RMB 227,747 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively (including share subscription prepayment to related party of nil and RMB38,091 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		500,363		535,242		76,539
Total Non-current Assets		4,332,068		4,842,772		692,507
TOTAL ASSETS		22,240,779		23,162,963		3,312,259

LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Accounts payable (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB72,698 and RMB99,703 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		74,443		101,178		14,468
Amounts due to related parties(including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB10,927 and RMB8,708 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		10,927		8,708		1,245
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term borrowings (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB331,281 and RMB592,196 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		690,772		905,791		129,526
Short‑term funding debts (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB2,754,454 and RMB2,440,685 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		2,754,454		2,440,685		349,013
Deferred guarantee income (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB786,793 and RMB968,405 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		975,102		1,305,911		186,743
Contingent guarantee liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB876,614 and RMB438,837 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		1,079,000		544,191		77,818
Accruals and other current liabilities(including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB2,790,265 and RMB3,655,306 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		4,019,676		4,371,484		625,110
Total Current Liabilities		9,604,374		9,677,948		1,383,923

F-5

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			US$
							Note 2(e)
Non-current Liabilities
Long-term borrowings(including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB585,024 and RMB566,015 as of December 31, 2024and December 31, 2025, respectively)		585,024			566,015			80,939
Long‑term funding debts (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB1,197,211 and RMB850,590 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		1,197,211			850,590			121,633
Deferred tax liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB63,164 and RMB103,470 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		91,380			105,212			15,045
Other long-term liabilities(including amounts of the consolidated VIEs of RMB15,646 and RMB4,591 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively)		22,784			10,567			1,511
Total Non-current Liabilities		1,896,399			1,532,384			219,128
TOTAL LIABILITIES		11,500,773			11,210,332			1,603,051
Shareholders’ equity:
Class A Ordinary Shares ($0.0001 par value per share; 1,889,352,801 shares authorized, 309,554,410 shares issued, 265,184,774 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 1,889,352,801 shares authorized, 319,554,412 shares issued, 263,659,604 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025)		205			209			32
Class B Ordinary Shares ($0.0001 par value per share; 110,647,199 shares authorized, 71,342,227 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 110,647,199 shares authorized, 71,342,227 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025)		41			41			7
Treasury stock (44,369,636 and 51,843,198 shares as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively)		(328,764	)		(493,846	)		(70,619	)
Additional paid-in capital		3,314,866			3,396,667			485,717
Statutory reserves		1,178,309			1,260,923			180,310
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(29,559	)		(27,597	)		(3,946	)
Retained earnings		6,604,908			7,816,234			1,117,707
Total shareholders’ equity		10,740,006			11,952,631			1,709,208
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		22,240,779			23,162,963			3,312,259

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										Note 2(e)
Operating revenue:
Credit facilitation service income		9,666,120			10,999,931			9,562,072			1,367,358
Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented		5,001,881			6,325,924			4,988,562			713,355
Guarantee income		2,519,284			2,663,824			2,423,570			346,566
Financing income		2,144,955			2,010,183			2,149,940			307,437
Tech-empowerment service income (including service fee from a related party of nil, RMB4,408 and RMB13,425 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively)		1,640,453			1,881,376			2,081,335			297,627
Installment e-commerce platform service income		1,750,509			1,322,287			1,508,680			215,738
Total operating revenue		13,057,082			14,203,594			13,152,087			1,880,723
Operating cost
Cost of sales		(1,635,635	)		(1,319,526	)		(1,206,033	)		(172,460	)
Funding cost		(513,869	)		(326,451	)		(228,958	)		(32,741	)
Processing and servicing cost (including collection service fee from related parties of RMB14,753, RMB35,561 and RMB40,314 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively)		(1,935,016	)		(2,291,904	)		(2,442,557	)		(349,281	)
Provision for financing receivables		(627,061	)		(865,524	)		(1,016,742	)		(145,392	)
Provision for contract assets and receivables		(629,308	)		(718,413	)		(614,364	)		(87,853	)
Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities		(3,203,123	)		(3,655,548	)		(3,174,787	)		(453,989	)
Total operating cost		(8,544,012	)		(9,177,366	)		(8,683,441	)		(1,241,716	)
Gross profit		4,513,070			5,026,228			4,468,646			639,007
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing expenses		(1,733,301	)		(1,787,299	)		(1,918,894	)		(274,398	)
Research and development expenses		(513,284	)		(578,243	)		(595,316	)		(85,129	)
General and administrative expenses		(387,387	)		(374,481	)		(361,819	)		(51,739	)
Total operating expenses		(2,633,972	)		(2,740,023	)		(2,876,029	)		(411,266	)
Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value		(206,368	)		(979,234	)		508,160			72,666
Interest expense, net		(50,483	)		(9,007	)		(22,732	)		(3,251	)
Investment loss		(303,235	)		(2,417	)		(21,903	)		(3,132	)
Others, net		7,774			58,188			19,461			2,783
Income before income tax expense		1,326,786			1,353,735			2,075,603			296,807
Income tax expense		(260,841	)		(253,275	)		(398,526	)		(56,988	)
Net income		1,065,945			1,100,460			1,677,077			239,819
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company		1,065,945			1,100,460			1,677,077			239,819
Net income per ordinary share attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company
Basic		3.24			3.32			4.95			0.71
Diluted		3.17			3.24			4.72			0.68

Net income per ADS attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company
Basic		6.49			6.64			9.90			1.42
Diluted		6.34			6.49			9.45			1.35

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
Basic		328,523,952			331,403,936			338,943,939			338,943,939
Diluted		359,820,982			339,261,349			355,089,877			355,089,877

Share‑based compensation expenses included in:
Processing and servicing cost		246			3,173			16,232			2,321
Sales and marketing expenses		17,454			13,756			19,354			2,768
Research and development expenses		23,547			10,715			13,353			1,909
General and administrative expenses		76,605			66,979			47,236			6,755

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024			2025
	RMB		RMB			RMB		US$
								Note 2(e)
Net income		1,065,945		1,100,460			1,677,077		239,819
Other comprehensive income
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		7,297		(16,014	)		1,962		281
Total comprehensive income		1,073,242		1,084,446			1,679,039		240,100
Total comprehensive income attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,073,242		1,084,446			1,679,039		240,100

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


	Class A Ordinary Shares					Class B Ordinary Shares						Treasury stock						Additional Paid-in Capital			Statutory Reserves		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (loss)/income			Retained Earnings			Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Balances at December 31, 2022		245,264,614			191		80,189,163			47			44,369,636			(328,764	)		3,081,254			1,022,592		(20,842	)		4,894,273			8,648,751
Balances at January 1, 2023		245,264,614			191		80,189,163			47			44,369,636			(328,764	)		3,081,254			1,022,592		(20,842	)		4,894,273			8,648,751
Net income		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—			1,065,945			1,065,945
Share-based compensation expenses		—			—		—			—			—			—			117,852			—		—			—			117,852
Exercise of share-based awards		2,806,634			2		—			—			—			—			5,855			—		—			—			5,857
Redesignation of Class B Ordinary Shares into Class A Ordinary Shares		8,846,936			6		(8,846,936	)		(6	)		—			—			—			—		—			—			—
Appropriation to statutory reserves		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			83,987		—			(83,987	)		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		7,297			—			7,297
Dividends to shareholders		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—			(135,620	)		(135,620	)
Balances at December 31, 2023		256,918,184			199		71,342,227			41			44,369,636			(328,764	)		3,204,961			1,106,579		(13,545	)		5,740,611			9,710,082
Balances at January 1, 2024		256,918,184			199		71,342,227			41			44,369,636			(328,764	)		3,204,961			1,106,579		(13,545	)		5,740,611			9,710,082
Net income		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—			1,100,460			1,100,460
Share-based compensation expenses		—			—		—			—			—			—			94,623			—		—			—			94,623
Exercise of share-based awards		8,266,590			6		—			—			—			—			15,282			—		—			—			15,288
Appropriation to statutory reserves		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			71,730		—			(71,730	)		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		(16,014	)		—			(16,014	)
Dividends to shareholders		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—			(164,433	)		(164,433	)
Balances at December 31, 2024		265,184,774			205		71,342,227			41			44,369,636			(328,764	)		3,314,866			1,178,309		(29,559	)		6,604,908			10,740,006
Balances at January 1, 2025		265,184,774			205		71,342,227			41			44,369,636			(328,764	)		3,314,866			1,178,309		(29,559	)		6,604,908			10,740,006
Net income	—			—		—			—									—			—		—				1,677,077			1,677,077
Share-based compensation expenses	—			—		—			—			—			—				96,175		—		—			—				96,175
Exercise of share-based awards		10,948,392			4	—			—				(5,000,000	)		37,047			(14,374	)	—		—			—				22,677
Appropriation to statutory reserves	—			—		—			—			—			—			—				82,614	—				(82,614	)		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—			1,962		—				1,962
Repurchases of common shares		(12,473,562	)	—		—			—				12,473,562			(202,129	)	—			—		—			—				(202,129	)
Dividends to shareholders	—			—		—			—			—			—			—			—		—				(383,137	)		(383,137	)
Balances at December 31, 2025		263,659,604			209		71,342,227			41			51,843,198			(493,846	)		3,396,667			1,260,923		(27,597	)		7,816,234			11,952,631

F-9

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										Note 2(e)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		1,065,945			1,100,460			1,677,077			239,819
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts		41,402			4,291			—			—
Share-based compensation expenses		117,852			94,623			96,175			13,753
Amortization of right-of-use assets and interest of lease liabilities		39,733			38,160			38,244			5,469
Depreciation and amortization		105,409			110,029			105,429			15,076
Provision for financing and interest receivables		627,061			865,524			1,016,742			145,392
Provision for contract assets and receivables		629,308			718,413			614,364			87,853
Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities		3,203,123			3,655,548			3,174,787			453,989
Change in inventory provision		(602	)		3,246			(3,340	)		(478	)
Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value		206,368			979,234			(508,160	)		(72,666	)
Deferred income tax		(67,550	)		(292,710	)		(208,561	)		(29,824	)
Investment-related impairment		301,760			—			2,728			390
Share of results of equity investees		1,475			2,417			19,175			2,742
Foreign exchange loss/(gain)		35,602			(11,749	)		2,310			330
Loss/(gain) on disposal of loans at fair value and financing receivables		2,966			(8,241	)		—			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Financing receivables related to online direct sales		515,074			(315,618	)		619,571			88,597
Prepayments and other current assets		(247,586	)		(54,205	)		(1,118,468	)		(159,939	)
Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies		(364,249	)		257,928			160,152			22,901
Amounts due from related parties		(387	)		(8,819	)		(14,141	)		(2,022	)
Contract assets and receivables		(2,840,791	)		266,858			1,103,879			157,853
Other long-term liabilities		(52,239	)		(27,918	)		(12,217	)		(1,747	)
Inventories		20,914			8,014			1,566			224
Other operating assets		(62,016	)		323,281			(9,240	)		(1,321	)
Accounts payable		23,831			24,642			26,735			3,823
Amounts due to related parties		(1,711	)		7,969			(2,219	)		(317	)
Deferred guarantee income		643,527			(563,283	)		330,809			47,305
Contingent guarantee liabilities		(2,276,690	)		(4,385,088	)		(3,709,596	)		(530,465	)
Other payable to Individual Investors		(1,272	)		(41	)		(86	)		(12	)
Accruals and other current liabilities		1,151,315			(1,711,507	)		210,726			30,133
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,817,572			1,081,458			3,614,441			516,858
Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash proceed for disposal of loans at fair value and financing receivables		—			80,546			440,726			63,023
Cash paid on long-term investments		—			—			(67,197	)		(9,609	)
Proceeds from disposal of investments		—			—			31,139			4,453
Purchases of property, equipment and software		(229,523	)		(247,061	)		(352,923	)		(50,467	)
Financing receivables originated and purchased (excluding receivables related to online direct sales)		(18,316,222	)		(16,162,343	)		(22,237,623	)		(3,179,938	)
Principal collection on financing receivables and recoveries (excluding receivables related to online direct sales)		19,887,574			14,972,493			19,066,570			2,726,483
Investments in loans at fair value		(5,154,834	)		(4,592,538	)		(2,542,351	)		(363,551	)
Collection of loans at fair value		5,120,379			4,923,343			3,010,218			430,455
Placement of restricted term deposit and short-term investments		(1,102,968	)		(228,099	)		(1,054,098	)		(150,734	)
Withdrawal of restricted term deposit and short-term investments		2,130,046			394,693			1,107,942			158,434
Funds to related parties		—			(45,914	)		(14,073	)		(2,012	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		2,334,452			(904,880	)		(2,611,670	)		(373,463	)

F-10

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

(In thousands)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										Note 2(e)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings		1,957,888			1,030,312			1,138,581			162,815
Principal payments on borrowings		(2,265,540	)		(780,841	)		(942,295	)		(134,748	)
Proceeds from funding debts		17,938,230			12,696,902			13,091,614			1,872,076
Principal payments on funding debts		(19,718,592	)		(12,684,233	)		(13,752,004	)		(1,966,510	)
Repurchase of common shares		—			—			(202,129	)		(28,904	)
Exercise of share-based awards		5,880			14,899			23,063			3,298
Dividends to shareholders		(135,620	)		(164,433	)		(383,137	)		(54,788	)
Repayments of convertible loans		(1,634,678	)		(504,237	)		—			—
(Payments to)/cash receipts on behalf of third-parties		(30,520	)		4,354			(4,654	)		(665	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(3,882,952	)		(387,277	)		(1,030,961	)		(147,426	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		3,914			1,082			481			69
Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		1,272,986			(209,617	)		(27,709	)		(3,962	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		2,930,183			4,203,169			3,993,552			571,070
Including:
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year		1,494,150			2,624,719			2,254,213			322,348
Restricted cash at beginning of the year		1,436,033			1,578,450			1,739,339			248,722
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		4,203,169			3,993,552			3,965,843			567,108
Including:
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year		2,624,719			2,254,213			2,156,133			308,323
Restricted cash at the end of the year		1,578,450			1,739,339			1,809,710			258,785
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information
Cash paid for interest expense of borrowings and convertible notes		86,411			45,163			57,976			8,290
Cash paid for income tax expense		255,579			413,838			740,092			105,832

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-11

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

LexinFintech Holdings Ltd. (“Lexin” or the “Company”), formerly known as Staging Finance Holding Ltd., was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on November 22, 2013. The Company is a holding company and conducts its business mainly through its subsidiaries, the consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and the subsidiaries of the consolidated VIEs (collectively referred to as the “Group”). The Group is engaged in matching consumers with credit needs to its financial institution partners through its proprietary platform (“Platform”), www.fenqile.com, and its mobile application (“APP”) to young generation consumers (“Borrowers”) in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”).

The Group primarily finances the loans to Borrowers with proceeds from third-party commercial banks, consumer finance companies, our microcredit company and other licensed financial institutions (collectively “Institutional Funding Partners”). The Group also finances the loans through the establishment of consolidated trusts (“Trusts”) and issuance of asset-backed securitized debts.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s principal subsidiaries, the consolidated VIEs and subsidiaries of the consolidated VIEs are as follows:


	Date of Incorporation/ Establishment	Place of Incorporation/ Establishment	Percentage of Direct or Indirect Economic Interest	Principal Activities
Subsidiaries
Installment (HK) Investment Limited (“Installment HK”)	December 9, 2013	Hong Kong, PRC	100%	Investment holding
Beijing Shijitong Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Shijitong”)	July 1, 2014	Beijing, PRC	100%	Technical support and consulting services
Shenzhen Lexin Software Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Lexin Software”)	March 1, 2017	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Software development
Shenzhen Lexin Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Lexin Financing Guarantee”)	September 14, 2017	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Financing guarantee services
Beihai Dulin Information Technology Co. Ltd. (“Beihai Dulin”)	September 28, 2022	Beihai, PRC	100%	Financial technology services
The VIEs
Beijing Lejiaxin Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Lejiaxin”)	October 25, 2013	Beijing, PRC	100%	Investment holding
Shenzhen Xinjie Investment Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Xinjie”)	December 22, 2015	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Investment holding
Shenzhen Qianhai Dingsheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. (“Qianhai Dingsheng”)	January 13, 2016	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Financial technology services
Shenzhen Mengtian Technology Co., Ltd. (“Mengtian Technology”)	August 9, 2016	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Software development
Beihai Super Egg E-Commerce Co., Ltd. (“Beihai Super Egg”)	May 31, 2018	Beihai, PRC	100%	Technical support and consulting services
Subsidiaries of the VIEs
Shenzhen Fenqile Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Fenqile”)	August 15, 2013	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Online direct sales and online consumer finance
Shenzhen Beizhipiji Technology Co., Ltd. ("Beizhipiji")	June 26, 2014	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Financial technology services
Ji’an Fenqile Network Microcredit Co., Ltd. (“Ji’an Microcredit”)	December 2, 2016	Ji’an, PRC	100%	Online consumer credit
Shenzhen Fenqile Trading Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Fenqile Trading”)	December 30, 2016	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Online direct sales
Shenzhen Dingsheng Computer Technology Co., Ltd. (“Dingsheng Computer”)	March 23, 2017	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Financial technology services
Shenzhen Qianhai Lixin Commercial Factoring Co., Ltd.	April 13,2017	Shenzhen, PRC	100%	Commercial factoring
Beihai Aurora Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beihai Aurora”)	June 19, 2018	Beihai, PRC	100%	Technical support and consulting services
Beihai Lexin Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beihai Lexin Information”)	June 11, 2018	Beihai, PRC	100%	Financial technology services
Ganjiang New Area Mengtian Financing Guarantee Co., Ltd.	October 24, 2019	Ganjiang, PRC	100%	Financing guarantee services

F-12

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

History of the Group and Basis of Presentation

The Group commenced operations through Shenzhen Fenqile in August 2013. Beijing Lejiaxin was incorporated in October 2013 and established its wholly owned subsidiary Beizhipiji (former name “Qianhai Juzi”) in June 2014 in order to launch the Group’s online investment platform Juzi Licai, which offers Investment Programs to the Individual Investors. The Group has ceased facilitating new loans with funding from individual investors on Juzi Licai since November 2019 and cleared the outstanding balance of loans invested by individual investors in December 2020.

In November 2013, the Company was incorporated under the Laws of the Cayman Islands to be an offshore holding company for the Group. To comply with the PRC laws and regulations which prohibit or restrict foreign ownership of Internet content, the Company obtained control over Shenzhen Fenqile and Beijing Lejiaxin through Beijing Shijitong by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with Shenzhen Fenqile, Beijing Lejiaxin and their nominee shareholders in July 2014. As a result, Shenzhen Fenqile and Beijing Lejiaxin became the consolidated VIEs through the contractual arrangements. The nominee shareholders are defined as legal owners of an entity; however, the rights of the shareholders have been transferred to the Company through contractual arrangements.

The Company obtained control over Shenzhen Xinjie and Qianhai Dingsheng through Beijing Shijitong in December 2015 and January 2016 respectively by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with Shenzhen Xinjie, Qianhai Dingsheng and their nominee shareholders. As a result, Shenzhen Xinjie and Qianhai Dingsheng became the consolidated VIEs through the contractual arrangements. Shenzhen Fenqile then became one of the subsidiaries of Shenzhen Xinjie.

In August 2018, Mengtian Technology, which previously was a subsidiary of one of the consolidated VIEs, became a consolidated VIE by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with its nominee shareholders and Shenzhen Lexin Software.

Management concluded that the Company is entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from the VIEs and is obligated to absorb all of their expected losses. As such, the Company is the ultimate primary beneficiary of the VIEs and shall consolidate the VIEs and their subsidiaries in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 2(b) to the consolidated financial statements for the basis of consolidation.

Initial Public Offering

On December 26, 2017, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) on the NASDAQ Global Market in the United States of America. In this offering, 12,000,000 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), representing 24,000,000 Class A ordinary shares (“Class A Ordinary Shares”), were issued and sold to the public at a price of US$9.00 per ADS.

In January 2018, the underwriters of the Company’s IPO exercised the options to purchase an additional 1,800,000 ADSs, representing 3,600,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, of the Company to cover over-allotments in full. The net proceeds in connection with 1,800,000 ADSs received by the Company was RMB95.1 million (US$14.7 million), which represents a total gross capital raise of RMB105.2 million (US$16.2 million) less underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses in the aggregate amount of RMB10.1 million (US$1.5 million).

F-13

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a)

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Significant accounting policies followed by the Group in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

(b)

Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors.

A consolidated VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiaries, through contractual arrangements, has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiaries is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs have been eliminated upon consolidation.

VIE Companies (excluding the consolidated Trusts and asset-backed securitized debts as discussed in Note 2(f))

(i)

Contractual agreements with the VIEs

The following is a summary of the contractual agreements (collectively, “Contractual Agreements”) that the Company’s relevant PRC subsidiaries entered into with the VIEs and their nominee shareholders. Through the Contractual Agreements, the VIEs are effectively controlled by the Company.

Exclusive Option Agreements. Pursuant to the Exclusive Option Agreements, the nominee shareholders of the VIEs have irrevocably granted the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries an exclusive option to purchase all or part of their respective equity interests in the VIEs. The purchase price shall be the lowest price permitted by law. Without prior written consent of the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs shall not, among other things, amend their articles of association, increase or decrease the registered capital, sell, dispose of or set any encumbrance on their assets and equity interests in the VIEs, business or revenue, enter into any material contract outside the ordinary course of business, merge with any other persons or make any investments, distribute dividends, or enter into any transactions which have material adverse effects on their business. These agreements will remain effective until the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries and/or any third party designated by the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries have acquired all equity interests of the VIEs from their respective nominee shareholders.

Power of Attorney. Pursuant to the Power of Attorney, each nominee shareholder of the VIEs irrevocably authorizes the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries to act as its attorney‑in‑fact to exercise all of such shareholder’s voting and other rights associated with the shareholder’s equity interests in the VIEs, including the right to attend shareholder meetings on behalf of such shareholder, the right to appoint legal representatives, directors, supervisors and chief executive officers and other senior management, and the right to sell, transfer, pledge and dispose of all or a portion of the shares held by such shareholder. The power of attorney is irrevocable and remains in force continuously upon execution.

F-14

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements. Pursuant to these Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements, the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries have the exclusive right to provide the VIEs with comprehensive business support, technical support and consulting services. Without prior written consent of the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs shall not accept any services covered by these agreements from any third party. The VIEs agree to pay service fees in an amount determined by the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries based on respective profits calculated as operating revenue minus operating cost of the VIEs for the relevant period on a yearly basis or other service fees for specific services as required and as otherwise agreed by both parties. The Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries own the intellectual property rights arising out of the services performed under these agreements. Unless the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries terminate these agreements or pursuant to other provisions of these agreements, these agreements will remain effective indefinitely. These agreements can be terminated by the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries through a 30‑day advance written notice, the VIEs have no right to unilaterally terminate these agreements.

Loan Agreements. Pursuant to the relevant loan agreements, the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries have granted loans to the relevant nominee shareholders of the VIEs solely for the purpose of providing funds necessary for capital injection into the VIEs to operate their respective businesses. Pursuant to these loan agreements, the nominee shareholders can only repay the loans by the transfer of all their equity interests in the VIEs to the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries. The nominee shareholders of the VIEs must pay all of the proceeds from transfer of such equity interests to the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries. In the event that the nominee shareholders transfer their equity interests to the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries or their designated person(s) with a price equivalent to or less than the amount of the principal, the loans will be interest free. If the price is higher than the amount of the principal, the excess amount will be paid to the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries as the loan interest. The loans must be repaid immediately when permitted by PRC laws at the request of the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries. Term of both loans is ten years and will be extended automatically for another ten years on each expiration.

Equity Pledge Agreements. Pursuant to these Equity Pledge Agreements, each nominee shareholder of the VIEs has pledged all of his, her or its respective equity interests in the VIEs to the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries to guarantee the performance by such nominee shareholder and the VIEs of their respective obligations under the Exclusive Option Agreements, the Power of Attorney, the Loan Agreements, where applicable, and the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements, and any amendment, supplement or restatement to such agreements. If the VIEs or any of their nominee shareholders breach any obligations under these agreements, the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries, as pledgee, will be entitled to dispose of the pledged equity and have priority to be compensated by the proceeds from the disposal of the pledged equity. Each of the nominee shareholders of the VIEs agrees that before his, her or its obligations under the Contractual Agreements are discharged, he, she or it will not dispose of the pledged equity interests, create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests, which may result in the change of the pledged equity that may have adverse effects on the pledgee’s rights under these agreements without the prior written consent of the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries. These Equity Pledge Agreements will remain effective until the VIEs and their nominee shareholders discharge all their respective obligations under the Contractual Agreements.

(ii)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

Under the Contractual Agreements with the VIEs, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries, has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries. Therefore, the Company considers itself the ultimate primary beneficiary of the VIEs and there is no asset of the VIEs that can only be used to settle obligations of the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries except for registered capitals and PRC statutory reserves of the consolidated VIEs amounting to RMB6,784 million as of December 31, 2025. Since the VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRC Company Law, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. There is currently no contractual arrangement that would require the Company to provide additional financial support to the VIEs. However, as the Company is conducting certain businesses mainly through the consolidated VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries, the Company may provide such support on a discretionary basis in the future, which could expose the Company to a loss.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the contractual arrangements among its subsidiaries, the VIEs and their respective nominee shareholders are in compliance with current PRC laws and are legally binding and enforceable. However, uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of the PRC laws, regulations and policies could limit the Company’s ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. As a result, the Company may be unable to consolidate the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries in the consolidated financial statements in the future if changes in the legal interpretation or enforcement of the PRC laws, regulations and policies occur in the future.

F-15

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

In March 2019, the Foreign Investment Law was approved by the National People’s Congress, effective on January 1, 2020. In December 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law, effective on January 1, 2020, and further clarified and elaborated the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. Given that there still exist uncertainties in relation to the interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations, the possibility that the VIEs will be deemed as foreign-invested enterprise and subject to relevant restrictions in the future shall not be excluded.

The Company’s ability to control the VIEs also depends on the power of attorney the Group’s relevant PRC subsidiaries have to vote on all matters requiring shareholders’ approvals in the VIEs. As noted above, the Company believes this power of attorney is legally binding and enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership. In addition, if the Group’s corporate structure or the contractual arrangements with the VIEs were found to be in violation of any existing PRC laws and regulations, the PRC regulatory authorities could, within their respective jurisdictions:

•

revoke the Group’s business and operating licenses;

•

require the Group to discontinue or restrict its operations;

•

restrict the Group’s right to collect revenues;

•

block the Group’s websites;

•

require the Group to restructure its operations, re‑apply for the necessary licenses or relocate the Group’s businesses, staff and assets;

•

impose additional conditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply; or

•

take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the Group that could be harmful to the Group’s business.

The imposition of any of these restrictions or actions may result in a material adverse effect on the Group’s ability to conduct its business. In addition, if the imposition of any of these restrictions causes the Group to lose the right to direct the activities of the VIEs or the right to receive their economic benefits, the Group would no longer be able to consolidate the VIEs. In the opinion of management, the likelihood of losing the benefits in respect of the Group’s current ownership structure or the contractual arrangements with the VIEs is remote.

All of the consolidated VIEs are incorporated and operated in the PRC, which are effectively controlled by the Company through a series of contractual agreements entered into among the Company’s relevant PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs and their nominee shareholders. The Company believes the possibility that it will no longer be able to control and consolidate the VIEs as a result of the aforementioned risks and uncertainties are remote.

Summary of Financial Information of the Consolidated VIEs

The following table sets forth the assets, liabilities, results of operations and changes in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of the VIEs and their subsidiaries taken as a whole, which were included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. The financial information of the consolidated trusts and asset-backed securities (“ABS”) were also included in the following table, as the consolidated VIE companies are considered the primary beneficiary of these trusts and ABS plans:

F-16

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Consolidating Schedule of Financial Position
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents		1,670,835		1,818,186
Restricted cash		1,141,723		1,237,814
Restricted term deposit and short-term investments		79,760		78,458
Financing receivables, net		4,530,170		5,199,209
Amounts due from Group companies (1)		109,196		244,675
Deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies		2,347,124		2,187,609
Contract assets and receivables, net		4,790,945		3,368,610
Property, equipment and software, net		522,718		812,005
Land use rights, net and right of use assets		901,443		828,467
Long‑term investments		239,244		243,971
Other assets		2,794,112		4,133,414
TOTAL ASSETS		19,127,270		20,152,418
LIABILITIES
Amounts due to Group companies (1)		6,672,028		6,792,117
Borrowings		916,305		1,158,211
Funding debts		3,951,665		3,291,275
Deferred guarantee income		786,793		968,405
Contingent guarantee liabilities		876,614		438,837
Other liabilities		3,048,229		3,871,778
TOTAL LIABILITIES		16,251,634		16,520,623
Total equity attributable to owners of the company		2,875,636		3,631,795
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		2,875,636		3,631,795
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		19,127,270		20,152,418


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Condensed Consolidating Schedule of Results of Operations
Operating revenue:
Third-party revenues		11,264,532			10,958,115			10,381,825
Inter-group revenues (2)		186,968			196,310			130,165
Total Operating revenue		11,451,500			11,154,425			10,511,990
Operating cost:
Third-party costs		(7,354,363	)		(7,314,444	)		(6,290,106	)
Inter-group costs(2)		(27	)		(188	)		(426	)
Total operating cost		(7,354,390	)		(7,314,632	)		(6,290,532	)
Gross profit		4,097,110			3,839,793			4,221,458
Operating expense:
Third-party expenses		(1,766,810	)		(1,799,169	)		(1,760,165	)
Inter-group expenses(2)		(1,544,632	)		(1,108,919	)		(1,854,773	)
Total operating expenses		(3,311,442	)		(2,908,088	)		(3,614,938	)
Others		(448,109	)		(556,017	)		338,888
Income before income tax		337,559			375,688			945,408
Income tax expenses		(100,292	)		(93,803	)		(223,467	)
Net income		237,267			281,885			721,941
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company		237,267			281,885			721,941

F-17

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,443,381			207,079			3,264,268
Net cash provided by transactions with external parties		2,922,935			1,555,165			4,881,253
Net cash used in transactions with inter-group entities for technical service charges and others (3)		(1,479,554	)		(1,348,086	)		(1,616,985	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		1,337,528			(799,910	)		(2,514,896	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) transactions with external parties		1,387,854			(837,194	)		(2,365,266	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by funds to Group companies (4)		(50,326	)		37,284			(149,630	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities		(2,022,654	)		654,636			(505,930	)
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with external parties		(2,272,659	)		91,129			(422,863	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) funds from Group companies (5)		250,005			563,507			(83,067	)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		758,255			61,805			243,442
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		1,992,498			2,750,753			2,812,558
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		2,750,753			2,812,558			3,056,000

(1)

The amounts due from Group companies represent the funds provided by the consolidated VIEs to WFOEs, and the operating receivables resulting from the provision of goods and services to WFOEs;
The amounts due to Group companies represent the funds provided by group companies to the consolidated VIEs, and the operating payables resulting from the technical service fees charged by WFOEs.

(2)

The inter-group revenues and inter-group costs and expenses recognized by the consolidated VIEs were related to the goods and services between the consolidated VIEs and WFOEs;
The inter-group expenses incurred by the consolidated VIEs represent the technical service fees charged by WFOEs.

(3)

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, cash paid by the VIEs to WFOEs for technical service fees were RMB1,647million, RMB1,611 million and RMB1,769 million, respectively. Cash received by the VIEs to WFOEs for the provision of goods and services were RMB168 million, RMB263 million and RMB152 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

(4)

Net cash (used in)/provided by funds to Group companies represent the funds provided by the consolidated VIEs to WFOEs, and the collections from the WFOEs for the funds previously provided by the consolidated VIEs. The funds provided to/repayments received from Group companies are presented on a net basis in investing activities.

(5)

Net cash (used in)/provided by funds from Group companies represent the funds provided by WFOEs to the consolidated VIEs. The funds received from/repayments made to Group companies are presented on a net basis in financing activities.

(c)

Use of estimates

The preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements is in conformity with the U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of financial statement and reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Accounting estimates include, but are not limited to (i) revenue recognition; (ii) allowance for credit losses on the financial assets measured at amortized cost and financial guarantees and (iii) initial recognition and subsequent measurement of guarantee derivatives at fair value. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.

(d)

Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong is United States dollars (“US$”) and the functional currencies of the PRC entities in the Group are RMB.

In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong have been translated into RMB at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the period. Translation adjustments arising from these are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments, and are shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and a component of other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities

F-18

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are remeasured at the applicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. Foreign currency exchange gain or loss resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from remeasurement at period‑end is recognized in “Others, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Foreign currency translation adjustments included in the Group’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were gain of RMB7.3 million, loss of RMB16.0 million and gain of RMB2.0 million, respectively.

(e) Convenience translation

Translations of balances on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows from RMB into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB6.9931, representing the noon buying rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2025. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2025, or at any other rate.

(f) Presentation for on- and off-balance sheet loans

The Group finances the loans with the proceeds from various funding partners, which primarily include: (1) the Institutional Funding Partners; and (2) third-party investors of the consolidated Trusts and asset‑backed securitized debts. Depending on the arrangements among the Group, the Borrowers and the funding partners, the underlying loans are accounted for as “on-balance sheet loans” or “off-balance sheet loans,” where applicable.

On‑balance sheet loans

Loans funded by establishment of the consolidated Trusts and issuance of asset‑backed securitized debts

The Group establishes business relationships with Trusts from time to time. Pursuant to applicable arrangements, the Group invested in the financing receivables using funds from the consolidated Trusts. The Trusts are administered by third-party trust companies, which act as the trustees, with funds contributed by the Group and/or the third-party investors for the purpose of providing returns to the beneficiary of the Trusts. Since these Trusts only invest in financing receivables generated from the Group’s Platform and APP, the Group has power to direct the activities of the Trusts. The Group has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the Trusts that could potentially be significant to the Trusts. As a result, the Trusts are considered consolidated VIEs of the Group under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation.

The Group also issues private asset-backed securities (“ABS”) to diversify its funding sources. The Group is considered the primary beneficiary of these ABS plans as it has power to direct the activities that most significantly impact economic performance of the ABS plans, and has the obligation to absorb losses of or the right to receive benefits from the ABS plans that could potentially be significant to the ABS plans. As a result, the Group consolidated the ABS plans in the consolidated financial statements under ASC 810, Consolidation.

Therefore, loans funded by the consolidated Trusts and asset-backed securitized debts remain at the Group and are recorded as “Financing receivables, net” (Note 3) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The proceeds received from third‑party investors of the consolidated Trusts and asset-backed securitized debts are recorded as “Funding Debts” (Note 2(h)). Cash received via consolidated Trusts and asset-backed securitized debts that has not yet been distributed is recorded as “Restricted cash”.

Off‑balance sheet loans

Loans funded by certain Institutional Funding Partners such as third-party commercial banks or consumer finance companies

F-19

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

For loans funded by the proceeds from certain Institutional Funding Partners such as third-party commercial banks or consumer finance companies, each underlying loan and Borrower has to be approved by the third-party commercial banks or consumer finance companies individually. Once the loan is approved by and originated by the third-party commercial bank or consumer finance company, the fund is provided by the third-party commercial bank or consumer finance company to the Borrower and a lending relationship between the Borrower and the third-party commercial bank or consumer finance company is established through a loan agreement. Effectively, the Group offers loan facilitation and matching services to the Borrowers who have credit needs and the commercial banks or consumer finance companies who originate loans directly to Borrowers referred by the Group. The Group continues to provide account maintenance and payment processing services to the Borrowers over the term of the loan agreement. Under this scenario, the Group determines that it is not the legal lender or borrower in the loan origination and repayment process. Accordingly, the Group does not record financing receivables arising from these loans nor Funding Debts to the Institutional Funding Partners.

Measurement of financing receivables

Financing receivables are measured at amortized cost and reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at outstanding principal adjusted for any charge‑offs, the allowance for credit losses, and net deferred origination fees on originated financing receivables. The Group recognizes financing income over the terms of the financing receivables using the effective interest rate method. Refer to Note 2(l) for details. For financing receivables initially generated from online sales with installment payment terms on the Group’s Platform or APP, if they are subsequently funded by on-balance sheet loans, the Group considers that the financing receivables are not settled or extinguished, and therefore continues to account for these financing receivables according to the installment payment terms. If the financing receivables are subsequently funded by off-balance sheet loans, the Group considers that these financing receivables are settled and extinguished with the proceeds from the off-balance sheet loans as facilitated by the Group.

Accrued interest income on financing receivables is calculated based on the effective interest rate of the loan and recorded as financing income as earned. Financing receivables are placed on non‑accrual status upon reaching 90 days past due. When a financing receivable is placed on non‑accrual status, the Group stops accruing interest and reverses all accrued but unpaid interest as of such date.

The Group considers a financing receivable to be delinquent when a monthly payment is one day past due. When the Group determines it is probable that it will be unable to collect unpaid principal amount on the receivable, the remaining unpaid principal balance is charged off against the allowance for credit losses. Generally, charge‑offs occur after the 180th day of delinquency. Financing income for non-accrual financing receivables is recognized on a cash basis. Cash receipt of non‑accrual financing receivables would be first applied to any unpaid principal, late payment fees, if any, before recognizing financing income. The Group does not resume accrual of interest after a loan has been placed on non-accrual status.

(g)

Allowance for credit losses

The Group mainly has the following types of financial assets that are subject to credit losses of the customers: financing receivables, contract assets and receivables.

The Group applies Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This guidance replaces the previous “incurred loss” methodology, and introduces a forward-looking expected loss approach referred to as a current expected credit losses (“CECL”) methodology. The CECL methodology requires that the full amount of expected credit losses for the lifetime be recorded at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired, and adjusted for changes in expected lifetime credit losses subsequently, which requires earlier recognition of credit losses. The lifetime expected credit losses are determined using a pooled basis within respective credit risk classification levels of the underlying customers, taking into consideration the historical credit loss experience, the current credit quality of the portfolio and application of macroeconomic forecasts.

F-20

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Group’s CECL model and methodologies are based on the likelihood of customers defaulting (i.e., Probability of Default, or PD) and the resulting losses of customers’ defaults (i.e. Loss Given Default, or LGD) and Exposure at Default (“EAD”), or CECL=PD*LGD*EAD. The Group considers the PD with its historical information of customers’ payment behaviors and loan performance, and further adjusts for the impacts from observed industry experience. PDs are based on respective internal risk grades assigned to each of the customers by the Group. LGD is determined based on historical information of the extent of loss on a defaulted exposure. EAD is calculated based on the amounts the Group expected to be owed at the time of default, over the term of the loans. The Group also incorporates the forward-looking information in the CECL, taking into account a range of forecasts of macroeconomic conditions over the expected life of the loans. The macroeconomic factors used in model include variables that have historically been key drivers of increases and decreases in credit losses, such as Consumer Price Index and Total Retail Sales of Consumer Goods (formulated by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, it reflects the total domestic market volume of physical goods consumption and catering revenue). The expected life of each loan is determined based on the contractual term. The allowance for credit losses also includes management overlays which allow management to reflect the uncertain nature of economic forecasting and account for model imprecision and concentration risk.

The CECL methodology is applicable to estimation of credit losses of financial assets measured at amortized cost, primarily including financing receivables, contract assets and receivables of the Group.

The CECL methodology also applies to certain off-balance sheet credit exposures, such as financial guarantees not accounted for as derivatives. The financial guarantees provided for the Group’s off-balance sheet loans accounted for under ASC 460 are in the scope of ASC 326 and subject to the CECL methodology. The expected credit losses (the contingent aspect) of the guarantee shall be accounted for in addition to and separately from the guarantee liability (the noncontingent aspect) accounted for under ASC 460. Further, the contingent liability is determined using CECL lifetime methodology.

(h)

Funding debts

For the proceeds received from the funding partners, including the third-party investors of the consolidated Trusts and asset-backed securitized debts, and certain Institutional Funding Partners, to fund the Group’s on-balance sheet loans, the Group records them as funding debts (“Funding Debts”) on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accrued interest payable is calculated based on the contractual interest rates of funding debts.

(i)

Guarantee receivables and liabilities

For the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain Institutional Funding Partners, the Group provides deposits and replenishes such deposits from time to time to the Institutional funding partners by compensating them for principal and interest payment in the event of the Borrowers’ defaults, which are accounted for as guarantee liabilities under ASC 460, Guarantees.

Starting from 2019, the Group started to cooperate with third-party insurance companies and guarantee companies that directly provide guarantee services to certain Institutional Funding Partners. According to relevant financial guarantee arrangements, third-party insurance companies and guarantee companies will provide the principal and interest payment to these Institutional Funding Partners, in case of Borrowers’ defaults. However, the Group is required to provide deposits and replenish such deposits from time to time to the bank accounts of these insurance companies and guarantee companies, in the event that such insurance companies and guarantee companies perform their guarantee obligations upon the Borrowers’ defaults. Effectively, the Group provides risk safeguard measures or a deposit to compensate the insurance companies and guarantee companies in the event that they performed their guarantee or insurance obligations upon the Borrowers’ defaults. These financial guarantee contracts are accounted for as guarantee liabilities under ASC 460, Guarantees, provided that the scope exception under ASC 815-10-15-58 is met.

For the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain other Institutional Funding Partners, these Institutional Funding Partners retain the credit exposure of the loans facilitated by the Group and do not require the Group to provide any guarantee pursuant to relevant arrangements. Therefore, the Group does not record guarantee receivables nor guarantee liabilities for the off-balance sheet loans funded by these Institutional Funding Partners.

F-21

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

As discussed in Note 2(g) above, the financial guarantees provided for the Group’s off-balance sheet loans accounted for under ASC 460 are in the scope of ASC 326 and subject to the CECL methodology.

The estimated fair value of the guarantee liabilities at inception of the loans is determined based on a discounted cash flow model, with reference to estimates of expected loss rates using CECL lifetime methodology. Subsequent to initial recognition, the guarantee liabilities continue to be reduced by recording a credit to net income as the guarantor is released from the guaranteed risk over the terms of the underlying loans, as “Guarantee income” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The expected credit losses of the guarantee (the contingent aspect recorded as “Contingent guarantee liabilities”) are accounted for in addition to and separately from the guarantee liability (the noncontingent aspect recorded as “Deferred guarantee income”) accounted for under ASC 460. The contingent guarantee liabilities are determined using CECL lifetime methodology, and recognized in full amount at loan inceptions. At each reporting date, the Group measures the contingent guarantee liabilities of the underlying loans, on a portfolio basis, and the relevant credit losses of guarantee are recorded as “Provision for contingent guarantee liabilities” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table sets forth the activities of the Group’s obligations associated with the deferred guarantee income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
				(RMB in thousands)
Opening balances		894,858			1,538,385			975,102
Fair value of deferred guarantee income at inception of new loans		3,162,811			2,100,541			2,754,379
Release of deferred guarantee income		(2,519,284	)		(2,663,824	)		(2,423,570	)
Ending balances		1,538,385			975,102			1,305,911

The following table sets forth the activities of the Group’s obligations associated with the contingent guarantee liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
				(RMB in thousands)
Opening balances		882,107			1,808,540			1,079,000
Provision for contingent liabilities of guarantee		3,203,123			3,655,548			3,174,787
Net cash payout		(2,276,690	)		(4,385,088	)		(3,709,596	)
Ending balances		1,808,540			1,079,000			544,191

F-22

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(j)

Loans at fair value

From time to time, the Group acquires the installment of loans when they are one day past due, or purchases the entire loans with certain monthly repayments that are past due over certain days consecutively or cumulatively, from certain funding partners, according to the relevant cooperation agreements with respective funding partners.

For those loans the Group acquired or purchased from the relevant funding partners, the Group accounts for them using fair value option pursuant to ASC 825, Financial Instruments, and records them as "Loans at fair value" under “Prepayments and other current assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As the loans acquired or purchased are not traded in an active market with readily observable prices, the Group estimates the fair value of loans acquired or purchased from funding partners using a discounted cash flow valuation methodology by discounting the estimated future net cash flows using an appropriate discount rate. The future net cash flows are estimated based on the contractual cash flows, taking into consideration of estimated future credit recoveries of the loans upon acquisition or purchase. Changes in fair value of loans are reported net and recorded in “Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(k)

Guarantee derivatives

In order to determine the accounting treatment of the guarantee, the Group considered the criteria of scope exception under ASC 815‑10‑15‑58. In order to qualify for this scope exception, the financial guarantee contracts must meet all three of the following criteria: (a) provide for payments to be made solely to reimburse the guaranteed party for failure of the debtor to satisfy its required payment obligations either at prescriptive payment dates or accelerated payment dates as a result of the occurrence of an event of default or notice of acceleration being made to the debtor by the creditor; (b) payment be made only if the debtor’s obligation to make payments as a result of conditions as described in (a) is past due; and (c) the guaranteed party is, as a precondition in the contract for receiving payment of any claim under the guarantee, exposed to the risk of non‑payment both at inception and throughout its term either through direct legal ownership or through other arrangement.

For the financial guarantee provided by the Group that does not meet the scope exception under ASC 815‑10‑15‑58, the Group accounts for the financial guarantee contracts with these Institutional Funding Partners as derivatives under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and records them on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either assets or liabilities at fair value.

Derivative assets and liabilities within the scope of ASC 815 are required to be recorded at fair value at inception and remeasured at fair value on an ongoing basis in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Therefore, the financial guarantee derivatives will be subsequently marked to market at the end of each reporting period with gains and losses recognized as change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives. The estimated fair value of the financial guarantee derivatives is determined by the Group based on a discounted cash flow model, with reference to estimates of cumulative loss rates and margins on cost of guarantee services.

(l)

Revenue recognition

The Group considered relevant accounting guidance and concluded that arrangements for its on-balance sheet loans and guarantee services provided for its off-balance sheet loans are out of scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Therefore, “Financing income” and “Guarantee income” included in “Credit facilitation service income” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables and ASC 460, Guarantees, respectively. Other revenue streams are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606.

F-23

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services, net of value-added tax. The Group identifies its contracts with customers and all performance obligations within those contracts. The Group then determines the transaction price and allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations within the Group’s contracts with customers, recognizing revenue when, or as, the Group satisfies its performance obligations. For considerations with original payment terms greater than 12 months, the Group determines a significant financing component exists in the arrangements. The discount rate, which reflects the credit risk of the customers, is used in adjusting the consideration at inception for revenue recognition. Interest income resulting from a significant financing component is recorded as “Financing income” on the Group’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Disaggregation of revenues within the scope of ASC 606

The following table presents the Group’s operating revenue within the scope of ASC 606 disaggregated by revenue sources:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Installment e-commerce platform service income
Installment e-commerce platform service income		1,585,625		1,236,679		1,370,533
Other services		164,884		85,608		138,147
Total installment e-commerce platform service income		1,750,509		1,322,287		1,508,680
Credit facilitation service income
Loan facilitation and matching servicing fees-credit oriented		4,178,477		5,201,429		3,843,372
Post-origination servicing fees-credit oriented		823,404		1,124,495		1,145,190
Total credit facilitation service income		5,001,881		6,325,924		4,988,562
Tech-empowerment service income
Loan facilitation and matching servicing fees-performance based		702,774		695,872		101,490
Post-origination servicing fees-performance based		280,574		197,561		206,790
Referral service fee		349,927		603,361		1,587,248
Other services		307,178		384,582		185,807
Total tech-empowerment service income		1,640,453		1,881,376		2,081,335
Loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented and performance based		5,985,229		7,219,357		5,296,842
Total operating revenue within the scope of ASC 606		8,392,843		9,529,587		8,578,577

The following table presents the Group’s operating revenue within the scope of ASC 606 disaggregated by timing of revenue recognition:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Revenues recognized at point-in-time		7,155,654		7,876,188		7,110,549
Revenues recognized over time		1,237,189		1,653,399		1,468,028
Total operating revenue within scope of ASC 606		8,392,843		9,529,587		8,578,577

F-24

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Group’s revenue recognition policies under ASC 606 are as follows:

Installment e-commerce platform service

Online direct sales

The Group engages in the online direct sales of electronic products, and to a lesser extent, home appliance products and general merchandise products with installment payment terms mainly through its retail website www.fenqile.com and its APP.

The income from online direct sales is recognized at point-in-time when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs upon the acceptance of the goods or services by the customers. For arrangements where the Group controls the goods or services before they are transferred to the customers as a principal, as it is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the goods or services, is subject to inventory risk, and has discretion in establishing prices, revenues are recorded on a gross basis. Otherwise, revenues are recorded on a net basis. The goods or services are generally sold with a right of return, which is accounted for as variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. Return allowances are estimated based on historical experiences and insignificant for all of the periods presented.

For these transactions, the Group generates financing receivables due from the Borrowers who place orders. The online direct sales revenues and related financing receivables are accounted for as sales of products or services to the Borrowers with extended payment terms and recorded at present value of the contractual cash flows when the Group’s performance obligations are satisfied.

The financing receivables initially generated from online direct sales may be subsequently funded with the proceeds from on- or off-balance sheet loans as discussed in Note 2(f).

Other services

The Group also operates online marketplace that enable third party sellers to provide their goods or services to customers. The Group earns commission fee based on the sales amount for the services rendered. Revenues are recognized at point-in-time when the underlying transactions are completed, i.e., upon acceptance of the underlying goods or services by the customers. In accordance with ASC 606-10-55-39, the Group recognizes the service fees as revenues on a net basis, as the Group is acting as an agent and does not have general inventory risk or does not have discretion to establish prices. For these transactions whereby the Group pays to the third party sellers on behalf of the customers where the customers select the installment payment terms, the Group generates financing receivables due from the Borrowers, which may be subsequently funded with the proceeds from on- or off-balance sheet loans as discussed in Note 2(f).

Credit facilitation service and tech-empowerment service

Under credit facilitation service, revenue is generated from loan facilitation and servicing fees-credit oriented for provision of intermediary services to both the users and the funding partners. In addition, guarantee income is generated from the guarantee services. The Group also generates financing income from on-balance sheet loans, which are funded by establishment of the consolidated Trusts and issuance of asset‑backed securitized debts, as well as loans funded by the consolidated microcredit company.

The Group generates tech-empowerment service income from loan facilitation and servicing fees-performance based with profit sharing model, referral services, as well as other services including technical services to financial institutions, subscription services and others.

Loan facilitation and servicing fees

With respect to the off‑balance sheet loans, the Group does not record financing receivables arising from these loans nor funding debts to the funding partners. The Group earns loan facilitation and servicing fees and records them under

F-25

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

“Credit facilitation service income” and “Tech-empowerment service income” based on respective arrangements, as applicable.

Revenues from loan facilitation and matching and post-origination services-overall

The Group provides intermediary services to the Borrowers and funding partners as the lenders. The intermediary services provided include (i) loan facilitation and matching services, (ii) post-origination services (i.e. account maintenance, collection, and payment processing), and (iii) a financial guarantee, if any. The Group has assessed all these services and concludes that loan facilitation and matching services and post-origination services are distinct and therefore are separate performance obligations. The financial guarantee, if any, is within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging or ASC 460, Guarantees, where applicable, and recorded at fair value at inception of the loans. The remaining consideration is allocated to each of the performance obligations based on relative standalone selling price of each of the services being provided to customers. The Group primarily uses the expected cost plus a margin approach to determine the relative standalone selling price as a result of the adoption of ASC 606.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised services to its customers, net of value-added tax. The transaction price includes variable service fees which is estimated using the expected value method and is limited to the amount of variable consideration that is probable not to be significantly reversed in future periods. The Group assesses whether the estimate of variable consideration is constrained.

Revenues from loan facilitation and matching services are recognized at point-in-time upon the successful matching of the borrowing requests from the Borrowers with the funding partners as the lenders. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized ratably over the terms of the underlying loans as this performance obligation is satisfied over time.

F-26

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

For the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain Institutional Funding Partners, where the Group also provides guarantee services, revenue from loan facilitation and matching and post-origination services under this business model is recorded as “Loan facilitation and matching servicing fees-credit oriented” and “Post-origination servicing fees-credit oriented” respectively under “Credit facilitation service income.” Revenue from guarantee services is recorded as “Guarantee income” under ASC 460 (Note 2(f)) under Credit facilitation service income.

For the off-balance sheet loans funded by certain other Institutional Funding Partners, where the Group does not provide guarantee services and takes no credit risks of Borrowers in respect of principal and interests due to the lenders, the Group charges the service fees for loan facilitation and servicing at predetermined rates based on the performance of the underlying off-balance sheet loans. Revenue from loan facilitation and matching and post-origination services under this business model is recorded as “Loan facilitation and matching servicing fees-performance based” and “Post-origination servicing fees-performance based” under “Tech-empowerment service income.”

Referral services

The Group provides referral services by referring user on its own platform to third-party platforms or companies in respect of loan and other products offered by them. The Group considers the third-party platforms or companies to be its customers, and charges service fees from customers based on a pre-agreed rate of transaction amount underwritten or received by, or of number of qualified users referred to these customers. The transaction price includes variable service fees, which is estimated using the expected value method and is limited to the amount of variable consideration that is probable not to be significantly reversed in future periods. The Group assesses whether the estimate of variable consideration is constrained. Revenue under this business model is recognized as “Referral services” under “Tech-empowerment service income” when a successful referral is achieved upon loan origination, clicks by qualified users, or when other performance obligation is satisfied.

Other services under tech-empowerment service income

The Group also engages in other business, which consists primarily of technical services to financial institutions and offers subscription services (previously referred to as membership services) to the customers with access to benefits of sales of products and services on the Group’s Platform and APP. Revenues generated by the Group from these businesses are recorded under “Tech-empowerment service income” when performance obligation is satisfied.

Financing income

The Group generates financing income from its financing receivables, which comprises of interest income and others.

Interest income is recognized over the terms of financing receivables using the effective interest method. Direct origination costs include costs directly attributable to originating financing receivables, including vendor costs and personnel costs directly related to the time spent by those individuals performing activities related to the origination of financing receivables. Considering the credit risk characteristics of the Borrowers as well as the relatively small amount of each individual financing receivable, the Group determined that direct origination costs incurred for originating individual financing receivables are insignificant and expensed as incurred and recorded in “Processing and servicing cost” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Group stops accruing interest income and reverses all accrued but unpaid interest as of such date when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal.

Other revenues include fees collected for prepayment and late payment for on‑balance sheet loans, which are calculated as certain percentages of interest over the prepaid principal loan amount in case of prepayment or certain percentages of past due amounts in case of late payment.

Customer incentives

In order to incentivize the individual customers to use the Platform and APP, the Group primarily provides two major types of incentive coupons: cash coupons that have a stated discount amount that reduces the selling price of a future purchase of product and repayment coupons that have a stated discount amount that reduce a future installment repayment.

F-27

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Both cash coupons and repayment coupons are given for free at the Group’s discretion, which are not linked to any transactions or previous transactions from the Platform and APP when they are given. In accordance with ASC 606-10-32-27, cash coupons and repayment coupons are accounted for as a reduction of revenue of the Group upon the future purchase or application by the customers. The amount of cash coupons and repayment coupons recognized as a reduction of revenue was RMB105 million, RMB89.4 million and RMB86.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Contract balances

The Group classifies its right to consideration in exchange for products or services transferred to a customer as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional as compared to a contract asset which is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Generally, the amount of revenue recognized from loan facilitation and matching services exceeds the amount billed to customers following the predetermined payment schedules at inception of the loans. The Group does not have an unconditional right to such exceeding amount. Service fees receivable represent the considerations for which the Group has satisfied its performance obligations and has the unconditional right to consideration. At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether there is any indicator of impairment to the contract assets and receivables. An impairment loss, if any, is recorded as “Provision for contract assets and receivables” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Contract liabilities relate to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of each reporting period and consist of cash payment received in advance from customers in subscription services and post-origination services, which is recorded as “Deferred service fees” included in “Accruals and other current liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount of revenue recognized that was included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the years were RMB36.6 million and RMB106 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Remaining performance obligations

The remaining performance obligation disclosure provides the aggregate amount of the transaction price yet to be recognized as of the end of the reporting period and an explanation as to when the Group expects to recognize these amounts in revenue. Additionally, as a practical expedient, the Group does not include contracts that have an original duration of one year or less.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations related to customer contracts that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied was RMB438 million and RMB422 million, respectively. Given the profile of contract terms, substantially all of the remaining performance obligation is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next three years.

Practical expedients

The Group has used the following practical expedients as allowed under ASC 606:

The remaining performance obligation has not been disclosed when the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original duration of one year or less.

The Group expenses sales commissions as incurred when the amortization period is one year or less. Sales commission expenses are recorded within “Sales and marketing expenses” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(m)

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand, demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, which are unrestricted to withdrawal or use. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group did not have any cash equivalents.

(n)

Restricted cash

Restricted cash mainly represents: (i) cash received from the Borrowers but not yet been repaid to the funding partners or received from the funding partners but not yet been distributed to the Borrowers which is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Group; and (ii) security deposits set aside for partnering commercial banks in case of Borrowers’ defaults; and (iii) cash received via consolidated trust and ABS that has not been distributed.

(o)

Restricted term deposit and short-term investments

Restricted term deposit include (i) time deposits securing the Group’s borrowings from financial institutions, and (ii) time deposits placed with and set aside for partnering commercial banks as Institutional Funding Partners in case of Borrowers' defaults.

Short-term investments represent bank time deposits and structured deposit which are certain deposits with variable interest rates and principal guaranteed with certain financial institutions. Their original maturities are of greater than three months but less than one year. In accordance with ASC 825, Financial Instruments, for structured deposit with the interest rate indexed to performance of underlying assets, the Group elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carried these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value are reflected by the market value of the investment.

(p)

Inventories, net

Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Prior to September 2023, cost of inventory is determined using the moving average cost method. Starting from September 2023, cost of inventory is determined using the first-in-first-out cost method. Such change did not have a material impact on the financial position and results of operations and therefore was not applied retrospectively in accordance with ASC 250-10-S99-3. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of disposal and transportation. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventory to the net realizable value due to slow-moving merchandise and damaged goods, which is dependent upon factors such as historical and forecasted consumer demand, and promotional environment. The Group takes ownership, risks and rewards of the products purchased. Write-downs are recorded in cost of revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, all inventory balances were products available for sale.

The Group also provides fulfillment-related services in connection with the Group’s online marketplace, with revenue from the related commission fee recognized under “Installment e-commerce platform service income”. Third-party sellers maintain ownership of their inventories and therefore these products are not included in the Group’s inventories.

(q)

Long-term investments

The Group’s long-term investments consist of equity investments in privately held companies accounted for using the measurement alternative, equity investments accounted for using the equity method and a debt investment in forms of a loan.

Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative

The Group measures long-term equity investments, other than equity method investments, at fair value through earnings. For those investments over which the Group does not have significant influence and without readily determinable fair value, the Group elected to record these investments at cost, less impairment, and plus or minus subsequent adjustments

F-29

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

for observable price changes. Under this measurement alternative, changes in the carrying value of the equity investments are required to be made whenever there are observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. The Group makes reasonable efforts to identify price changes that are known or that can reasonably be known. The Group also makes a qualitative assessment of whether these investments are impaired at each reporting date. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the Group has to estimate the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the Group has to recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value under “Investment loss” on its Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Equity investments accounted for using the equity method

The Group applies the equity method of accounting to account for its equity investments, according to ASC 323 Investment-Equity Method and Joint Ventures, over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control. Under the equity method, the Group initially records the investments at cost and the difference between the cost of the equity investee and the fair value of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill, which is included in the equity method investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Group subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investments to recognize its proportionate share of each equity investee's net income or loss into earnings and cash distributions from investees, if any, after the date of investment. The Group evaluates the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investment is recognized in earnings under “Investment-related impairment” when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Debt investment

The loan held for long-term investment is carried at outstanding principal adjusted for any write-offs, and allowance for loan losses, any deferred fees or cost, and any unamortized premiums or discounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Group records the interest income associated with the debt investment using effective interest rate method on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The allowance for credit losses was recognized that reflects the Group’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected.

(r)

Property, equipment and software, net

Property, equipment and software, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment, if any. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Construction in progress represents buildings and related premises under construction, which is stated at actual construction cost less any impairment loss. Construction in progress is transferred to the respective category of property and equipment when completed and ready for its intended use. Costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred and asset improvements are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets disposed of or retired are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected under “Others, net” on its Consolidated Statements of Operations. The estimated useful lives are as follows:


Category	Estimated Useful Lives
Computers and equipment	3 years
Furniture and fixtures	4 ‑ 5 years
Leasehold improvement	Over the shorter of the expected life of leasehold improvement or the lease term
Software	3 ‑ 10 years

(s)

Land use rights, net

Land use rights represent the land use rights obtained for the purpose of constructing offices, which was amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the land use right period, approximately 30 years.

(t)

Impairment of long‑lived assets

F-30

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Long‑lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the long‑lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets.

(u)

Other assets

Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets mainly represent the long-term deposits made to the institutional funding partners, insurance companies and guarantee companies, the investment related prepayment, and other long-term assets. The Group assesses the recoverability of these assets and establishes allowances to reflect the net amounts expected to be recovered. The allowance is management’s estimate of expected credit losses after considering historical collection activity, nature of assets, current business environment and relevant forward-looking elements that may affect the recoverability.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the allowances for expected credit losses for other assets were RMB231 million and RMB228 million respectively.

The Group has recognized an additional loss of RMB206 million in 2023 under "investment loss" related to investment related prepayment for equity interest in a domestic private bank, and no more loss was recorded during 2024 and 2025.

(v)

Fair value measurements

Financial instruments

Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Accounting guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

•

Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical asset or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model‑derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

•

Level 3 applies to asset or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Fair value measurements on a recurring basis

F-31

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, amounts due from related parties, accounts payable, and amounts due to related parties approximates fair value because of their short‑term nature. Financing receivables are measured at amortized cost. Funding debts and accrued interest payable are carried at amortized cost. The carrying amount of the financing receivables, funding debts, and accrued interest payable approximates their respective fair value as the interest rates applied reflect the current quoted market yield for comparable financial instruments.

For the off‑balance sheet loans funded by certain Institutional Funding Partners, the Group accounts for financial guarantee provided at fair value. The Group uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of these guarantee liabilities. The Group considers unobservable inputs to be significant, if, by their exclusion, the estimated fair value of a Level 3 asset or liability would be impacted by a significant percentage change, or based on qualitative factors such as the nature of the instrument and significance of the unobservable inputs relative to other inputs used within the valuation.

The Group’s restricted term deposit and short-term investments are measured at fair value. The fair value is determined based on the prevailing interest rates for similar products in the market (Level 2).

The Group elected the fair value option for the loans acquired or purchased from the relevant funding partners. The Group uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of these loans (Level 3).

Fair value measurements on a non-recurring basis

The Group measures certain financial assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis only if an impairment charge were to be recognized. The Group’s long-term equity investments are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis under measurement alternative, if an impairment loss is charged or fair value adjustment is made for an observable price change in an orderly transaction for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The Group’s non‑financial assets, such as property, equipment and software, would be measured at fair value only if they were determined to be impaired.

(w)

Cost of sales

Cost of sales consists of purchase price of the products, shipping charges and handling costs, as well as write‑downs of inventory. Shipping charges to receive products from suppliers are included in the inventories, and recognized as cost of sales upon sale of the products to customers. For each of the periods presented, write‑downs of inventory were insignificant.

(x)

Funding cost

Funding cost consists of interest expense the Group pays to funding partners, including certain Institutional Funding Partners and third-party investors of the consolidated Trusts and the asset backed securitized debts, to fund its on-balance sheet loans, certain fees and amortization of deferred debt issuance costs incurred in connection with obtaining these debts, such as origination fees and legal fees.

(y)

Processing and servicing cost

Processing and servicing cost consists primarily of vendor costs related to credit assessment, customer and system support, payment processing services and collection services associated with originating, facilitating and servicing the loans.

(z)

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising costs and payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and business development activities. Advertising costs, which consist primarily costs of online advertising and offline outdoor promotion activities, are expensed as incurred and are included within sales and marketing expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, advertising costs totaled RMB990 million, RMB1,019 million and RMB1,160 million, respectively.

(aa)

Research and development expenses

F-32

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Research and development expenses consist primarily of payroll and related expenses for IT professionals involved in developing technology platform and website, server and other equipment depreciation, bandwidth and data center costs. All research and development costs have been expensed as incurred as the costs qualifying for capitalization have been insignificant.

(bb)

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist of payroll and related expenses for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, legal and human resources; costs associated with use of facilities and equipment, such as depreciation expenses, rental and other general corporate related expenses.

(cc)

Leases

Under ASC Topic 842(leases), the Group determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease terms. The Group considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of lease commencement.

The Group leases certain office premises under non‑cancelable leases, which expire at various dates through November 2028. As of December 31, 2025, the Group’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 1.4 years and a weighted average discount rate of 5.65%.

Future minimum lease payments under non‑cancelable operating leases agreements are as follows:


	For the Year ended December 31, 2025
	RMB in thousands
2026		32,970
2027		8,858
2028 and thereafter		3,028
Total future lease payments		44,856
Impact of discounting remaining lease payments		(1,943	)
Total lease liabilities		42,913
- Short-term portion		32,346
- Long-term portion		10,567

Operating lease cost for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was RMB45.3 million, RMB42.2 million and RMB41.0 million, respectively, which excluded cost of leasing contracts with original terms less than 12 months. Short-term lease cost for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was RMB19.8million, RMB22.5 million and RMB24.5 million, respectively. Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:


	For the Year ended December 31, 2025
	RMB in thousands
Cash payments for operating leases		44,606
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities		21,630

(dd)

Share‑based compensation

Share-based awards granted to the Group’s employees and non-employees, directors and non-employee directors, such as stock options and restricted share units, are measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. Share-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period.

F-33

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The modification of the terms or conditions of the existing shared-based award is treated as an exchange of the original award for a new award. The incremental compensation expenses are equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award immediately after the modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. For stock options already vested as of the modification date, the Group immediately recognized the incremental value as compensation expenses. For stock options still unvested as of the modification date, the incremental compensation expenses are recognized over the remaining service period of these stock options.

Stock options and restricted share units granted generally vest over four years.

The exercise price of each granted stock option is determined by the closing price of the Company’s ordinary share on the grant date. Therefore, the Company utilizes the binomial option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted after the IPO. The fair value of each granted restricted share unit is determined by the closing price of the Company’s ordinary share on the grant date.

Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Group uses historical data to estimate forfeitures of share-based awards and records share-based compensation expenses only for those awards that are expected to vest.

(ee)

Taxation

Income tax

Current income tax is provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax jurisdictions.

Deferred income tax is provided using assets and liabilities method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more‑likely‑than‑not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Group considers all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of projected future taxable income and results of recent operation. The Group records a valuation allowance to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more‑likely‑than‑not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Uncertain tax positions

To assess uncertain tax positions, the Group applies a more‑likely‑than‑not threshold and a two‑step approach for the tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. Under the two‑step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more‑likely‑than‑not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group classifies interest and penalties related to income tax matters, if any, in income tax expense.

F-34

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(ff)

Net income per share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders. Net income per ordinary share are computed on Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares together, because both classes have the same dividend rights in the Company’s undistributed net income.

Diluted net income per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible notes using the if-converted method, and ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and vesting of restricted share units, using the treasury stock method. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted income per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

(gg)

Segment reporting

The Group engages primarily in online direct sales services and online consumer finance services for its customers in the PRC. The Group does not distinguish between markets or business lines for the purpose of internal reports. The Group does not distinguish revenues, costs and expenses between business lines in its internal reporting, and reports costs and expenses by nature as a whole. The Group’s chief operating decision maker, who has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, reviews the consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group as a whole and hence, the Group has only one segment. As most of the Group’s long lived assets are all located in the PRC and the Group’s revenues are primarily derived from the PRC, no geographical segments are presented.

(hh)

Statutory reserves

The Company’s subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries established in the PRC are required to make appropriations to certain non‑distributable reserve funds.

In accordance with the laws applicable to the Foreign Investment Enterprises (“FIEs”) established in the PRC, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as wholly foreign‑owned enterprises (“WFOEs”) have to make appropriations from its annual after‑tax profits as determined under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the PRC (“PRC GAAP”) to reserve funds including general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the annual after‑tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the company. Appropriations to the enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund are made at the respective company’s discretion.

In addition, in accordance with the PRC Company Laws, the consolidated VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries, registered as Chinese domestic companies, must make appropriations from their annual after‑tax profits as determined under PRC GAAP to non‑distributable reserve funds including statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be 10% of the annual after‑tax profits as determined under PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the company. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the respective company’s discretion.

The use of the general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted to offsetting of losses or increasing of the registered capital of the respective company. The staff bonus and welfare fund is a liability in nature and is restricted to fund payments of special bonus to employees and for the collective welfare of all employees. None of these reserves are allowed to be transferred to the company in terms of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they be distributed except under liquidation.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, profit appropriation to general reserve fund and statutory surplus fund for the Group’s entities incorporated in the PRC was approximately RMB84.0 million, RMB71.7 million and RMB82.6 million, respectively.

(ii)

Significant risks and uncertainties

F-35

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Foreign currency risk

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies. The Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted term deposit and short-term investments denominated in RMB that are subject to such government controls amounted to RMB4,018 million and RMB3,974 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The value of RMB is subject to changes in the central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the PRC foreign exchange trading system market. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the PBOC. Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Group in the PRC must be processed through PBOC or other Chinese foreign exchange regulatory bodies which require certain supporting documentation in order to process the remittance.

Operation and compliance risk

In August 2017, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Regulations, effective October 1, 2017. In October 2019, the CBIRC and other eight PRC regulatory agencies promulgated the Supplementary Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, or the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions. The Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions provides that, among others, institutions providing services such as client recommendation and credit assessment to various institutional funding partners shall not render any financing guarantee service, whether directly or in disguised form, without the necessary approval. Otherwise, the penalties set forth in the Financing Guarantee Regulations may be imposed by the regulatory authorities, and the Group’s existing business shall be properly settled.

Due to a lack of further interpretations, the exact definition and scope of “operating financing guarantee business” under the Financing Guarantee Regulations or “providing financing guarantee services in disguised form” under the Financing Guarantee Supplementary Provisions are still unclear. The Group provided various investor protection measures to Institutional Funding Partners through different kinds of arrangements, including providing a deposit, and risk safeguard measures to compensate the insurance companies and guarantee companies in the event that they performed their guarantee or insurance obligations upon the Borrowers’ defaults. It is uncertain whether these or certain of these arrangements would be deemed to have operated financing guarantee business or provided financing guarantee services in disguised form. If such arrangements were deemed to be in violation of any applicable laws and regulations, the Group could be subject to penalties and/or be required to change its current business model, and as a result, the Group’s business, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

In an effort to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the Group has currently conducted part of the investor protection measures through its own financial guarantee companies, which are qualified to provide financing guarantee services. The Group increased the paid-in capital of the financing guarantee subsidiaries from RMB 1.3 billion as of December 31, 2019 to RMB3.0 billion as of December 31, 2025. The Group will continue its efforts to mitigate the relevant compliance risk.

Concentration of credit risk

F-36

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Credit risk is one of the most significant risks for the Group’s loans businesses. The Group records provision for credit losses based on its estimated probable losses against its financing receivables. Apart from the financing receivables, financial instruments that potentially expose the Group to significant concentration of credit risk primarily included in the financial statement line items of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, restricted term deposit and short-term investments, prepayments and other current assets, contract assets and receivables, and deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies. The Group holds its cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted term deposit and short-term investments at reputable financial institutions in the PRC and at international financial institutions with high ratings from internationally recognized rating agencies. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 98% of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted term deposit and short-term investments were held in the financial institutions in the PRC and the remaining cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted term, deposit and short-term investments were held in financial institutions outside the PRC. Financing receivables and contract assets and receivables are typically unsecured and are derived from revenues earned from customers in the PRC. The risk with respect to these receivables and contract assets are mitigated by credit evaluations the Group performs on its Borrowers and the Group’s ongoing monitoring process of outstanding balances.

Concentration of customers, suppliers, and funding partners

There was no revenue from customers which individually represented greater than 10% of the total operating revenue for any of the periods presented. There were no financing receivables or contract assets and receivables due from customers of the Group that individually accounted for greater than 10% of the Group’s carrying amount of financing receivables and contract assets and receivables as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

There were one, nil and one inventory suppliers accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s total purchases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. One supplier accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s accounts payable as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively, as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
Inventory supplier A	*				18.4	%
Inventory supplier B		11.0	%	*

* Less than 10%.

There were two, two and two Institutional Funding Partners that accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s total funding cost for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Institutional Funding Partners accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s funding debts as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 respectively as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
Institutional Funding Partner A		49.9	%		35.6	%
Institutional Funding Partner B		12.3	%	*
Institutional Funding Partner C	*				24.4	%

There were no Institutional Funding Partner that accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s origination of off-balance sheet loans for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025.

F-37

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

There were two and three guarantee companies accounted for more than 10% of the Group's deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.


	As of December 31,
		2024		2025
Guarantee Company A		12.1	%	14.4	%
Guarantee Company B		20.4	%	14.1	%
Guarantee Company C	*			11.0	%

*Less than 10%.

(jj)

Recent accounting pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740)- Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU No. 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis. Early adoption was permitted. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the group's consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). ASU No. 2025-05 provides all entities with a practical expedient and entities other than public business entities with an accounting policy election when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments in this update intend to improve the disclosures about a public business entity's expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) in commonly presented expense captions (such as cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses, and research and development). ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832). ASU No. 2025-10 establishes guidance on the recognition, measurement, and presentation of government grants received by business entities. The guidance is effective for public business entities in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2028 (including interim periods within) and one year later for all other entities. Early adoption is permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

F-38

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

3. FINANCING RECEIVABLES, NET

Financing receivables, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 consisted of the followings:


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Short-term:
Short-term financing receivables		4,693,817			5,521,164
Accrued interest receivable		77,022			127,948
Allowance for credit losses		(102,124	)		(198,694	)
Total short-term financing receivables, net		4,668,715			5,450,418
Long-term:
Long-term financing receivables		114,247			171,101
Allowance for credit losses		(1,820	)		(3,723	)
Total long-term financing receivables, net		112,427			167,378

These balances represent short‑term and long‑term financing receivables generated from loans transacted on the Group's Platform and APP with an original term generally up to three years and do not have collateral.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, loans that were charged-off in accordance with the Group's standard charge-off policy were RMB5,748 million and RMB6,666 million, respectively. The Group determined it was probable that the Group will be unable to collect the unpaid principal amounts on those loans.

The following table summarizes the balances of financing receivables by due date as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Due in months
0 - 12		4,693,817		5,521,164
13 - 24		114,178		171,101
25 - 36		69		—
Total financing receivables (excluding accrued interest receivable)		4,808,064		5,692,265

The activities in the allowance for credit losses of financing receivables for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, consisted of the following:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Beginning balances		(197,407	)		(61,681	)		(103,944	)
Provision for credit losses		(627,061	)		(865,524	)		(1,016,742	)
Charge-offs		939,992			1,083,815			1,226,618
Recoveries from prior charge-offs		(177,205	)		(260,554	)		(308,349	)
Ending balances		(61,681	)		(103,944	)		(202,417	)

F-39

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Aging analysis of past due financing receivables as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:


RMB in thousands	1 - 29 Days Past Due		30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		90 - 179 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total
December 31, 2024		93,205		67,796		58,292		143,553		362,846		4,445,218		4,808,064
December 31, 2025		221,633		165,269		160,909		324,523		872,334		4,819,931		5,692,265

Financing receivables amounting to RMB144 million and RMB325 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively, were in non‑accrual status. Financing income for non‑accrual financing receivables is recognized on a cash basis. Cash receipt of non‑accrual financing receivables would be first applied to any unpaid principal, late payment fees, if any, before recognizing financing income. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, interest and late payment fees earned from non‑accrual financing receivables were RMB74.1 million, RMB59.5 million and RMB60.1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, financing receivables amounting to RMB11.9 million and RMB1,197 million have been pledged as collateral pursuant to investment agreements with certain Institutional Funding Partners (Note 10).

Credit Quality Indicators

The following table provides information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for financing receivables. The amortized cost of loans was presented by year of origination as of December 31, 2025:


	Loans originated in
RMB in thousands	1 - 29 Days Past Due		30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		90 - 179 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total
2023 and before		2		5		22		103		132		426		558
2024		2,738		1,819		2,513		16,231		23,301		55,312		78,613
2025		218,893		163,445		158,374		308,189		848,901		4,764,193		5,613,094
Total		221,633		165,269		160,909		324,523		872,334		4,819,931		5,692,265

4. CONTRACT ASSETS AND RECEIVABLES, NET

The following table provides information about the Group's contract assets and guarantee receivables with its customers:

F-40

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Short-term:
Contract assets		3,721,794			1,572,959
Allowance for credit losses of contract assets		(203,027	)		(79,802	)
Contract assets, net		3,518,767			1,493,157
Service fees receivable		956,827			1,092,334
Allowance for credit losses of service fees receivable		(149,057	)		(152,709	)
Service fees receivable, net		807,770			939,625
Guarantee receivables		1,179,026			1,356,857
Allowance for credit losses of guarantee receivables		(57,506	)		(26,543	)
Guarantee receivables, net		1,121,520			1,330,314
Long-term:
Contract assets		242,786			178,424
Allowance for credit losses of contract assets		(24,988	)		(10,110	)
Contract assets, net		217,798			168,314
Guarantee receivables		105,535			153,641
Allowance for credit losses of guarantee receivables		(5,931	)		(4,459	)
Guarantee receivables, net		99,604			149,182

The activities in the allowance for credit losses of contract assets and receivables for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, consisted of the following:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
				(RMB in thousands)
Beginning balances		(269,592	)		(497,974	)		(440,509	)
Provisions		(622,564	)		(680,482	)		(580,989	)
Charge-offs		438,002			812,307			831,907
Recoveries from prior charge-offs		(43,820	)		(74,360	)		(84,032	)
Ending balances		(497,974	)		(440,509	)		(273,623	)

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the balance of contract assets and receivables past due were RMB450 million and RMB372 million, respectively. 88% of contract assets and receivables balance as of December 31, 2025 were originated in 2025.

5. PREPAYMENTS AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Receivables from third-party payment service providers (i)		697,472		504,027
Deposits to Institutional Funding Partners (ii)		94,196		378,238
Guarantee derivative assets at fair value (Note 9)		-		1,010,471
Prepayment to inventory suppliers		63,195		59,189
Prepaid input value-added tax		38,506		46,017
Rental deposits and other current assets (iii)		68,281		517,472
Loans at fair value (iv)		359,690		342,640
Total prepayments and other current assets		1,321,340		2,858,054

F-41

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(i)

The Group opened accounts with third‑party payment service providers mainly to facilitate collection and transfer of the funds, interest and service fees from/to the Borrowers and Institutional Funding Partners. The balance of receivables from third‑party payment service providers represents amounts temporarily held in these accounts.

(ii)

The balances represent deposits made to the Institutional Funding Partners to directly satisfy the principal and interest payment obligations in case of Borrowers' defaults.

(iii)

The balances include receivables for disposal of loans at fair value and financing receivables of RMB3.60 million and RMB454 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025

(iv)

The Group elected the fair value option for the loans acquired or purchased from the relevant funding partners. As described in Note 2(j), the Group uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of these loans.

6. PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE, NET


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Computers and equipment		317,923			362,674
Furniture and fixtures		17,156			18,093
Leasehold improvement		68,961			75,212
Software		107,917			110,135
Construction in progress		480,112			773,287
Total property, equipment and software		992,069			1,339,401
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(378,959	)		(444,355	)
Total property, equipment and software, net		613,110			895,046

Depreciation and amortization expenses on property, equipment and software for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were RMB71.0 million, RMB75.6 million and RMB71.0 million, respectively.

7. LAND USE RIGHTS, NET


	2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Gross carrying amount		1,032,000			1,032,000
Accumulated amortization		(169,133	)		(203,533	)
Net carrying amount		862,867			828,467

Land use rights represent the land use rights acquired for the purpose of constructing offices. In 2020, the Group obtained the land use rights from local authorities with a cash consideration of RMB1.0 billion, which is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the land use right period, approximately 30 years.

Amortization expense related to land use rights for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025 is RMB34.4 million. The land use rights were pledged for the long-term borrowing of the Group. Refer to Note 11. Borrowings.

As of December 31, 2025, amortization expenses for future periods are estimated to be as follows:

F-42

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	2025
	(RMB in thousands)
2026		34,400
2027		34,400
2028		34,400
2029		34,400
2030		34,400
Thereafter		656,467
Total expected amortization expenses		828,467

8. LONG‑TERM INVESTMENTS

Equity investments

Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative

The Group's equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair value are accounted for using the measurement alternative. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the carrying value of the Group's equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative was RMB152 million and RMB125 million, respectively.

The cumulative unrealized upward adjustments of fair value of equity investments as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were nil.

In 2024 and 2025, no impairment charges was recorded related to investments without readily determinable fair value. In 2023, the Group recognized RMB92.3 million impairment related to investments without readily determinable fair value due to the lower-than-expected financial performance. As of December 31, 2025, the cumulative impairment charges to the equity investment accounted for using the measurement alternative method was RMB176 million.

The following table summarizes the movement of the carrying value of the Group's equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:


	As of December 31,
	2023			2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Long-term investment at the beginning of the year		212,700			120,384		151,523
Addition		—			31,139		4,728
Disposal		—			—		(31,139	)
Impairment		(92,316	)		—		—
Long-term investment at the end of the year		120,384			151,523		125,112

Equity investments accounted for using the equity method

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the carrying value of the Group's equity investments accounted for using the equity method were RMB13.8 million and nil, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group recorded investment loss of RMB1.5 million, RMB2.4 million and RMB19.2 million, respectively in “Investment loss”, as a result of its proportionate share of equity investees' net losses.

Debt investment

The debt investment is in the form of an interest-bearing loan to an investee, acquired by the Group in September 2018, with a principal of RMB120 million. The coupon rate of the loan acquired by the Group is a floating rate linked to the benchmark rate of the People's Bank of China. The loan was to provide the initial operating fund to the investee.

F-43

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the investment loss Group recorded in “Investment loss” was nil; and no interest income in relation to this loan receivable were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group's loan receivable recorded at amortized cost were RMB119 million.

9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Recurring

The following table presents the fair value hierarchy for the Group’s assets and liabilities that are measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:


December 31, 2024	Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs		Balances at Fair Value
	(RMB in thousands)
Assets
Restricted term deposit		—		58,497		—		58,497
Short-term investments		—		80,000		—		80,000
Loans at fair value		—		—		359,690		359,690
Total assets		—		138,497		359,690		498,187
Liabilities
Guarantee derivative liabilities						668,610		668,610
Total liabilities		—		—		668,610		668,610


December 31, 2025	Level 1 Inputs		Level 2 Inputs		Level 3 Inputs		Balances at Fair Value
	(RMB in thousands)
Assets
Restricted term deposit		—		78,458		—		78,458
Short-term investments		—		—		—		—
Loans at fair value		—		—		342,640		342,640
Guarantee derivative assets		—		—		1,010,471		1,010,471
Total assets		—		78,458		1,353,111		1,431,569

The fair value of the Group’s restricted term deposit and short-term investments is determined based on the prevailing interest rates for similar products in the market (Level 2). For the off‑balance sheet loans funded by certain Institutional Funding Partners, as the Group’s financial guarantee provided does not trade in an active market with readily observable quoted prices, the Group uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of these guarantee derivative assets or liabilities (Level 3). For the off-balance sheet loans acquired or purchased by the Group that are not traded in an active market with readily observable prices, the Group uses discounted cash flow methodology involving significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of these loans (Level 3).

Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in the financial models measuring the fair value of the assets and liabilities became unobservable or observable in the current marketplace. These transfers are considered to be effective as of the beginning of the period in which they occur. The Group did not transfer any assets or liabilities in or out of Level 2 and Level 3 during each of the periods presented.

F-44

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Significant Unobservable Inputs

The Group uses a discounted cash flows model to estimate fair value of the guarantee derivative assets or liabilities, and fair value of loans acquired or purchased. The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for the Group’s Level 3 fair value measurement as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:


		Range of Inputs
		December 31, 2024									December 31, 2025
Financial Instrument	Unobservable Input	Minimum			Maximum			Weighted- Average			Minimum			Maximum			Weighted- Average
Guarantee derivatives	Cumulative loss rates(i)		1.3	%		9.9	%		5.9	%		1.4	%		8.1	%		5.0	%
	Margins on cost of guarantee services		7.5	%		7.5	%		7.5	%		7.5	%		7.5	%		7.5	%
Loans at fair value	Expected future recovery rates(ii)		2.6	%		2.6	%		2.6	%		2.0	%		2.0	%		2.0	%

(i)

Expressed as a percentage of the outstanding principal balance of the loans.

(ii)

Expressed as a percentage of the principal balance of the loans acquired/purchased.

The following table summarizes the activities related to fair value of the guarantee derivatives:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Fair value of guarantee derivative liabilities at beginning of the year (Level 3)		861,304			1,357,601			668,610
Cash collection		5,512,818			5,544,708			6,358,217
Net cash payout		(5,284,198	)		(7,522,940	)		(8,036,519	)
Change in fair value(i)		267,677			1,289,241			(779	)
Fair value of guarantee derivative liabilities/(assets) at end of the year (Level 3)		1,357,601			668,610			(1,010,471	)

(i)

Recognized as “Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value, net” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The change in fair value was primarily driven by the fair value gains realized as a result of the release of guarantee obligation as loans are repaid, partially offset by the fair value loss from the re-measurement of the expected loss rates.

The following table summarizes the activities related to fair value of the loans acquired or purchased:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands, except for percentages)
Fair value of loans acquired/purchased at beginning of the year (Level 3)		420,483			359,690
Fair value at inception of loans acquired/purchased		4,592,538			2,542,351
Cash collection		(4,923,343	)		(3,010,218	)
Change in fair value(i)		310,007			507,381
Disposal		(39,995	)		(56,564	)
Fair value of loans acquired/purchased at end of the year (Level 3)		359,690			342,640

(i)

Recognized as “Change in fair value of financial guarantee derivatives and loans at fair value ” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

F-45

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Significant Recurring Level 3 Fair Value Liability Input Sensitivity

Changes in certain of the unobservable inputs noted above may have a significant impact on the fair value of the guarantee derivative assets and liabilities. The following table summarizes the effect adverse changes in estimate would have on the fair value of the guarantee derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and of the guarantee derivative assets as of December 31, 2025, respectively, given hypothetical changes in the cumulative loss rates:


	As of December 31,2024
	(RMB in thousands, except for percentages)
Weighted average cumulative loss rates(i)		5.9	%
Increase/(decrease) in fair value of guarantee derivative liabilities if the cumulative loss rates:
Increase by 10% (ii)		417,725
Decrease by 10% (ii)		(417,725	)
	As of December 31,2025
	(RMB in thousands, except for percentages)
Weighted average cumulative loss rates(i)		5.0	%
Increase/(decrease) in fair value of guarantee derivative assets if the cumulative loss rates:
Increase by 10% (ii)		(319,096	)
Decrease by 10% (ii)		319,096

(i)

Expressed as a percentage of the original principal balance of the loans.

(ii)

Expressed as a percentage of the original cumulative loss rates.

Changes in certain of the unobservable inputs noted above may have a significant impact on the fair value of the loans at fair value. The following table summarizes the effect adverse changes in estimate would have on the fair value of the loans at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, given hypothetical changes in the expected future recovery rates:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands, except for percentages)
Weighted average expected future recovery rates(i)		2.6	%		2.0	%
Increase/(decrease) in fair value of loans at fair value if the expected future recovery rates:
Increase by 10% (ii)		35,969			34,639
Decrease by 10% (ii)		(35,969	)		(34,639	)

(i)

Expressed as a percentage of the principal balance of the loans acquired/purchased.

(ii)

Expressed as a percentage of the original expected future recovery rates.

Other financial instruments

The followings are other financial instruments not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, but for which the fair value is estimated for disclosure purposes.

Cash and cash equivalents, current restricted cash, short-term investments, amounts due from related parties, deposits to insurance companies and guarantee companies, short-term financing receivables and short-term contract assets and receivables are financial assets with carrying amounts that approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

F-46

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Accounts payable, amounts due to related parties, short‑term borrowings, short‑term funding debts and convertible notes are financial liabilities with carrying amounts that approximate fair value because of their short-term nature.

Non‑recurring

The Group measures certain financial assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis only if an impairment charge were to be recognized. The Group’s long-term equity investments are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis under measurement alternative, if an impairment loss is charged or fair value adjustment is made for an observable price change in an orderly transaction for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The related inputs used are classified as Level 3 fair value measurement.

The Group’s non‑financial assets, such as property, equipment and software, would be measured at fair value only if they were determined to be impaired.

As of December 31, 2023, the company measured one investment at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using valuation methodology under the market approach, which the significant unobservable inputs (level 3) include enterprise value to net asset multiple based on the weighted average of selected comparable companies. The Company recognized an impairment of RMB92.3 million related to such investment in 2023. No additional impairment was recorded in 2024 and 2025.

10. FUNDING DEBTS

The following table summarizes the Group’s outstanding funding debts as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Short-term:
Liabilities to funding partners		2,754,454		2,440,685
Total short-term funding debts		2,754,454		2,440,685
Long-term:
Liabilities to funding partners		1,197,211		850,590
Total long-term funding debts		1,197,211		850,590

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, the following significant activities took place related to the Group’s funding partners:

Liabilities to funding partners

The Group finances its on-balance sheet loans using the proceeds from funding partners, including the third-party investors of the consolidated Trusts and asset-backed securitized debts.

Those liabilities to funding partners were bearing weighted average interest rates of 7.4% and 5.5% as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, funding partners funded an aggregate amount of RMB4,380 million and RMB3,307 million in outstanding financing receivables originated by the Group, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, financing receivables amounting to RMB11.9 million and RMB1,197 million were pledged as collateral to secure the underlying loans funded by funding partners, respectively.

11. BORROWINGS

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had short-term borrowings primarily from banks with weighted average interest rates of approximately 5.6% and 4.3% per annum, respectively. The group also had long-term borrowing

F-47

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

from banks with average interest rate of 3.9% and 3.5% per annum as of December 31, 2024 and 2025. Such borrowings are denominated in RMB and USD. All of the borrowings are designated to support the Group’s general operation or construction in progress and could not be used to fund the Group's financing receivables.

The Group’s certain short-term borrowings, amounting to RMB49.8 million as of December 31, 2024 are collateralized by a pledge of the Group’s time deposits of RMB50.0 million. As of December 31, 2025, time deposits of RMB80.0 million are pledged for the Group's short-term borrowings of RMB180.0 million.

The Group’s long-term borrowings, amounting to RMB585 million and RMB660 million, as December 31, 2024 and 2025, are collateralized by a pledge of the Group’s land use right.

12. ACCRUALS AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Tax payable		1,044,650		1,006,972
Funds payable to Institutional Funding Partners (i)		854,805		853,918
Guarantee derivative liabilities at fair value (Note 9)		668,610		-
Accrued payroll and welfare		443,082		307,538
Accrued risk management fees		371,741		491,108
Accrued marketing expenses		165,612		193,580
Other accrued expenses		134,621		249,183
Deferred revenue		107,678		554,419
Amount due to third parties (ii)		81,520		630,323
Accrued professional fees and outsourcing fees		60,777		26,590
Other payables		41,261		23,516
Short-term leasing liabilities		39,723		32,346
Accrued interest payable		5,596		1,991
Total accruals and other current liabilities		4,019,676		4,371,484

(i)

The payable balances mainly include repayment received from Borrowers but not yet transferred to accounts of Institutional Funding Partners due to the settlement time lag.

(ii)

Including security deposits from third parties amounting to RMB36.0 million and RMB587 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

13. RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS

The table below sets three major related parties of the Group and their relationships with the Group:


Entity or individual name		Relationship with the Group
Ji'an Aoxinlian Information Consulting Service Co., Ltd.(“Ji'an Aoxinlian”)		Ji’an Aoxinlian is controlled by the immediate family member of the Group's senior management.
L.P. Technology Holdings Limited (“L.P.”)		L.P. is an equity investment of the Group.

(a)

The Group entered into the following significant related party transactions:

(i)

Services provided to related parties

F-48

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Services provided to L.P.		—		4,408		13,425
Total		—		4,408		13,425

(ii)

Purchase of services from related parties


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Purchases services from Ji'an Aoxinlian		14,753		35,561		40,314
Total		14,753		35,561		40,314

(iii)

Funds provided to/(repaid by) related parties


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Funds provided to L.P.	—		45,914		51,607
Funds repaid by L.P.	—	—			(37,534	)

(iv)

Prepayment of share subscription to related parties


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Prepayment of share subscription to L.P.		-		-		38,091

(b)

The Group had the following significant related party balances:

(i)

Amounts due from related parties


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Due from L.P. by the Group		61,722		84,531
Total		61,722		84,531

(ii)

Amounts due to related parties


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)

Due to Ji'an Aoxinlian by the Group		10,927		8,708
Total		10,927		8,708

(iii)

Prepayment of share subscription to related parties

F-49

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)


	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)

Prepayment of share subscription to L.P.		-		38,091
Total		-		38,091

14. TAXATION

a) Value‑added tax (“VAT”)

During the periods presented, the Group is subject to 13% VAT, when applicable, for online direct sales revenues from sales of electronic products, home appliance products and general merchandise products, and 6% for subscription fees, third-party sellers’ commission fees, referral service fees and financial services income earned from rendering services to its customers in the PRC.

The Group is also subject to surcharges on VAT payments according to PRC tax law.

b) Income tax

Cayman Islands

The Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on either income or capital gain. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to 16.5% income tax on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. Additionally, payments of dividends by the subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong to the Company are not subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax. Commencing from the year of assessment of 2018, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate.

Mainland China

The Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law generally applies a statutory income tax rate of 25% to all enterprises but grants preferential tax treatment to qualified HNTEs and Software Enterprises.

One of our PRC subsidiaries qualifies as HNTE from 2022 to 2024, and from 2025 to 2027, and is entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2022 to 2024, and from 2025 to 2027. The relevant documents should be retained for future examination purpose.

Two of our PRC subsidiaries are entitled for a preferential income tax rate of 15% for China’s Western Development Strategy. Therefore, the two subsidiaries applied a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2023 to 2030. In the meantime, the local tax bureau in Guangxi exempted 40% of the income based on the preferential income tax rate of 15%. One of our PRC subsidiaries is entitled to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 9% from 2023 to 2027. The relevant documents should be retained for future examination purpose.

One of our PRC subsidiaries qualified as “Software Enterprises Encouraged by the State” from 2021. As a result, it is entitled to an income tax exemption for the years of 2021 and 2022 and a preferential income tax rate of 12.5% from 2023 to 2025. The “Software Enterprises Encouraged by the State” is subject to review by the relevant authorities every year.

F-50

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Group’s other PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries are subject to the statutory income tax rate of 25%.

PRC Withholding Tax on Dividends

Under the EIT Law enacted by the National People’s Congress of PRC on March 16, 2007 and its implementation rules which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by FIEs in the PRC to its foreign investors who are non‑resident enterprises are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with the PRC that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Under the taxation arrangement between the PRC and Hong Kong, a qualified Hong Kong tax resident which is the “beneficial owner” and directly holds 25% or more of the equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise is entitled to a reduced withholding tax rate of 5%. The Cayman Islands, where the Company was incorporated, does not have a tax treaty with the PRC.

Starting from 2023, the Company decided to remit certain percentage of the annual profits of its PRC subsidiaries to their overseas parent company for dividend distribution purposes. The Group cumulatively accrued RMB89.2 million withholding tax liabilities based on 10% withholding income tax rate for certain percentage of the annual profits. As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized tax liabilities related to accumulated undistributed profits of RMB7,373 million from the PRC subsidiaries was RMB737 million. The Group still intends to indefinitely reinvest these remaining earnings in its PRC subsidiaries.

The Company has not accrued any tax for the outside basis difference represented by the accumulated undistributed profits of the consolidated VIEs, with the unrecognized tax liabilities amounted to RMB419 million at December 31, 2025 as, after review, it was determined that relevant tax laws and regulations provide for tax-free transfer of such amounts to the Company’s PRC subsidiaries.

The EIT Law includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside of the PRC will be considered resident enterprises for the PRC income tax purposes if the place of effective management or control of the entity is within the PRC. The implementation rules to the EIT Law provide that non‑resident legal entities will be considered as PRC resident enterprises if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Group does not believe that the Group’s entities organized outside of the PRC should be treated as resident enterprises for the PRC income tax purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC should be deemed as resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income tax, at a rate of 25%. The components of the Group’s income before income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands, except for percentages)
Income before income tax expense		1,326,786			1,353,735			2,075,603
Loss from non-Mainland China operations		(86,910	)		(120,072	)		(179,871	)
Income from Mainland China operations		1,413,696			1,473,807			2,255,474
Income tax expense applicable to Mainland China operations		239,365			231,086			377,680
Income tax expense applicable to non-Mainland China operations		123			(17	)		(24,757	)
PRC Withholding Tax on Dividends		21,353			22,206			45,603
Total income tax expense		260,841			253,275			398,526
Effective tax rate for Mainland China operations		16.9	%		15.7	%		16.7	%
Effective tax rate for the Group		19.7	%		18.7	%		19.2	%

F-51

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Group did not incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses.

Composition of income tax expense for the Group

The current and deferred portions of income tax expenses included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Current income tax expense		328,391			545,985			607,087
Deferred income tax expense		(67,550	)		(292,710	)		(208,561	)
Income tax expense		260,841			253,275			398,526

The following table sets forth reconciliation between the PRC statutory enterprise income tax (“EIT”) rate and the effective tax rate for the Group for the prior year 2023 and 2024:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024
PRC statutory EIT rate*		25.0	%		25.0	%
Effect of tax holidays		(6.5	)%		(8.7	)%
Effect of non-deductible expenses		2.5	%		2.0	%
Effect of research and development tax credit		(4.7	)%		(4.6	)%
Changes in valuation allowance		4.9	%		2.1	%
Tax rate difference from statutory rate in other jurisdictions and others		(3.1	)%		1.3	%
Effect of withholding income tax		1.6	%		1.6	%
Effective tax rates for the Group		19.7	%		18.7	%

* The PRC statutory income tax rate is used for the reconciliation as the majority of the Group’s operations are based in the PRC.

The following table sets forth reconciliation between the PRC statutory enterprise income tax (“EIT”) rate and the effective tax rate for the Group for the year ended December 31, 2025:


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2025
	in amount			in percentage
PRC statutory EIT rate*		518,901			25.0	%
Foreign Tax Effects		20,211			1.0	%
Changes in Valuation Allowances		1,523			0.1	%
Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items
Research and development credits		(63,123	)		-3.0	%
Tax holidays applicable to subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs		(118,751	)		-5.7	%
Others		(5,838	)		-0.3	%
Other Adjustments
Withholding taxes		45,603			2.2	%
Effective Tax Rate		398,526			19.2	%

* The PRC statutory income tax rate is used for the reconciliation as the majority of the Group’s operations are based in the PRC.

The following table sets forth the effect of tax holiday related to the Group:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(In thousands, except per share amount)
Tax holiday effect		86,655		118,003		118,751
Basic net income per share effect		0.26		0.36		0.35
Diluted net income per share effect		0.24		0.35		0.33

F-52

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities

Deferred income tax expense reflects the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The components of the deferred tax assets are as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2025
Deferred tax assets
- Provision for credit losses		1,388,365			1,323,782
- Deferred guarantee income and other accrued expenses		895,892			984,756
- Contingent guarantee liabilities		269,750			136,048
- Net operating loss carryforwards		104,798			104,882
- Advertising expenses in excess of deduction limit		8,094			7,942
-Investment related loss		75,440			75,440
Less: valuation allowance		(107,117	)		(108,640	)
Total deferred tax assets		2,635,222			2,524,210
Net deferred tax assets		1,540,842			1,763,235

The components of the deferred tax liabilities are as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2025
Deferred tax liabilities
-Contract assets and service fees receivable		858,273		425,197
-Guarantee receivables		305,281		369,874
-Withholding income tax		22,206		45,603
Total deferred tax liabilities		1,185,760		840,674
Net deferred tax liabilities		91,380		105,212

Movement of valuation allowance


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
Balance at beginning of the year		(13,038	)		(78,471	)		(107,117	)
Additions		(66,967	)		(35,746	)		(6,383	)
Reversals		1,534			7,100			4,860
Balance at end of the year		(78,471	)		(107,117	)		(108,640	)

Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Group determines that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. The Group considers positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be more likely than not realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses and forecasts of future profitability. These assumptions require significant judgment and the forecasts of future taxable income are consistent with the plans and estimates the Group is using to manage the underlying businesses. The statutory income tax rate of 25% or applicable preferential income tax rates were applied when calculating deferred tax assets.

The Group evaluates a variety of factors including the successful experiences in pre-tax deduction of provision for credit losses in previous years’ annual tax filings, and concluded that the deferred tax assets arose from provision for credit losses are more-likely-than-not to be realized. Therefore, no valuation allowance was provided for the provision for credit losses as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately RMB422 million and RMB419 million, respectively, which arose from the Group’s certain subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries established in the PRC. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, deferred tax assets arose from the net operating loss carryforwards amounted to RMB381 million and RMB387 million was provided for full valuation allowance respectively,

F-53

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

while the remaining RMB40.8 million and RMB32.1 million is expected to be utilized prior to expiration considering future taxable income for respective entities. As of December 31, 2025, the net operating loss carryforwards of RMB34.1 million, RMB74.9 million, RMB252.0 million, RMB30.6 million and RMB27.2 million will expire in 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029 and 2030, respectively, if not utilized.

Uncertain Tax Position

The Group did not identify any significant unrecognized tax benefits for each of the periods presented. The Group did not incur any interest related to unrecognized tax benefits, did not recognize any penalties as income tax expense and also does not anticipate any significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months from December 31, 2025.

15. ORDINARY SHARES

In November 2013, the Company was formed as an exempted company in the Cayman Islands with issuance of 125,000,000 ordinary shares at a par value of US$0.0001 each. In July 2014, the Company became the holding company of the Group pursuant to the reorganization described in Note 1.

On December 26, 2017, the Company completed its IPO on the NASDAQ Global Market. In this offering, 12,000,000 ADSs, representing 24,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to the public at a price of US$9.00 per ADS. The aggregate proceeds received by the Company from the IPO, net of issuance costs, were approximately RMB651 million ($100 million).

Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, the Company adopted a dual-class share structure, consisting of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.0001 per share. All of the issued and outstanding Pre-IPO Class A Ordinary Shares were automatically re-designated into Class B Ordinary Shares on a one-for-one basis, and all of the issued and outstanding Pre-IPO Preferred Shares were automatically converted and redesignated into Class A Ordinary Shares on a one-for-one basis. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares have the same rights except that the holders of Class A Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, while holders of Class B Ordinary Shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Each Class B Ordinary Share is convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. The Group concluded that the adoption of dual-class share structure did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, 27,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued to the Company’s depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards under the Group’s share-based incentive plans. As of December 31, 2020, 1,578,904 shares out of 27,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares respectively were deemed issued but not outstanding as they have not been transferred to grantees.

In June 2021, 15,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued to the Company’s depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards under the Group’s share-based incentive plans, totaling the shares for bulk issuance of ADSs to 42,000,000.

On March 16, 2022, the Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company could repurchase up to an aggregate of US$50 million of its shares/ADSs over the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had repurchased approximately 22 million ADSs for approximately US$48 million under this repurchase program aggregately.

In January 2025, 10,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued to the Company’s depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards under the Group’s share-based incentive plans, totaling the shares for bulk issuance of ADSs to 52,000,000.

F-54

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

On July 21, 2025, the Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company could repurchase up to an aggregate of US$50 million of its shares/ADSs over the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had repurchased approximately 12 million shares for approximately US$29 million under this repurchase program aggregately.

As of December 31, 2025, 4,051,610 shares out of 52,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were deemed issued but not outstanding as they have not been transferred to grantees.

16. NET INCOME PER SHARE

Basic net income per share is the amount of net income available to each share of ordinary shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted net income per share is the amount of net income available to each share of ordinary shares outstanding during the reporting period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive ordinary shares. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Company had potential ordinary shares, including stock options granted, outstanding restricted share units and ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the Notes. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, stock options to purchase ordinary shares and restricted share units that were anti‑dilutive and excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share were 17,525,547 shares, 10,191,236 shares, and 2,820,577 shares on a weighted average basis, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the periods indicated:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands, except for share and per share data)
Basic net income per share calculation:
Numerator:
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,065,945		1,100,460		1,677,077
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic		328,523,952		331,403,936		338,943,939
Net income per share attributable to ordinary shareholders—basic		3.24		3.32		4.95
Diluted net income per share calculation:
Numerator:
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,065,945		1,100,460		1,677,077
Interest expense associated with convertible notes reversed		73,807		5,695		—
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders for calculating diluted net income per share		1,139,752		1,106,155		1,677,077
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic		328,523,952		331,403,936		338,943,939
Ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options using the treasury stock method		2,838,399		3,379,947		4,959,621
Ordinary shares issuable upon the vesting of outstanding restricted share units using the treasury stock method		220,666		4,477,466		11,186,317
Ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible notes using the if—converted method		28,237,965		1,695,160		—
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—diluted		359,820,982		339,261,349		355,089,877
Net income per share attributable to ordinary shareholders—diluted		3.17		3.24		4.72

F-55

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

17. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN

Full‑time employees of the Group in the PRC are entitled to welfare benefits including pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, on‑the‑job injury insurance, and housing fund plans through a PRC government‑mandated defined contribution plan. Chinese labor regulations require that the Group makes contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions.

Total contributions by the Group for such employee benefits were RMB168.5 million, RMB198.6 million and RMB112.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

18. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group’s CODM is Mr. Jay Xiao, the Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO.

The Group’s organizational structure is based on a number of factors that the CODM uses to evaluate, view and run its business operations which include, but not limited to, customer base, homogeneity of products and technology. The Group’s operating segment is based on such organizational structure and information reviewed by the Group’s CODM to evaluate the operating segment results. The Group has internal reporting of revenue, cost and expenses by nature as a whole. Hence, the Group has only one operating segment.

The accounting policies of the single segment are the same as described in the significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance for the single segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income that also is reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income as consolidated net income. The measure of the single segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as total consolidated assets.

The CODM reviews revenues and expenses at the consolidated level as disclosed in the Group’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and uses net income to evaluate return on assets and to monitor budget versus actual results and in competitive analysis by benchmarking to the Group’s competitors. The competitive analysis and the monitoring of budgeted versus actual results are used in assessing the segment’s performance and in establishing management’s compensation.

Substantially the majority of the Group’s revenues are derived from China based on the geographical locations where services are provided to customers. In addition, the Group’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in and derived from China, and the amount of long-lived assets attributable to any other individual country is not material. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented.

19. STATUTORY RESERVES AND RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

In accordance with the PRC laws and regulations, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries registered as wholly foreign‑owned enterprise are required to make appropriation to certain reserve funds, namely general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund, and staff bonus and welfare fund, all of which are appropriated from the subsidiaries’ annual after‑tax profits as reported under PRC GAAP. The appropriation must be at least 10% of the annual after‑tax profits to the general reserve fund until such reserve fund has reached 50% of the subsidiaries’ registered capital.

Additionally, in accordance with the PRC Company Laws, a domestic company is required to provide statutory surplus fund at least 10% of its annual after‑tax profits as reported under PRC GAAP until such statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of its registered capital. A domestic company is also required to provide discretionary surplus fund, at the discretion of the board of directors, from its annual after‑tax profits as reported under PRC GAAP. The aforementioned reserve funds can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends.

F-56

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

As a result of the PRC laws and regulations and the requirement that distributions by the PRC entity can only be paid out of distributable profits computed in accordance with PRC GAAP, the PRC entity is restricted from transferring a portion of its net assets to the Company. Amounts restricted include paid‑in capital, additional paid‑in capital and statutory reserves of the Company’s PRC entities. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the restricted net assets of the Group’s relevant PRC entities amounted to RMB5,813 million and RMB7,267 million, respectively. The restricted net assets of the Group’s relevant PRC entities accounted for 60.8% of the consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2025. As a result of the above restrictions, parent company only condensed financial information is disclosed in Note 24.

20. SHARE‑BASED COMPENSATION

Share‑based compensation was recognized in operating cost and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Processing and servicing cost		246		3,173		16,232
Sales and marketing expenses		17,454		13,756		19,354
Research and development expenses		23,547		10,715		13,353
General and administrative expenses		76,605		66,979		47,236
Total share‑based compensation expenses		117,852		94,623		96,175

The Group recognizes share-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the vesting term of the awards. All the share-based awards granted by the Group are service conditions only. There was no income tax benefit recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for share‑based compensation and the Group did not capitalize any of the share‑based compensation as part of the cost of any asset in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

In October 2017, the Group adopted its 2017 Share Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), which permits the grant of stock options, restricted shares, and restricted share units of the Company to employees, directors and other eligible persons of the Company and its affiliates. Under the 2017 Plan, the maximum number of Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards is 27,859,634 shares, plus an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year of the Company during the ten-year term of the 2017 Plan commencing with the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019, by an amount equal to 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year. Option awards are granted with an exercise price determined by the board of directors. Those option awards generally vest over a period of four years and expire in ten years.

F-57

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Stock options

1) Stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors

The following table sets forth the summary of activities for stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors:


	Options Outstanding			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)			US$		(In years)		(RMB in thousands)
December 31, 2022		21,862			0.6894		7.89		69,878
Granted*		8,695			1.2697		—		—
Exercised		(1,927	)		0.4644		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		(10,773	)		0.7456		—		—
December 31, 2023		17,857			0.8850		7.43		38,242
Granted*		—			—		—		—
Exercised		(3,506	)		0.6104		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		(2,334	)		1.4750		—		—
December 31, 2024		12,017			0.8351		6.53		178,662
Granted*		—			—		—		—
Exercised		(5,419	)		0.5850		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		(1,134	)		1.1573		—		—
December 31, 2025		5,464			1.0084		5.99		27,830
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2025		5,264			1.0004		5.99		25,844
Exercisable as of December 31, 2025		3,972			0.8625		5.43		24,234

* No stock options were granted to non-employee directors for the years presented.

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was RMB5.0, nil and nil per share, respectively.

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was RMB8.9 million, RMB37.0 million and RMB133 million, respectively. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market value on the date of exercise and the exercise price of the stock options.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, total share-based compensation expenses recognized for stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors were RMB96.3 million, RMB58.5 million and RMB22.2 million, respectively.

In August 2018, the Company modified the exercise price of 6,263,000 stock options granted under 2017 Plan to US$5.15. The incremental compensation expenses of RMB16.9 million was equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award immediately after the modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification.

As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non‑vested stock options granted to the Group’s employees, directors and non-employee directors was RMB6.7 million. Total unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.3 years and may be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.

In March 2023, 1,889,800 stock options granted under 2017 Plan were exchanged for new options with exercise price of US$1.53; the incremental compensation expenses of RMB0.53 million was equal to the excess of the fair value of

F-58

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

the modified award immediately after the modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. In December 2023, 1,690,700 stock options granted under 2017 Plan were exchanged for new options with exercise price of US$0.92; 3,820,150 stock options granted under 2017 Plan were replaced by the same number of restricted share units. The incremental compensation expenses of RMB13.4 million was equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award immediately after the modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification.

After the IPO, the exercise price of each granted stock option is determined by the closing price of the Company’s ordinary share on the grant date, therefore, the estimated fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
Expected volatility	45.96%~46.68%			—		—
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)	3.58%~3.97%			—		—
Exercise multiples		1.5		—		—
Expected dividend yield		—		—		—
Expected term (in years)		10		—		—
Fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grants (US$)*	0.42~1.66			—		—

* No stock options were granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors in 2024 and 2025.

2) Stock options granted to non‑employees

The following table sets forth the summary of activities for stock options granted to non‑employees:


	Options Outstanding			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)			US$		(In years)		(RMB in thousands)
December 31, 2022		250			0.0001		4.58		1,654
Granted		—			—		—		—
Exercised		—			—		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—		—		—
December 31, 2023		250			0.0001		3.58		1,629
Granted		—			—		—		—
Exercised		—			—		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—		—		—
December 31, 2024		250			0.0001		2.58		5,211
Granted		—			—		—		—
Exercised		(250	)		—		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—		—		—
December 31, 2025		—			—		—		—
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2025		—			—		—		-
Exercisable as of December 31, 2025		—			—		—		-

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, total share-based compensation expenses recognized for stock options granted to non-employees were nil, nil and nil, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non‑vested stock options granted to the Group’s non‑employees was nil. There is no unrecognized compensation cost to be recognized and to be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.

F-59

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Restricted share units

The following table sets forth the summary of activities for restricted share units granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors:


	Shares Outstanding			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(In thousands)			US$
December 31, 2022		1,378			3.17
Granted*		14,875			1.00
Vested		(880	)		4.23
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—
December 31, 2023		15,373			1.01
Granted*		9,725			1.13
Vested		(5,183	)		1.11
Cancelled/forfeited		(2,760	)		0.97
December 31, 2024		17,155			1.05
Granted*		7,196			3.52
Vested		(5,107	)		1.20
Cancelled/forfeited		(3,060	)		1.78
December 31, 2025		16,184			1.97

* No restricted share units were granted to non-employee directors for the years presented.

The fair value and intrinsic value of restricted share units vested for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was RMB17.8 million, RMB75.6 million and RMB89.9 million, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, total share-based compensation expenses recognized for restricted share units were RMB21.6 million, RMB36.1 million and RMB74.0 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost, related to unvested restricted share units was RMB167.8 million. Total unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.7 years.

F-60

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

21. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Debt obligations

The Group’s debt obligations are associated with 1) the funding debts and interest payable to funding partners; 2) the borrowings to support the Group’s general operations and 3) the commitment to purchase delinquent loans from certain Institutional Funding Partners.

The expected repayment amount of the debt obligations are as follows:


	1 – 12 months		13 – 24 months		25 – 36 months		more than 36 months		Total
	(RMB in thousands)
Funding debts obligations
Liabilities to other funding partners		2,440,685		850,590		—		—		3,291,275
Interest payments (i)		92,565		52,981		—		—		145,546
Total funding debts obligations		2,533,250		903,571		—		—		3,436,821
Long–term borrowings		94,336		94,336		94,336		377,343		660,351
Short–term borrowings		811,455		—		—		—		811,455
Interest payments (i)		40,852		19,308		15,841		27,524		103,525
Total borrowings obligations		946,643		113,644		110,177		404,867		1,575,331
Commitment for construction		226,509		81,380		—		—		307,889
Commitment to purchase delinquent loans (ii)		81,890	—		—		—			81,890
Total purchase obligations		308,399		81,380		—		—		389,779

(i)

Interest payments with variable interest rates are calculated using the interest rate as of December 31, 2025.

(ii)

With respect to the arrangements with certain Institutional Funding Partners, the Group is required to purchase the off-balance sheet loans funded by those Institutional Funding Partners when the loans become delinquent for a certain period of time consecutively or cumulatively. Commitment to purchase delinquent loans represents the Group’s noncancelable obligations to purchase those delinquent loans which is yet to be sold by those Institutional Funding Partners as of December 31, 2025.

Litigations

From time to time, the Group may be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.

Based on currently available information, management does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these unresolved matters, individually and in the aggregate, is reasonably possible to have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and the Group’s view of these matters may change in the future. The Group records a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Group reviews the need for any such liability on a regular basis. The Group has not recorded any material liabilities in this regard as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

22. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

No events or transactions have occurred between year-end and the date of these Consolidated Financial Statements which may significantly affect the Entity’s financial position or results of operations as of December 31, 2025.

F-61

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

23. PARENT COMPANY ONLY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The condensed financial information of the Company has been prepared in accordance with SEC Regulation S‑X Rule 5‑04 and Rule 12‑04, using the same accounting policies as set out in the Group’s consolidated financial statements, except that the Company uses the equity method to account for investments in its subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries.

Certain information and footnote disclosures generally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed and omitted. The footnote disclosures contain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Company, as such, these statements are not the general‑purpose financial statements of the reporting entity and should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Group.

The Company did not have significant capital and other commitments or guarantees as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, except for those which have been separately disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.

Condensed Balance Sheets (In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	As of December 31,
	2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			US$
							Note 2(e)
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		24,523			14,265			2,040
Amounts due from subsidiaries		348,316			547,997			78,363
Prepayments and other current assets		7,234			13,699			1,959
Total current assets		380,073			575,961			82,362
Non-current assets
Investments in subsidiaries		13,272,552			14,979,842			2,142,089
Other assets		660			107			15
Total non-current assets		13,273,212			14,979,949			2,142,104
Total assets		13,653,285			15,555,910			2,224,466
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Amounts due to subsidiaries, the VIEs and the VIEs’ subsidiaries		2,903,332			3,559,792			509,039
Short‑term borrowings		—			31,278			4,473
Accruals and other current liabilities		9,947			12,209			1,746
Total current liabilities		2,913,279			3,603,279			515,258
Total liabilities		2,913,279			3,603,279			515,258
Commitments and contingencies (Note 21)

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Class A Ordinary Shares ($0.0001 par value per share; 1,889,352,801 shares authorized, 309,554,410 shares issued, 265,184,774 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 1,889,352,801 shares authorized, 319,554,412 shares issued, 263,659,604 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025)		205			209			32
Class B Ordinary Shares ($0.0001 par value per share; 110,647,199 shares authorized, 71,342,227 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 110,647,199 shares authorized, 71,342,227 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025)		41			41			7
Treasury Stock		(328,764	)		(493,846	)		(70,619	)
Additional paid-in capital		3,314,866			3,396,667			485,717
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(29,559	)		(27,597	)		(3,946	)
Retained earnings		7,783,217			9,077,157			1,298,017
Total shareholders’ equity		10,740,006			11,952,631			1,709,208
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		13,653,285			15,555,910			2,224,466

F-62

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (In thousands)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										Note 2(e)
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expenses		(15,749	)		(10,082	)		(13,827	)		(1,977	)
Total operating expenses		(15,749	)		(10,082	)		(13,827	)		(1,977	)
Interest expense, net		(73,750	)		(5,627	)		(869	)		(124	)
Share of income from subsidiaries		1,152,654			1,097,147			1,676,090			239,678
Others, net		2,790			19,022			15,683			2,243
Income before income tax expense		1,065,945			1,100,460			1,677,077			239,819
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,065,945			1,100,460			1,677,077			239,819
Other comprehensive income：
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		7,297			(16,014	)		1,962			281
Total comprehensive income attributable to ordinary shareholders		1,073,242			1,084,446			1,679,039			240,100

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands)


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										Note 2(e)
Net cash used in operating activities		(58,579	)		(43,400	)		(1,441	)		(206	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from disposal of long-term investments		—			—			31,139			4,453
Net cash used in funds to Group companies		(6,040	)		—			(201,608	)		(28,830	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(6,040	)		—			(170,469	)		(24,377	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repurchase of common shares		—			—			(202,129	)		(28,904	)
Dividends to shareholders		(135,620	)		(164,433	)		(383,137	)		(54,788	)
Repayments of convertible loans		(1,634,678	)		(504,237	)		—			—
Proceeds from borrowings from third parties		—			—			31,278			4,473
Net cash provided by funds from Group companies		1,872,954			673,173			692,603			99,041
Exercise of share–based awards		5,880			14,899			23,063			3,298
Net cash provided by financing activities		108,536			19,402			161,678			23,120
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		2,596			491			(26	)		(4	)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		46,513			(23,507	)		(10,258	)		(1,467	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		1,517			48,030			24,523			3,507
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		48,030			24,523			14,265			2,040

Basis of presentation

The Company’s accounting policies are the same as the Group’s accounting policies with the exception of the accounting for the investments in subsidiaries.

For the Company only condensed financial information, the Company records its investments in subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such assets are presented on the Condensed Balance Sheets as “Investments in subsidiaries” and shares in the subsidiaries are presented as “Share of income from subsidiaries” on the Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The parent company only condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

F-63

LEXINFINTECH HOLDINGS LTD.

/s/ Jay Wenjie Xiao

Jay Wenjie Xiao

April 29, 2026

Chief Executive Officer and
Chairman of the Board